Use of chemically activated cotton nut shell carbon for the removal of fluoride contaminated drinking water:Kinetics evaluation☆

Chemically activated cotton nut shell carbons (CTNSCs) were prepared by different chemicals and they were used for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution. Effects of adsorption time, adsorbent dose, pH of the solution, initial concentration of fluoride, and temperature of the solution were studied with equilibrium, ther-modynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process by various CTNSC adsorbents. It showed that the chemical y activated CTNSCs can effectively remove fluoride from the solution. The adsorption equilibrium data correlate well with the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption of fluoride by the chemical y activated CTNSC is spon-taneous and endothermic in nature. The pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intra particle diffusion kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data. The pseudo second order kinetic model provided a better correlation of the experimental data in comparison with the pseudo-first-order and intra particle diffusion models. A mechanism of fluoride adsorption associating chemisorption and physisorption processes is presented allowing the discussion of the variations in adsorption behavior between these materials in terms of specific surface area and porosity. These data suggest that chemically activated CTNSCs are promising materials for fluoride sorption.     

生物膜新工艺吸附Cu2+动力学研究

The biosorption of copper(R) ions onto biofilm was studied in a batch system with respect to the temperature, initial pH value and biofilm sorbent mass. The biomass exhibited the highest copper(R) sorption capacity under the conditions of room temperature, initial pH value of 6.0 and the sorbent mass 8 g. The experimental data were analyzed using four sorption kinetic models, the pseudo-first order, the Ritchie second order, the modified second order and the Elovich equations to determine the best-fit equation for the sorption of metal ions onto biofilm.Comparing with the sum of squared-errors, the results show that both the Ritchie second order and modified second order equations can fit the experimental data very well.     

溶液自发结晶过程动力学参数研究

The batch cooling crystallization initiated from spontaneous nucleation for aqueous solution of potas- sium nitrate was studied.The concentration and transmittance data were acquired on line throughout the operation. Based on solute mass transfer in both liquid and solid phases,a kinetic model was deduced by assuming that the late period of primary nucleation resembles the initial period of the secondary nucleation.Nucleation and crystal growth stages were identified.Kinetic parameters were estimated piecewise from online experimental data and compared with those in literature.The estimated kinetic parameters for stages without apparent primary nucleation agreed well with those in literature.Further,a simulated concentration curve was also drawn from the estimated kinetic parameters and it matched well with that in experiment.     

ZL50活性炭吸附脱除二氧化硫的吸附动力学模型(英文)

A semi-empirical adsorption kinetic model was proposed with the time compensation method to describe the chemisorption of SO2 in flue gas by carbon adsorbents for flue gas purification. The change in adsorption capacity and adsorption rate with time at different water vapor concentrations and different SO2 concentrations was studied. The model was in good agreement with experimental data. The surface reaction was probably the rate controlling step in the early stage for SO2 adsorption by ZL50 activated carbon. The parameters m and n in the nth order adsorption kinetic model were related to the magnitude of the time compensation and adsorption driving force, respectively. The change of parameter n with water vapor concentrations and sulfur dioxide concentrations was studied and some physical implications were given. The sum of square errors was less than 1.0 and the average absolute percentage deviations ranged from 0.5 to 3.2. The kinetic model was compared with other models in the literature.     

Removal of diclofenac from aqueous solution with multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified by nitric acid☆

Modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as adsorbents for removal of diclofenac. The re-action conditions were examined. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models were applied to determine appropriate equilibrium expression. The results show that the experimental data fit the Freundlich equation well. Thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. The kinetic study indicates that the adsorption of diclofenac can be well described with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the process is controlled by multiple steps.     

Kinetic Treatment for copolymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate with N-phenylmaleimide

Shirota‘s kinetic model and our kinetic model were used to treat the kinetic data of styrene (St) and N-phenylmaleimide (PMI) copolymerization in which chaxge-transfer complex (CTC) was formed. The results obtained by Shirota‘s kinetic model were disagreed with the experiments and the experimental phenomena could not be explained. The kinetic data of all feed fractions can be treated with our kinetic model, and the experimental phenomena can be explained from the propagation constants and reactivity ratios. Our kinetic model is also suitable for the kinetic data of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and PMI copolymerization in which CTC can not be formed.     

大庆常渣催化裂解反应动力学模型

An 8-lump kinetic model was proposed to predict the yields of propylene,ethylene and gasoline in the catalytic pyrolysis process of Daqing atmospheric residue.The model contains 21 kinetic parameters and one for catalyst deactivation.A series of experiments were carried out in a riser reactor over catalyst named LTB-2.The kinetic parameters were estimated by using sub-model method,and apparent activation energies were calculated according to the Arrhenius equation.The predicted yields coincided well with the experimental values.It shows that the kinetic parameters estimated by using the sub-model method were reliable.     

