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以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚-9(AEO-9)为表面活性剂,NaCl为无机盐,正辛烷或柴油为油相,考察了正丁醇、异丁醇和仲丁醇3种助表面活性剂及其含量对微乳液相行为的影响。结果表明,随着助表面活性剂含量的增加,微乳液体系相态由WinsorⅠ经WinsorⅢ到WinsorⅡ型转变。对正辛烷微乳液体系,正丁醇、异丁醇和仲丁醇所对应的微乳相最大体积分数分别为91.63%、80.00%和65.49%;对柴油微乳液体系,对应的微乳相最大体积分数分别为68.42%、68.29%和63.33%,3种助表面活性剂微乳液体系对正辛烷的增溶性能更好。通过醇度扫描实验,对每种助表面活性剂和油相分别筛选出WinsorⅠ和WinsorⅢ型微乳液配方,考察了油水体积比对微乳液相行为的影响。发现随着油水体积比的增大,所有体系最终均变为WinsorⅠ型;初始为WinsorⅢ型的体系转变为WinsorⅠ型所需的油水比更大。 相似文献
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以异构十三烷基聚氧乙烯醚-5(E1305)为表面活性剂,分别以柴油和350~395℃、395~450℃、450~500℃馏分油为油相,考察了正丁醇含量和油水比对不同油相的微乳液相行为的影响。结果表明,随正丁醇含量增加,微乳液体系相态由Winsor Ⅰ→Winsor Ⅲ→Winsor Ⅱ型转变。油相馏程温度升高,体系的最佳增溶参数(SP*)降低而最佳醇度(A*)升高。对于正丁醇及E1305含量较低体系,随油水比增大,相态发生由胶团溶液类→类Winsor Ⅱ→Winsor Ⅳ→Winsor Ⅰ型转变。对于正丁醇含量较低且E1305含量较高体系,随油水比增大,相态由胶团溶液直接转变为Winsor Ⅰ型微乳液。对于正丁醇含量较高体系,随油水比增大,相态均由Winsor Ⅱ→Winsor Ⅲ→Winsor Ⅰ转变,发生相转变所需的油水比与表面活性剂含量和油相的馏程温度相关。 相似文献
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微乳液由水、油、盐、表面活性剂及助表面活性剂组成,其相行为及增溶情况受各组分的影响。研究发现,在SDBS(SDS、SLS)/航空煤油/水/正丁醇/氯化钠体系中,随着NaCl含量的不断增多,微乳液体系发生Winsor Ⅰ型→Winsor Ⅲ型→Winsor Ⅱ型的相态转变。固定水的用量,通过油扫实验不断改变体系中的油水比,利用相图研究油水比对微乳液相行为的影响,并通过冷冻电镜对不同相态下微乳液的微观形貌进行了表征。随着油水比的增加,在低盐度下,体系由胶团溶液转变为Winsor Ⅰ型;而在高盐度下,体系发生由胶团溶液→Winsor Ⅱ型→Winsor Ⅲ型→Winsor Ⅰ型的相态转变。盐度一定时,微乳液的中相形成及消失所需的油量会随着表面活性剂浓度的增多而增多,且三种表面活性剂中,表面活性剂的增溶能力的大小顺序为SDBS>SDS>SLS,对煤油的敏感程度顺序为SLS>SDS>SDBS。 相似文献
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微乳液在化妆品及洗涤剂中的应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
阐述了微乳液的性能,用Winsor的R比理论解释了微乳液的形成机理,简述了微乳液的制备;详细综述了微乳液在化妆品及洗涤剂当中的应用。利用微乳液的一些特殊的性质,如超低的界面张力、增溶性、热力学稳定和光学上透明,将其用于化妆品和洗涤剂中可以制得性能优良的产品。同时概述了无中等链长醇的微乳液在洗涤剂中的应用。 相似文献
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汽油微乳液拟三元相图及电导率研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
以阳离子表面活性剂D0821和非离子表面活性剂AEO3的复配体系为研究对象,系统研究了D0821/AEO3-汽油-正丁醇-水体系一系列拟三元相图,并采用电导率法确定了微乳液结构。结果表明,表面活性剂D0821与AEO3不同复配配比对拟三元相图影响很大,随着阳离子表面活性剂D0821比例逐渐增加,液晶的面积按小一大一小的顺序变化;在D0821比例较大时,结构由W/O型微乳液→双连续→双折射→O/W型微乳液,随着表面活性剂含量降低,有大面积的乳液区出现;电导率的变化与相变化存在一致性。 相似文献
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微乳液法制备纳米粒子的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
微乳液是一种具有热力学稳定性的单分散体系,其分散质点为纳米量级,它能够为纳米粒子的制备提供理想微环境:介绍了微乳液的性质以及利用微乳液制备纳米粒子的原理和方法,并讨论了利用微乳液制备纳米粒子过程中的各种影响因素。 相似文献
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《分离科学与技术》2012,47(7):1627-1637
Abstract The aim of this investigation was to examine the applicability of the membrane technique and the effect of preozonation in dairy waste water treatment technology. The best degree of surfactant removal from model anionic surfactant solution by nanofiltration was achieved at 20°C and 40 bar. Investigations on the effects of ozone treatment of the waste water indicated that preozonation decreased the flux and increased the chemical oxygen demand and surfactant removal efficiency. Ozone treatment enhanced the biodegradability of the retentate from 68.8% to 96.4%. 相似文献
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《分离科学与技术》2012,47(4):819-833
Abstract Of late, electrocoagulation has been widely used to treat a wide variety of wastewaters, including textile, dye, electroplating, chemical mechanical polishing wastewaters, etc. Excessive coagulant material may be avoided by electrocoagulation. The contaminants present in wastewaters are maintained in solution by electrical charges. When metal ions of opposite electric charge, provided by an electrocoagulation system, may become unstable and precipitate in a form that is usually very stable. The present work involves the treatment of nearby restaurant effluent in Surat, Gujarat, India. Two different