温缩等间距表面裂纹扩展的数值模拟及其机制研究

 低温表面裂缝广泛存在于各种脆性材料和各个领域中,成为工程隐患或直接影响到结构的使用性能,为更深入地理解这一现象的机制,考虑到材料细观层次上的非均质性,采用数值模拟对双层模型在上层整体均匀降温和上层表面低温随时间向下传递收缩2种条件下模型的温度应力分布、裂纹扩展过程及其机制进行研究。首先以预制裂纹且上层整体均匀降温为例,研究两相邻裂纹间的应力状态,发现两裂纹的中间位置应力最大,且随着裂纹间距的减小,水平应力 由拉应力不断减小并逐渐变为压应力,其裂纹饱和对应的裂纹间距(S)与层厚(h)比值的临界值 约为3.0。其次,利用未预制裂纹的双层模型,分别对上层整体均匀降温至－40 ℃和上层表面降温到－35 ℃并向下温度传导(温度冲击)2种降温条件进行研究。结果表明,2种条件下裂纹的形成模式存在相同之处：首条裂纹插入到模型上层中间,新生裂纹相继插入到两已有裂纹或者已有裂纹与端部中间附近,直至裂纹饱和;而不同之处在于,整体降温形成的裂纹不但会由表及里扩展,也会在上层中间萌生;而温度冲击形成的裂纹只会由表及里扩展,并且裂纹总数更多。研究结果再现了降温收缩条件下微裂纹萌生、扩展和饱和3个阶段以及温度冲击条件下模型中热传导的过程,通过2种温度加载条件的对比,提出采用温度传导效果更好的材料加快温度传递,有助于减少路面结构产生的表面裂纹。     

非均匀因素对I型裂纹扩展、相互作用影响的数值分析

在拉张外载作用下，应用RFPA^2D程序对端部开切口、内部预制裂纹试样和坚硬颗粒试样进行数值模拟分析，并对不同均质度下岩样的贯通机制和载荷－位移曲线进行分析。结果表明，非均质性存在产生试样的应力分布局部集中和变形局部化，是引起裂纹复杂相互作用和扩展贯通的根源。     

三维表面裂纹扩展特征的研究

用含有预制半圆形三维表面裂纹的冷冻透明有机玻璃材料研究了裂纹的扩展机制,并对裂纹扩展中的特征应力进行了分析,同时,考察了裂纹深度、长度和倾角等几何因素变化对裂纹扩展的影响.研究结果表明,表面裂纹扩展受裂纹深度d与试样厚度T影响很大,当d/T≥1/3时,表面裂纹扩展到接近试样端部并穿透到试样的背面,当d/T＜1/3时,其裂纹扩展长度为预制裂纹直径的0.5～1倍时就不再扩展;裂纹倾角和裂纹相对试样尺寸也影响裂纹扩展.     

层状岩层裂纹饱和现象的数值模拟研究

层状岩层的裂纹饱和现象是地质界的一种普遍现象。基于有限元程序，分析了裂纹饱和现象的机理，从应力转化的角度解释了裂纹饱和现象；研究了单层材料厚度的变化对裂纹间距的影响；给出了层状材料达到饱和状态的全过程；并分析了裂纹的产生、发展规律。     

弯曲荷载下钢板贯穿开裂局部应力特征

通过建立弯曲荷载作用下的平板贯穿裂纹有限元模型,模拟实桥桥面板贯穿开裂时的受力状态,进行最不利情况下的应力分析。提取应力、应力强度因子与J积分,研究钢板贯穿开裂时沿裂纹表面与板厚方向的局部应力特征,求解开裂角,研究钢板厚度对裂纹应力特征及裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:裂纹尖端应力集中与应力突变现象明显,裂纹尖端存在应力辐射区;裂纹面受拉区面积增大,裂纹扩展加速,裂纹以张开型裂纹为主,弯曲荷载下贯穿裂纹扩展存在开裂角;钢板厚度越小,裂纹尖端应力集中现象越明显,裂纹越易扩展。     

