真空冷却过程中水分蒸发沸腾的数值模拟（Ⅱ）：模型的验证

利用圆柱型的熟肉为实验材料,通过实验验证了真空冷却过程中水分迁移的数学模型。结果发现：产品在70min内从70℃被冷却到5℃。当真空冷却结束时,产品中心和表面的实验温度分别是7．01。c和3．98℃,对应的产品的中心和表面的模拟温度分别是6．97℃和3．78℃。真空冷却实验过程中,产品的平均水分含量从72．60％降到61．03％。模拟过程中,产品的平均水分含量从71．00％降低到62．37％。模拟结果显示真空冷却的质量损失为8．63％,然而实验过程中真空冷却的质量损失为11．57％,其偏差在3％左右。模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,建立的数学模型能够正确地预测真空冷却过程中温度、压力和水分含量的变化过程。     

在不同真空度下的卷心菜真空冷却实验对比研究

在卷心菜真空冷却实验中,真空度是影响冷却时间和效果的主要因素。本文通过设定不同的自动补气阀工作压力范围来控制真空室的压力,进行卷心菜真空冷却实验,并分析了此过程中水分在低压下的气化过程。实验发现,自动补气阀工作压力范围分别为700 Pa-900 Pa、1000 Pa-1200 Pa和1300 Pa-1500 Pa时,当温度最低处(表叶)达到预定的0．7℃时,耗时分别为11 min、22 min和43 min,中心温度分别为3．86℃、6．68℃和9．11℃。结果表明：700 Pa～900 Pa的自动补气阀工作压力范围,对卷心菜进行真空冷却实验的效果较好；对于特定食品的真空冷却,应该可以找到各自恰当的自动补气阀工作压力范围,以提高冷却的效率。     

真空冷却过程中水分迁移的数学模型

从真空冷却的基本理论和基本定义出发,分析了真空冷却过程中产品内部的水分迁移过程,建立了真空条件下水分迁移的数学模型.通过数值模拟得到了产品内部、产品表面水分含量随时间的变化曲线及产品的质量损失随时间的变化曲线.利用文献中的试验数据对模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果与文献中的试验结果基本一致.这表明数学模型可以用来预测真空冷却过程中产品的水分含量和质量损失,具有一定的理论意义.     

真空冷却中的气体温度变化特性研究

为了研究真空冷却过程中温度与压力的变化关系以及在抽空与回气时对温度的影响,采用自制的食品真空冷却试验台,以水为对象对冷却过程中及冷却结束后复压过程中真空室内不同位置点的气体温度变化情况进行了多组实验,通过对实时反馈的温度、压力等相关模拟量变化情况进行比较分析,发现真空室内气体随压力、水温等发生变化,真空室内气体温度会出现反复,特别是在真空复压过程中气体温度较之环境温度要高出很多。     

熟肉真空冷却技术的最新进展

真空冷却是一种快速蒸发冷却技术，近年来广泛应用于食品工业。本文介绍了熟肉真空冷却技术的最新进展，分析了该技术对比于传统冷却方式的优、缺点，探讨了使这种方法更具有竞争力的研究方向，回顾了近年来国内、外对熟肉真空冷却过程进行数学模拟的研究进展。     

冷阱温度对蒸煮肉制品真空冷却效果的影响

真空冷却技术具有降温速度快、运行能耗低等优点,在食品冷链中得到了应用并迅速发展。本文以蒸煮肉制品为研究对象,开展蒸煮肉制品真空冷却效果实验,分析不同冷阱温度对冷却速率、质量变化和真空室内压力对冷却效果的影响。结果表明:不同的冷阱温度对蒸煮肉制品冷却速率、冷却前后的质量变化,以及对冷却过程中真空室内的压力产生不同的影响。另外,并非冷阱温度越低冷却效果越好,实验对比了冷阱温度为-15℃、-25℃和-35℃下的真空冷却过程,冷阱温度的最佳值为-25℃,冷却时间最少为320s。     

真空冷却过程中气体温度变化特性的研究

为了研究真空冷却过程中真空室内气体温度的变化特性，以水为实验对象，在真空室内布置了压力及多个温度测点，进行多组真空冷却实验，从而测得在抽真空和复压过程中真空室内的压力和各点的气体温度值。研究表明，当真空室内压力发生变化时，真空室内气体温度的变化具有某些特征，并且气体温度还受容器壁温、水温等的影响，本文针对这些特征进行了相关实验及理论分析，并得到了相似的变化规律。     

球性食品真空冷却非稳态过程的数值分析

通过引入食品材料透气性参数和食品内部到表面的最短距离,建立了食品真空冷却过程的传热模型。在此基础上,采用用户自定义函数编程,首次基于FLUENT模拟了球形食品真空冷却过程。以卷心菜真空冷却为例进行了实验验证,结果显示模拟值和实验值吻合性较好,并对模拟结果进行了分析。研究结果表明:食品材料的透气性和形状对真空冷却过程中食品内部温度场的分布有显著的影响,透气性越好、食品内部到表面的最短距离越小,温度分布越均匀。FLUENT模拟为研究食品真空冷却提供了新途径。     

冷却干燥通风过程中粮仓内热湿耦合传递的数值模拟

基于多孔介质传热传质的理论,建立了一种冷却干燥通风过程中粮仓内热湿耦合传递的数学模型。借助数值模拟的方法,对冷却干燥通风过程中粮仓内温度和水分的变化进行了模拟研究,得到了冷却干燥通风过程中粮堆内部热量传递和水分迁移的基本规律。     