臭氧氧化阳离子红染料的动力学研究

The ozonation of Cationic Red X-GRL in a semi-batch reactor was studied with variation of the gas flow rate, initial Cationic Red X-GRL concentration, temperature, and pH value. By the evaluation of the liquid mass transfer coefficient, the interfacial area, and the stoichiometric ratio between ozone and Cationic Red X-GRL, the rate constants and the kinetic regime of the reaction between ozone and Cationic Red X-GRL were investigated by applying the experimental data to a model based on the film mass transfer theory. The results obtained support a second order overall reaction, first order with respect to both ozone and dye, and the rate constants were correlated by a modified Arrhenius Equation of temperature and pH value with activation energy of 18.06kJ·mol-1. Hatta number of the reaction was found to be between 0.026 and 0.041, it indicates that the reaction occurs in the liquid bulk, corresponding to the slow kinetic regime.     

非金属平垫片密封连接的泄漏率预测

In this work, a model of gas leakage through nonmetallic gaskets was developed in order to predict leakage rate of gasket sealing connections. The model was verified by the leakage experiments on two types of gaskets： compressed non-asbestos fiber gasket and flexible graphite gasket reinforced with tanged metal sheet. The coefficients in the leakage rate formula were obtained by regression of experimental data for each type of gasket, The model was also validated against the experimental leakage data by other researchers and shown to produce accurate predications. Furthermore, the model was applied to a bolted flanged connection in service in order to assess the tightness of the connection.     

Model for seawater fouling and effects of temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy on seawater fouling☆

A kinetic model was proposed to predict the seawater fouling process in the seawater heat exchangers.The new model adopted an expression combining depositional and removal behaviors for seawater fouling based on the Kern–Seaton model.The present model parameters include the integrated kinetic rate of deposition(k d)and the integrated kinetic rate of removal(k r),which have clear physical signi ficance.A seawater-fouling monitoring device was established to validate the model.The experimental data were well fitted to the model,and the parameters were obtained in different conditions.SEM and EDX analyses were performed after the experiments,and the results show that the main components of seawater fouling are magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.The effects of surface temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy were assessed by the model and the experimental data.The results indicate that the seawater fouling becomes aggravated as the surface temperature increased in a certain range,and the seawater fouling resistance reduced as the flow velocity of seawater increased.Furthermore,the effect of the surface free energy of metals was analyzed,showing that the lower surface free energy mitigates the seawater fouling accumulation.     

纳米TiO2/凹凸棒石光催化复合材料的制备及其动力学

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米TiO2/凹凸棒石光催化复合材料,并对其进行了表征. XRD结果表明,复合材料为锐钛矿相和金红石相的混晶结构,HRTEM和SEM图像显示,在凹凸棒石表面均匀负载了一层纳米TiO2颗粒. 实验考察了煅烧温度、催化剂用量及材料吸附性能对其光催化性能的影响,结果表明,600℃下煅烧制备的复合材料中TiO2晶粒尺寸为16 nm,锐钛矿相含量87%. 复合材料对甲基橙有较强的吸附性,吸附平衡常数Ka=0.00896 L/mg,催化剂添加量为3 g/L时光照2 h对甲基橙的降解率达92%. 光催化动力学方程符合Langmnir-Hinshelwood模型,二级动力学方程可很好地描述其降解规律：lnCt+0.00896Ct=0.418-0.0197t.     

Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by TiO2/UV: Kinetics, actinometries and models

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has proved to be a useful tool for the degradation of water pollutants as it can be observed by the high number of references appeared the last 30 years. Despite this strong research, some points, as more satisfactory and accurate kinetic models, still have to be more developed. In this work, as reaction model, the photocatalytic treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol has been studied by using TiO₂ in suspension as catalyst. The influence of different variables (TiO₂ concentration, pH effect, radiation) on the reaction rate has been tested. Afterwards, two new kinetic models are proposed. The first one takes into account the effect of intermediates in the degradation rate of the parent pollutant, which allows a better agreement for long time reactions. The second one attempts to include the radiation effect into the kinetic expression by means of a new term which refers to the absorbed light by the photocatalyst. Both models fit quite well with the experimental data and seem to be interesting future tools for the comparison and scaling-up of different photocatalytic systems.     

钛硅分子筛催化丙烯环氧化过程中的副反应

钛硅分子筛(TS-1)催化丙烯环氧化过程中,H2O2能与醇溶剂发生氧化副反应。实验考察了反应物浓度、温度等因素对醇溶剂氧化的影响。结果表明反应对TS-1用量是1级,对H2O2为0到1级,对醇是0级,相同条件下3种醇的氧化程度为:异丙醇>仲丁醇>>甲醇。由提出的反应机理建立了反应动力学模型,用实验所得数据对模型进行了参数回归,结果令人满意。     

石油馏份加氢精制的混合动力学模型

本文首先对加氢精制类二级反应动力学模型的研究做了简要的回顾,然后提出了一个混合反应动力学模型,可用以处理一级反应动力学模型及作者提出的类二级反应模型所不能处理的实验数据得到了较为满意的结果。编制了一个可同时用一级反应,类二级反应模型或本模型对数据进行处理并做出判断的电子计算机程序。     