孔洞对爆生裂纹动态扩展行为影响研究

试验研究含有预制裂纹的砂岩圆板在爆炸荷载下不同孔洞间距(S)对裂纹动态扩展行为的影响。试验中采用应变片测试获取爆炸加载波形作为AUTODYN数值模拟裂纹扩展效果及ABAQUS数值计算应力强度因子的加载力。试验中采用CPG测得裂纹起裂—扩展时刻,根据测得试验数据得出普适函数,对ABAQUS计算所得应力强度因子进行修正最终得到裂纹动态极限应力强度因子。通过对比分析在不同孔间距下裂纹的动态极限应力强度因子,裂纹扩展长度及裂纹扩展速度得出以下述结论:(1)孔洞对爆炸荷载下的预制裂纹动态扩展行为有所影响,且孔洞间距越小其影响效果越显著;(2)一般情况下裂纹的起裂极限应力强度因子要略高于扩展极限应力强度因子,裂纹的扩展速度对裂纹扩展极限应力强度因子有一定影响,且二者总体趋势呈反比;(3)当裂纹扩展至孔洞附近时,由于孔洞的作用提高了裂纹的扩展极限应力强度因子,进而降低了裂纹的扩展速度并减小了裂纹的扩展长度。此外若将孔洞视为隧道光面爆破中的辅助孔或周边孔,那么研究结论可为隧道光面爆破中控制断面内的原生裂纹扩展长度,以期达到隧道围岩最大程度上的完整性提供理论支撑。     

岩石三维表面裂纹扩展机理数值模拟研究

岩石破坏的本质原因是由于内部裂隙的萌生、扩展与贯通过程。从三维的角度出发,采用细观损伤数值模拟方法,模拟单轴压缩下含预制三维表面裂纹的岩石试样的破坏过程。数值模拟得到了表面裂隙内部扩展、贯通过程,动态再现翼型裂纹、壳体裂纹的形态,探讨三维裂纹内部的受力机制,推测可能发生的断裂类型,进一步探讨三维裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明：①反翼型裂纹并不一定萌生于预制裂纹端部,是由于翼型裂纹扩展后应力释放后的拉应力引起;②壳体裂纹的萌生与扩展阶段是由Ⅲ型加载断裂主导,而翼型裂纹扩展至一定长度之后停滞不前;③除了反翼型裂纹之外,还新发现了一种由壳体裂纹萌生出的次生裂纹,这种裂纹的扩展引起试样整体失稳崩溃;④岩石Ⅲ型加载（反平面剪切）难以获得Ⅲ型断裂破坏,壳体裂纹是由于Ⅲ型加载下的拉应力引起,实际上属于Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型复合裂纹;⑤非均匀性对岩石表面裂纹扩展影响很大,相对均匀岩石中难以出现曲线翼型裂纹或反翼裂纹。研究结果对于岩石三维裂隙扩展机理的物理力学实验与理论分析都具有参考意义。     

非均匀岩石裂纹扩展机制的数值分析

应用东北大学开发的RFPA2D软件,通过数值手段对预制裂纹的非均匀岩石单轴加载条件下的裂纹扩展模式进行了研究,结果表明:非均质度越差,材料的破坏峰值强度越低;裂纹扩展模式受岩石均质度制约,当岩石的均质度较低时,裂纹扩展表面粗糙,且呈现断断续续方式扩展,并且在扩展中出现跳跃方式,与均质岩体有本质区别;均质岩体AE分布集中于裂纹尖端,而非均质岩体裂纹呈弥散分布,并最终逐渐集中而形成裂纹.     

三维表面裂纹相互作用扩展贯通机制试验研究

通过对用机械法预制多个硬币状裂纹的冷冻有机玻璃材料进行单轴加载系列试验,研究脆性材料三维表面裂纹扩展演化和贯通机制。研究结果表明,三维裂纹间的相互作用对裂纹萌生和扩展主要有两种影响,即相互促进或彼此抑制,裂纹演化过程中其空间位置起主要作用。三维表面裂纹间的贯通要复杂得多,同时受裂纹切割深度、空间位置影响较大。这一研究加深了对有机玻璃材料(PMMA)等透明脆性材料破坏机制的了解,同时对岩石材料破坏机制的研究也大有裨益。     

自然营造力作用下岩石单裂纹水力劈裂数值仿真模型

考虑水利水电工程中自然营造力作用下岩石水力劈裂特点,建立裂纹内初始含水量饱和而外界水压增大情况下,裂纹进一步发生水力劈裂的数值仿真模型。在数值模型中,通过半解析半数值方法建立裂纹内水压分布梯度与裂纹张开位移间的耦合关系,不仅简化耦合迭代分析,而且提高计算精度;断裂力学模型采用以Hillerborg黏滞区裂纹模型为基础的COD准则,并引入损伤变量对其开裂准则进行修正;裂纹的扩展采用预置零厚度接触单元的方法巧妙地解决耦合与非线性迭代中裂纹的前进与后退问题。最后,对简单的岩石试件进行水力劈裂过程数值仿真分析,得到的裂纹内水压分布规律与已有的试验结果吻合,证明所建模型是合理的,计算结果是可靠的。     

