低压真空电弧分断性能的研究

低压真空电弧由于开距小，真空金属过零后的金属蒸汽扩散主要以触头吸收为主，其开断性能与高压真空电弧有很大差异，对于低压真空断路器，需要对触头材料和开距进行细致考虑方能发挥真空灭弧室开断电流的优势，同时有效地减少截流值。     

混合型直流真空断路器触头技术——现状与发展

基于强迫换流原理的混合型直流真空断路器(hybrid direct current vacuum circuit breaker,HDCVCB)是直流开断技术的有效方式之一,其参数设计及开断能力决定于真空灭弧室的特性。介绍了混合型直流真空断路器的典型拓扑结构及其工作原理,对真空电弧理论和真空灭弧室触头结构的研究概况进行了阐述。分析了直流分断中电流波形与交流中的正弦波不同、电流下降率大、燃弧时间可控等特点,得到了其分断能力与换流电流投入时电弧形态和电极状态密切相关的结论。对不同触头结构下的真空电弧形态演化规律,不同条件下的真空灭弧室的强迫换流分断特性与介质恢复规律等实验研究工作进行了综述,最后对直流真空灭弧室的研发进行了展望。     

真空断路器刚分速度探析

真空断路器在开断过程中产生真空电弧．刚分速度对成功开断真空电弧至关重要。触头弹簧的合理设计和选用对刚分速度有直接影响,对提高真空断路器的开断能力十分有利：     

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《高压断路器技术发展动态》文集通过对SF6断路器开断能力、热气流的模拟、触头材料烧蚀状况、电弧能量、模型等的分析研究，介绍了SF6断路器的最新发展动态；通过对真空灭弧室大电流开断的物理过程、纵向磁场作用下大电流真空电弧的磁场控制、绝缘恢复特性、触头材料以及真空断路器其它性能的基础研究，     

《国内外高压断路器技术发展动态》

<正>该文集通过对SF6断路器开断能力、热气流的模拟、触头材料烧蚀状况、电弧能量、模型等的分析研究,介绍了SF6断路器的最新发展动态;通过对真空灭弧室大电流开断的物理过程、纵向磁场作用下大电流真空电弧的磁场控制、绝缘恢复特性、触头材料以及真空断路器其它性能的基础研究,介绍了真空断路器的最新发展动向;还介绍了几种新型高压断路器的技术发展,以期对近期国内外在高压断路器方面的研究动向做一系统、全面的综述,供有关业内人士参考借鉴。     

基于低能量直流的真空断路器短路开断能力评估

针对目前真空断路器无法在现场进行短路开断能力评估的问题,提出一种利用低能量直流对真空断路器短路开断能力的评估方法。首先分析真空断路器的基本结构和电弧开断原理,得出工程实践中真空断路器开断故障电流失败的原因;其次使用小容量直流高电压、直流大电流模拟真实情况,在断路器触头间注入可控的直流电流和直流电压,通过检测断路器分闸过程电气量变化时间来评估断路器的极限开断能力。对安徽某变电站VS1-12真空断路器进行现场测试,结果表明低能量直流法能有效评估真空断路器短路开断能力,适合现场对断路器短路开断能力的筛查评估。     

真空断路器铜铬触头材料中铬含量对开断能力的影响

我们研究了铜铬触头材料中铬含量从１２．５％￣７５％（重量比）的范围内变化对电流开断能力以及电弧形态，阳极熔化时间和电流开断后的触头侵蚀的影响。结果表明，在上述的铬含量变化范围内，铬含量越低，电流开断能力越高。当铬含量减少后，电弧聚集时间和电流开断后的阳极熔化时间都缩短，但是铜铬触头的侵蚀量变化，根据这一结果，可以看出真空断路器中铜铬触头材料中存在一个铬的最优含量。     