蔬菜真空预冷装置的设计

预冷是蔬菜冷藏工艺的一个重要环节,也是冷藏链中不可缺少的一环。及时将蔬菜进行预冷,可以降低腐烂和保持采摘前的新鲜度及品质。常用的预冷方法有:①强制通风冷却;②差压通风预冷;③冷水冷却;④真空预冷。前三种方法在不同程度上都存在着预冷时间较长,冷却不均匀等问题。而真空预冷是基于直接蒸发蔬菜内部的部分水分达到的,其特点是:冷却速度很快,冷却均匀且预冷温度能精确控制,特别适合于鲜度下降很快的蔬     

CFD simulation of coupled heat and mass transfer through porous foods during vacuum cooling process

A numerical simulation by using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is carried out to predict heat and mass transfer during vacuum cooling of porous foods on the basis of mathematical models of unsteady heat and mass transfer. The simulations allow the simultaneous prediction of temperature distribution, weight loss and moisture content of the meats at low saturation pressure throughout the chilling process. The simulations are also capable of accounting for the effects of the dependent variables such as pressure, temperature, density and water content, thermal shrinkage, and anisotropy of the food. The model is verified by vacuum cooling of cooked meats with cylindrical shape within an experimental vacuum cooler. A data file for pressure history was created from the experimental pressure values, which were applied in the simulations as the boundary condition of the surface temperature.     

Modelling vacuum cooling process of cooked meat—part 1: analysis of vacuum cooling system

A mathematical model is developed to analyse the performance of a vacuum cooler. The model is based on the mass conservation of air and vapour in the vacuum chamber. In the chamber, the vapour evaporated from foods under the vacuum and the vapour removed by the vapour-condenser and vacuum pump contribute to the variation in the vapour partial pressure, and the ingress air and the air released by the pump cause the change of air partial pressure. Experiments were carried out on vacuum cooling of water to validate the model. The predicted vacuum pressure and temperature histories are compared with the measured values. The maximum deviation between the predicted and measured vacuum pressure is within 110 Pa (for the chamber pressure between 12,000 and 2200 Pa), while the maximum deviation between the predicted and measured temperature of water is less than 2 °C. The model can, therefore, be used to predict the transient vacuum pressure profiles for analysing the vacuum cooling process of foods such as cooked meat.     

Heat transfer characteristics of cooked meats using different cooling methodsCaractéristiques du transfert de chaleur de viandes cuites réfrigérées par des méthodes différentes

Cooling rate and heat transfer characteristics of cooked meats using four different cooling systems of vacuum cooling, air blast cooling, water immersion cooling and slow air cooling were investigated. The experimental results show that only the vacuum cooling can achieve the requirement of cooling the cooked meats from about 74 to 10°C within 2.5 h. The vacuum cooling shows different heat transfer characteristics during the cooling process, as compared with other cooling methods. Vacuum cooling rate is controlled by the evaporation rate of water from the cooked meats, while the cooling rates of the other three cooling methods are governed by the thermal conductivity of the cooked meats. Therefore, it is impossible for air blast, water immersion and slow air cooling to obtain high cooling rates since these three methods are different only in the convective heat transfer from the surface of the cooked meat to the cooling medium.     

Predicting local surface heat transfer coefficients by different turbulent k-ε models to simulate heat and moisture transfer during air-blast chilling

A numerical investigation using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is carried out to predict the turbulent flow field, and heat and moisture transfer in a three-dimensional air-blast chiller with cooked meats of cylindrical and elliptical shapes. Three turbulent models [standard, low Reynolds number (LRN) and RNG k-ε model] have been used in these simulations. Based on local heat transfer coefficients on the surface of the meat calculated by CFD code, the unsteady heat and mass transfer were simulated which took into account of the effects of conduction within the meat, forced and natural convection, radiation and moisture evaporation on the surface of the cooked meat joint. The model allowed the simultaneous CFD prediction of both temperature distribution and weight loss of the meat throughout the chilling process. Good agreement with experimental results was obtained. The effect of using different models on the accuracy of the simulation of local heat transfer coefficient is presented.     

真空冷却豆制品水分布状态的核磁共振分析

利用低场核磁共振及其成像技术,研究真空冷却豆制品中水分分布状态.实验测得熟食豆制品真空冷却后其中的结合水、吸附水和自由水三种状态水的迁移过程.反映结合水的T21处于相对稳定的状态,经真空冷却后,发生变化的主要是T22(吸附水)和T23(自由水),吸附水和自由水明显减少;经真空冷却后,样品水分含量减少,体现在核磁共振成像图上,就是质子的流动性降低,使弛豫信号减弱,图像变暗.     

果蔬真空预冷过程中热质传递的理论分析

从基本理论和基本定义出发建立了描述球形果蔬在真空冷却中传热、传质的数学模型。通过数值解算得到系统总压、产品温度(表面温度、中心温度、质量平均温度)、产品质量随时间的变化曲线。并用文献中可得实验资料对模拟的趋势加以验证,得到了较好的模拟效果,表明数学模型用来预测真空冷却中球形产品的特征参数如温度、压力和质量的变化过程是正确的,具有一定的理论意义。