Fracture permeability normal to bedding in layered rock masses

A two-dimensional model of fracture permeability normal to bedding in layered rock with orthogonal, bed-delimited fractures is investigated. Steady-state, saturated laminar flow is assumed. Permeability is assumed to be a function of apertures and flow path lengths in an otherwise impermeable matrix. Bedding planes or other separations between layers are modeled as fictitious interlayers to render a layered fractured rock mass equivalent to a layered porous medium. Layer, or bed-normal permeability is quantified in terms of readily available field data, using a probability model to represent fracture connectivity between layers. The bed-normal permeability is shown to depend on fracture spacing and aperture, layer spacing and bedding plane aperture, and to be scale-dependent. Numerical investigation and comparison with field data indicates that the derived expression is useful for estimating layer-normal permeability.     

Relating the hydraulic properties of a fractured rock mass to seismic attributes: Theory and numerical experiments

Numerical experiments are conducted to establish how the properties of a seismic signal are related to the hydraulic properties of a fractured rock mass. A hybridized reflectivity method is developed and used to compute a 1D synthetic seismogram for a geologic section which consists of a series of layers with one of the layers consisting of fractures. Seismic attributes, notably instantaneous amplitude, frequency and bandwidth are computed for a reflected seismic energy from a fractured zone with known distribution of fracture parameters: fracture length, aperture and spacing. The permeability of the fractured zone is computed using a discrete fracture model. The synthetic seismogram is computed using the Modified Displacement Discontinuity Model (MDD), which accounts for fracture opening and finite lengths of fractures. A significant correlation is established between the seismic attributes and fractured rock mass permeability. All the seismic attributes tend to increase with increase in permeability. The correlation is significant enough to establish a meaningful empirical relation between seismic attributes and fracture permeability.     

储层非均质性对水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响研究

为了研究滤失和储层非均质性对水平井多簇射孔水力压裂裂缝扩展形态的影响,在前期建立的水力压裂流固耦合模型基础上,增加考虑多孔介质内流体流动,裂缝-孔隙间的流体交换和射孔流量分配的物理过程,形成了用于多簇射孔水力压裂裂缝扩展的裂缝-孔隙流固耦合模型,并数值模拟研究了致密砂岩气储层性质均质、非均质下水平井多簇射孔水力压裂裂缝扩展。研究发现:(1)滤失对中间簇射孔水力压裂裂缝扩展影响较大;(2)在储层均质情况下,多裂缝呈对称扩展,而在储层杨氏模量、抗拉强度、基质渗透率等非均质分布情况下,多裂缝呈非对称、非均匀扩展;(3)在储层复杂非均质情况下,四簇和三簇射孔水力压裂存在射孔簇过度改造、欠改造、甚至未起裂扩展的情况,尤其是在小间距条件下的四簇射孔。而两簇射孔水力压裂即使在间距较小时裂缝也能正常起裂扩展。因而,为了裂缝更多地有效扩展,在实际工程中,如果水力压裂密集施工,建议采取两簇射孔压裂;如果水力压裂不密集施工,兼顾施工成本建议采取三簇或四簇射孔压裂。     

Numerical modeling of thermal breakthrough induced by geothermal production in fractured granite

It is well known that the complicated channeling of fluid flow and heat transfer is strongly related with the intricate natural fracture system. However, it is still challenging to set up the fracture network model which is strong heterogeneous. Compared with other methods (e.g. equivalent continuum model (ECM), discrete fracture model (DFM), and ECM-DFM), the fracture flow module in the COMSOL Multiphysics simulator is powerful in definition of fractures as the inner flow boundary existing in the porous media. Thus it is selected to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer in the geothermal-developed fractured granite of Sanguliu area located at Liaodong Peninsula, Eastern China. The natural faults/fractures based on field investigation combined with the discrete fracture network (DFN) generated by the MATLAB are used to represent the two-dimensional geological model. Numerical results show that early thermal breakthrough occurs at the production well caused by quick flow of cold water along the highly connected fractures. Suitable hydraulic fracturing treatments with proper injection rates, locations, etc. can efficiently hinder the thermal breakthrough time in the natural fracture system. Large well spacing helps the long-term operation of geothermal production, but it is highly dependent on the geometrical morphology of the fracture network. The enhancement of reservoir properties at the near-well regions can also increase the geothermal production efficiency. The results in this study can provide references to achieve a sustainable geothermal exploitation in fractured granitic geothermal reservoirs or hot dry rocks at depth.     