油茶果壳活性炭对苯酚的吸附动力学研究

以油茶果壳制备的活性炭为吸附剂,探讨了温度、苯酚初始浓度对油茶果壳活性炭吸附苯酚性能的影响,并用两种动力学模型进行了拟合。结果表明:油茶壳活性炭对苯酚的吸附是一个较为快速的过程,60 min就可接近吸附平衡。油茶壳活性炭对苯酚的吸附动力学过程可以用准一级与准二级模型进行很好的描述,相关系数达到0.96以上。     

Titania/gum tragacanth nanohydrogel for methylene blue dye removal from textile wastewater using response surface methodology

The aim of this study was to statistically evaluate the capability of a prepared TiO₂/gum tragacanth hydrogel as a photocatalyst for the removal of methylene blue dye molecules from contaminated solutions. In this regard, TiO₂ nanoparticles were sonicated in gum tragacanth and the final hydrogel was prepared by the addition of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. Response surface methodology was employed as a mathematical and statistical tool to describe the system by a polynomial equation that relates the removal efficiency to selected variables (time, pH, initial dye concentration and photocatalyst dosage). The significance and adequacy of the model were confirmed by high coefficient of determination (R²) and adjusted R² values (>93%). The system was optimized at an initial dye concentration of 9.37 mg L^?1, pH of 9.02, time of 124.34 min and photocatalyst dosage of 0.13 g L^?1 using the response optimizer with an efficiency of 88.86%. A kinetic study of photocatalytic decoloration indicated that the pseudo‐second‐order model was well fitted to the experimental data. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

TiO_2/竹炭复合材料处理废水中的罗丹明B

以竹炭为载体,钛酸四正丁酯为钛源,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2/竹炭复合材料,研究材料对罗丹明B溶液的暗室吸附规律和光降解性能。实验结果表明：材料对罗丹明B的吸附属于物理吸附,能较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温模型;材料对罗丹明B的降解率高,且随溶液pH的变化而有明显改变。此光催化反应可用一级反应动力学方程进行描述。     

Photocatalytic properties of TiO2 modified with platinum and silver nanoparticles in the degradation of oxalic acid in aqueous solution

The commercially available TiO₂-catalyst (Degussa P25) was modified with nanosized platinum and silver particles by the photoreduction method to obtain different noble metal loading (0.5 and 1 wt.%). The characterization of the synthesized catalysts was carried out by the BET method, XPS, TEM and the adsorption of the model pollutant. The degradation of oxalic acid has been studied in aqueous solution photocatalyzed by band-gap-irradiated TiO₂, modified with nanosized platinum or silver particles. The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂, modified with noble metal, is approximately double that of the semiconducting support. The adsorption properties of the catalysts, as well as the noble metal content on the surface of the support, influence the efficiency of the photocatalytic process. The reaction rate of photocatalytic degradation of the oxalic acid follows a zero kinetic order according to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. The increase of the quantum yield of the photodestruction reaction of the studied model pollutant is due to the formation of Schottky barriers on the metal–semiconductor interface, which serve as efficient electron traps, preventing the electron–hole recombination.     

Photocatalytic degradation of model organic pollutants on an immobilized particulate TiO2 layer: Roles of adsorption processes and mechanistic complexity

The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of four different model organic compounds, formic acid (FA), oxalic acid (OA), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and the herbicide monuron (3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) in a self-constructed batch-mode plate photoreactor with a thin flow of contaminated aqueous solution circulating over an illuminated particulate layer of TiO₂ P25 (Degussa) was compared. Both OA and FA were adsorbed on TiO₂ surface; their mineralization, induced by direct transfer of photogenerated holes, proceeded in a single step, without observable intermediates, following approximately zero order kinetics. Numerical simulations were performed using a newly proposed kinetic model based on the photostationary state assumption. The model allowed an explanation of the observed reaction order as well as the comparison of independent with competitive adsorption of organic compound and oxygen on the photocatalyst surface, yielding a better fit for the case of competition. 4-CP and monuron, which were not adsorbed under the conditions used, were degraded through the action of photogenerated hydroxyl radicals. Their degradation proceeded with lower photoefficiency than for the adsorbed compounds (FA and OA). While the mineralization of both 4-CP and monuron followed zero order kinetics, their degradation was close to first order. The different reaction orders were consistently explained using the photostationary state approach.     

光催化降解农药乐果的动力学研究

采用30W石英紫外杀菌灯作为光源，研究了乐果在二氧化钛悬浮体系中光催化降解反应的动力学。考察了乐果起始浓度、溶液pH值及温度对乐果光催化降解速率的影响，结果表明乐果光催化降解符合表观零级动力学规律。由于速率常数k与乐果起始浓度有关，表明乐果光催化降解反应不是一个简单的零级反应。