平板触头分离过程直流真空电弧形态与电压特性

基于强迫换流原理的混合型直流真空断路器是直流开断技术的有效方式之一,其参数设计及开断能力与电弧形态演化密切相关。利用可拆卸真空灭弧室,对直径为45?mm的CuCr50平板触头,在1~8?kA的近似恒定直流条件下分离过程中真空电弧的形态演化规律和电弧电压特性进行了研究。实验结果表明:触头分离初期,电弧集聚在电弧引燃处;随着开距的增加,电弧逐渐扩散。当电流小于5?kA时,电弧始终呈扩散型,电弧电压噪声较小;当电流大于5?kA,电弧能扩散到整个触头表面,但电弧初始引燃处多发展成阳极亮斑,且燃弧时间大于1.5?ms后,电弧电压噪声分量急剧增加。实验结果可以用于指导混合型直流真空负荷开关的设计。     

西瑞环网柜介绍

提起西瑞（Xirui）环网柜,要从荷兰Holec公司和美国Eaton（伊顿）公司说起。Holec公司以生产中压真空断路器和环网柜而闻名,它生产的真空灭弧室和真空断路器独具特色。Holec公司采用可磁化的马蹄形铁片在触头表面形成纵磁场,使扩散形电弧保持至最大短路开断电流,而触头表面烧损甚微。为了限制开断小电流的截流现象,该公司采用先开断相原理,     

混合型直流真空断路器小间隙下的分断特性

混合型直流真空断路器技术是舰船电力系统短路保护的有效方式,其换流参数的优化设计取决于真空灭弧室的分断特性。利用可拆卸真空灭弧室,研究了直径为45 mm 的CuCr50平板触头在直流3~5 kA,燃弧时间约为50μs,触头开距约0.5 mm 的分断过程中,灭弧室电流下降过零变化率di/dt对电弧性能的影响。实验结果表明：di/dt>90 A/μs时,灭弧室电流过零后继续流通;di/dt<60 A/μs 时,灭弧室电流过零截止,电弧熄灭,可以为介质恢复过程创造近似零电压的恢复条件。实验条件下,经过约50μs的近似零电压恢复过程,真空间隙介电强度恢复到静态耐压水平,击穿电压幅值主要受触头表面状态的影响。实验结果可以用于指导低压混合型直流真空限流断路器的研发。     

Relationship between current waveform just before current zero and interruption ability of high‐speed VCB

A high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker which forces the fault current to zero was investigated. The test circuit breaker consisted of a vacuum interrupter and a high‐frequency current source. A vacuum interrupter with an axial magnetic field electrode and a disk‐shaped electrode was tested. The arcing period of the high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker is much shorter than that of a conventional circuit breaker. The arc behavior of the test electrodes immediately after the contact separation was observed by a high‐speed video recorder. The relation between the current waveform just before the current zero point and the interruption ability was investigated experimentally by varying the high‐frequency current source. The results demonstrate the interruption ability and the arc behavior of the high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker. Effective current interruption is made possible by a low current period just before the current zero point, even though the arcing time is short and the arc is concentrated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(2): 20–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20915     

基于分合闸电气量的真空断路器灭弧能力在线检测研究

高压真空断路器灭弧性能的退化易导致断路器触头动作过程中持续性电弧的产生,将会破坏触头表面粗糙度,导致滞后分合闸时间,严重时会引发击穿爆炸事故。因此,亟待开展高压真空断路器灭弧性能监测研究。现有对高压真空断路器灭弧性能的研究主要采用对灭弧室真空度的测量,但是存在测量周期较长、无法保证气密性等问题。通过分析灭弧室内熄弧原理,发现根据介质恢复时电弧电阻对电弧电流衰减特性的影响可以反演灭弧室内的熄弧水平。据此提取电弧电流趋势项作为灭弧能力的表征量,提出了一种仅基于电气量的高压真空断路器灭弧能力在线检测方法。该方法具有能够快速实时监测及测量手段安全的优势,现场实测数据及数字仿真验证了其有效性。     

高压真空接触器-高压限流熔断器组合电器在发电厂中的应用

介绍了高压真空接触器和高压限流熔断器的技术特性,以及二者应用于电厂内控制系统的选配原则。文章认为,在1600kVA及以下的变压器回路、1200kW及以下的高压电动机回路和1200kvar及以下的电容器组,更适合选用高压真空接触器高压限流熔断器组合电器;如果负荷超出此范围时,则应使用真空断路器柜供电。     