Interactive roles of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks in fluid flow through fractured geological media

In this study,the combined effects of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks on fluid flow through fractured geological media are investigated numerically.We consider a finite-sized model domain in which the geometry of fracture systems follows a power-law length scaling.The geomechanical response of the fractured rock is simulated using a hybrid finitediscrete element model,which can capture the deformation of intact rocks,the interaction of matrix blocks,the displacement of discrete fractures and the propagation of new cracks.Under far-field stress loading,the locally variable stress distribution in the fractured rock leads to a stress-dependent variable aperture field controlled by compression-induced closure and shear-induced dilatancy of rough fractures.The equivalent permeability of the deformed fractured rock is calculated by solving for the fracture-matrix flow considering the cubic relationship between fracture aperture and flow rate at each local fracture segment.We report that the geometrical connectivity of fracture networks plays a critical role in the hydromechanical processes in fractured rocks.A well-connected fracture system under a high stress ratio condition exhibits intense frictional sliding and large fracture dilation/opening,leading to greater rock mass permeability.However,a disconnected fracture network accommodates much less fracture shearing and opening,and has much lower bulk permeability.We further propose an analytical solution for the relationship between the equivalent permeability of fractured rocks and the connectivity metric(i.e.percolation parameter) of fracture networks,which yields an excellent match to the numerical results.We infer that fluid flow through a well-connected system is governed by traversing channels(forming an"in parallel" architecture) and thus equivalent permeability is sensitive to stress loading(due to stress-dependent fracture permeability),whilst fluid flow through a disconnected system is more ruled by matrix(linking isolated clusters"in series") and has much less stress dependency.     

不同层厚层状岩体对TBM开挖的影响

 TBM的开挖效果在很大程度上受到节理间距的影响,TBM掘进速度随节理间距变小而增大,但节理间距过小,会造成掌子面岩体不稳,不利于TBM开挖。锦屏II级水电站引水隧洞洞段主要以层状大理岩为主,沿洞轴线方向大理岩层层厚变化较大,从几厘米到几米不等,层面是岩体中主要的不连续面,且层面与隧道轴线大角度相交。TBM的破岩过程主要受到高地应力条件和岩体层厚的影响。从TBM破岩机制角度,分析在高地应力条件下TBM在薄层面、中薄层面和厚层面大理岩层状岩体中的开挖表现,研究岩层厚度对TBM开挖的影响。     

A method to experimentally investigate injection-induced activation of fractures

Natural fractures are generally well developed in most hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs, which can produce complex fracture networks due to the activation of fractures during hydraulic stimulation. The present paper is devoted to developing a method to investigate the activation characteristics of fracture under injection-shearing coupled condition at laboratory scale. The fluid is injected into the single-fractured granite until the fracture is activated based on the triaxial direct shear tests. The results show that injection process can significantly influence the shear stress distribution field, resulting in release of shear stress and relative slip between the opposite sides of the fractured surface. The injection-induced activation of fracture is strongly dependent on the stress states. When the normal stress increases, the injection-induced activation pressure increases, and the comparatively high normal stress can restrain the fracture activation. The fracture deformation mechanisms during fluid injection are also discussed preliminarily with the experimental data. The sensitivity of shear stress to fluid injection increases with increase of shear stress level, while it decreases under high normal stress. The results can facilitate our understanding of the natural fracture activation behavior during fluid pressure stimulation.     

薄互层储层水平井压裂裂缝延伸规律模拟分析

为尝试研究非均匀层状岩层中的复杂水力压裂裂缝延伸行为,以胜利油田某典型砂泥薄互层储层的水平井压裂为背景模型,利用基于有限元的数值模拟软件,开展了一系列水平井压裂裂缝延伸行为的数值模拟研究。在模拟中,表征远场地应力的模型围压、层理(界面)的强度和地层岩性是考虑的主要因素。数值模拟表明,水力压裂裂缝的延伸模式是远场地应力、界面性质及地层岩性的综合作用结果。裂缝延伸过程中遇到层间界面会出现偏转、分叉和钝化终止行为,总体可分为4类延伸模式:直接穿透、钝化、T型扩展、偏转。这些非平面、复杂裂缝并非体积压裂改造裂缝,因此,不但不利于油气的流动,而且也是压裂压力畸高、有效主裂缝长度减少甚至压裂失败的原因之一。数值模拟初步解释了裂缝延伸过程中应力演化及其与层间界面的相互作用机制,可望为水力压裂改造工程相关的设计与机理分析提供参考。