electrodes, aluminum and iron, are used for electrocoagulation. The effect of applied voltage and time of electrolysis on various parameters—such as conductivity, COD, TDS, and turbidity are studied. The removal efficiency of COD is found to be between 50–72% and the optimum time is between 15–30 minutes. Electrocoagulation proved to be a process which could neutralize pH significantly. The major impact of change in electrode is considered and aluminum is found to be better than iron in many respects. The operating cost is estimated from the power cost and cost of electrode material. 相似文献
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Darrell J. Bennett Robert P. Burford Thomas P. Davis Heath J. Tilley 《Polymer International》1995,36(3):219-226
A series of microemulsions have been formulated, with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) or HEMA/water/propanol mixtures as the continuous phase and methylcyclohexane as the discontinuous phase. The effect of surfactant type was investigated with the utilization of both anionic and nonionic surfactants. The microemulsion continuous phase was polymerized by UV radiation and a thermal post-cure. The resultant polymers were extracted to remove the discontinuous phase and the surfactant. On swelling, the majority of the polymers became opaque, although transparent PHEMA hydrogels were synthesized with an improved equilibrium water content (EWC). The cause of opacity was shown by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The breakdown in the microemulsion on polymerization is caused by unfavourable interactions between the PHEMA and the stabilizing surfactants causing agglomerization of the discontinuous phase. All the hydrogels were found to have higher water retention than PHEMA, with EWCs of up to 70%. The modified polymers also demonstrated an increased rate of water diffusion into the matrix. A preliminary study of oxygen permability revealed that a significant improvement had been made over standard PHEMA membranes. The porous structure of the PHEMA gels has been shown to be dependent on the type of surfactant used during synthesis. 相似文献
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石油炼制行业电脱盐废水乳化严重、破乳难,影响后续深度处理,已成为企业污染防治的重要难题。本研究针对典型炼化企业电脱盐废水的排放与处理需求,实时跟踪电脱盐废水的水质波动。基于电脱盐废水的污染组成特点,分析其稳定性,并首次利用管式电絮凝处理电脱盐废水。结果表明,该企业电脱盐反冲洗时,电脱盐废水中石油类浓度>400mg/L,最高时可达1700mg/L,显著高于设计值。其化学需氧量(COD)平均为4484mg/L,与原油性质密切相关,其中溶解性COD约765mg/L,主要来源于电脱盐注水。反冲洗废水中胶质、沥青质重质组分占总油比例28%,高于正常排水。电脱盐废水具有一定的自发破乳性,但时间较长;曝气预处理30min后COD可降至原水的26.2%;电絮凝可进一步大幅降低COD与溶解性COD,且在初始电流1.0A、反应时间15min时,COD和溶解性COD的平均去除率分别达到80%和50%,降解过程符合准一级动力学模型,此时直接运行成本约0.92CNY/m3废水。 相似文献
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随着石油泄漏事故的频繁发生和工业含油废水的大量排放,现代化工油水分离问题日益突出。具有特殊润湿性的材料可以选择性透过水或油,分离效率高且操作简单而广泛应用于油水分离。本文以不锈钢网为基底,通过液相法可控制备得到具有不同尺寸、排列的BiVO4纳米片涂层。通过扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、接触角测量仪对其表面形貌与润湿性能进行表征,研究BiVO4纳米片尺寸和排列对水下疏油性能的影响。结果表明当不锈钢网表面均匀生长着鳞片状BiVO4,且这些纳米片随机放射排列时,涂层水下油接触角达到了165.1°,倾斜角仅为2.0°,具有水下超疏油性质。将该涂层用于油水混合物的分离,分离效率均在95.0%以上且分离通量最大可达1.4×104L/(m2·h),在油水分离领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。 相似文献
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采用连续式超临界水氧化小试装置,在实验室以配制的模拟焦化废水进行试验研究。以过氧化氢作为氧化剂,研究了超临界水氧化反应的温度、压力、氧化剂比例K、反应物初始浓度等参数对废水中污染物去除效果的影响。同时以贵州省某焦化厂的实际焦化废水进行试验,结果表明在温度为450℃、压力为25MPa、K为1.3、模拟废水原始COD。浓度为3706.5mg/L时,出水COD。为53.9mg/L,COD去除率达98.55%;当温度为500℃、压力为25MPa、K为2.0时,实际焦化废水硫化物、COD、氨氮去除率分别为99.54%、94.69%、48.16%,氨氮去除率相对较低,其试验参数需进一步优化。 相似文献
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化学需氧量(COD)是水质分析与监测的主要指标之一,能够有效地反映水体有机污染的程度.文章介绍了海南省当前海水COD的主要测定方法,并用滴定法和比色法对海水水样进行比对分析.同时介绍了海水COD测定的当前研究进展. 相似文献