厂用6 kV系统过电压分析与限制措施

由于真空断路器的灭弧室有独特的灭弧能力,在开断变压器、高压电动机等感性负荷时,因电弧电流在过零点之前就被强行截断,而产生截流过电压,威胁电网的固体绝缘。介绍了北京京能热电股份公司由此导致的多条6 kV交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘损坏,并针对真空断路器的操作过电压采取了有效的限制。     

Arc behavior and interruption ability of uniform vacuum arc control technology and its application to vacuum interrupter

The vacuum arc characteristics and high current interruption ability of several different sized electrodes applied in the uniform vacuum arc control method named self arc diffusion by electrode (SADE) are presented. The arc behavior of the test electrode during the arcing period was observed by a high‐speed video camera. At extremely high interruption currents, the arc of the conventional axial magnetic field (AMF) electrode concentrates, causing local heating of the electrode. However, the arc of the SADE diffuses over the whole contact area thus avoiding local heating. The interruption ability of SADE is about twice as much as that of the conventional AMF for the same sized electrode. By applying this arc control method to vacuum circuit breaker (VCB), it can be made more compact and lighter than the conventional type. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

户外真空断路器绝缘强度的分析

应用ANSYS软件分析计算了支柱式12kV户外真空断路器真空灭弧室外表面的电场强度,得出在不同填充材料、气泡和不同外绝缘材料时的电场强度及分布曲线;分析得出不同条件对真空灭弧室外表面电场强度的影响,用以提高户外真空断路器灭弧室外表面的绝缘性能。     

快速真空断路器在电力系统中的应用

介绍了涡流驱动型快速真空断路器的原理,分析了目前配网消弧消谐、故障选线及触电防护、电网短路电流限制、串联补偿及变压器直流偏磁抑制等技术的现状和存在的问题。根据快速真空断路器特点,提出了解决相关技术问题的方法,阐述了相关装置的结构、试验及应用情况,并对快速真空断路器在电力系统中的应用进行了展望。     

真空断路器电磁瞬态仿真模型的研究与应用

由于真空断路器具有优良的开断和绝缘恢复性能，因此，可用来开断由于电弧不稳定而产生的高频电流。在一定的电网奈件下，在开断高频电流的过程中可能引起多次重燃和严重的过电压。本文的主要目的是用PSCAD建立真空断路器模型来展现断路器的真实特性。这个模型融合了燃弧时间、截流，介质恢复强度及断路器的熄弧能力等所有本质特性。采用开断实用的电炉用变压器来检验本文所开发的三相真空断路器的模型。并提供了检验结果。     

Extending the Application Field of Vacuum Circuit Breakers to Generators for Capacities up to 400 MW

The progress that has been achieved in the development and manufacture of vacuum circuit breakers opens the possibility of using them for a wider range of applications at power plants, including as generator circuit breakers. Such characteristics of modern vacuum circuit breakers as increased breaking capacity and high switching life are factors that make them closer in competitiveness to SF6 circuit breakers for generators with capacities up to 400 MW. The article considers problem aspects relating to clearing of short-circuit faults in the generator voltage circuits and interruption of out-of-phase making currents and no-load currents of generator transformers. Conditions leading to a longer period of time to the moment at which the switched current crosses zero are considered. It is pointed out that, unlike the IEC/IEEE Standard 62271-37-013, GOST (State Standard) R 52565-2006 does not specify the requirements for generator circuit breakers in full. The article gives the voltage drop values across the arc for different design versions of vacuum circuit breaker contacts and shows the effect the arc in a vacuum circuit breaker has on the time delay to the moment at which the current crosses zero. The standardized parameters of transient recovery voltage across the generator circuit breaker contacts are estimated along with the contact gap electric strength recovery rates ensured by modern arc quenching chambers. The switching overvoltages arising when vacuum circuit breakers interrupt short-circuit currents and no-load currents of generator transformers are analyzed. The article considers the most probable factors causing the occurrence of switching overvoltages, including current chopping, repeated breakdowns of the circuit breaker contact gap, and virtual current chopping. It is found that, unlike repeated breakdowns and virtual current chopping, an actual current chopping does not give rise to dangerous switching overvoltages. The article also determines the vacuum circuit breaker application field boundaries in which dangerous switching overvoltages may occur that would require additional measures for limiting them.