Brφnsted-Lewis双酸性离子液体催化合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯

合成了具有不同ZnCl2摩尔分数的Brφnsted-Lewis双酸性离子液体[HO3S-(CH2)4-mim] Cl-xZnCl2,采用Hammett指示剂与紫外联用法测定了其酸强度,考察了其在苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)与甲醛(HCHO)缩合制备二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)反应中的催化性能,并考察了反应条件对MDC收率和MPC转化率的影响.结果表明,当x=0.7时该离子液体的催化活性最高.以[HO3S-(CH2)4-mim]Cl-0.7ZnCl2为催化剂兼溶剂,在反应温度70℃、反应时间60 min、MPC与HCHO的摩尔比为10、离子液体与MPC的质量比为2的条件下,MDC收率最高可达99.1％.用水处理反应液并通过减压蒸馏回收的离子液体可以循环使用5次,其催化活性基本不变.     

二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯清洁合成过程研究 Ⅱ.二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯催化合成及其分解

针对苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)和甲醛(HCHO)缩合合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC),然后分解制备二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的反应,考察了不同催化剂的催化性能及反应工艺条件的影响.在MPC缩合反应中,盐酸既作为催化剂又作为溶剂,且母液循环使用两次时,MDC的收率为78.4%;若以ZnCl2为催化剂、硝基苯为溶剂时,MDC的收率为87.4%;若以笔者开发的固载化ZnCl2/AC作为催化剂,其单位摩尔ZnCl2的MDC收率远高于液体ZnCl2催化剂.以混合溶剂溶解MDC后,进行液相分解得到MDI,锌及其有机盐对该反应有较高的催化活性,当以锌粉为催化剂时,MDI收率为87.3%.     

混合酸催化合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯

以混合酸为催化剂,水作溶剂,对苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)和甲醛溶液或三聚甲醛缩合制备二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)的反应进行了考察,考察了混合酸浓度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂用量等条件对反应的影响。以甲醛为甲基化试剂的最佳反应条件为:混合酸浓度30%、反应时间2h、n(MPC)/n(HCHO)=1/1、反应温度100℃,MDC收率为89 47%;以三聚甲醛(STO)为甲基化试剂时,最佳反应条件为:混合酸浓度30%、反应时间5h、反应温度105℃、n(MPC)/n(STO)=15/4,MDC产率为75 81%。     

硅钨酸催化合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯

以硅钨酸为催化剂、二乙二醇二甲醚为溶剂,对苯氨基甲酸甲酯(M PC)与甲醛缩合反应制备二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)进行了研究。考察了M PC与甲醛摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间和硅钨酸用量对M PC转化率和MDC收率的影响,得到最佳的反应条件:M PC与甲醛的摩尔比为8∶1,反应温度100℃,反应时间4.5h,硅钨酸与M PC的摩尔比为2.1∶100。在此优化条件下反应,MDC的收率为62.8%。对硅钨酸催化M PC与甲醛缩合反应的历程进行了讨论,硅钨酸既有催化反应物种形成活性中间体的活性质子,又有对活性中间体具有稳定化作用的硅钨酸阴离子,从而具有很高的催化活性。     

负载型硫酸催化合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯

制备了SiO2负载硫酸催化剂,并将其用于催化苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)与甲醛进行缩合反应合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(4,4′-MDC)。以碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为溶剂,考察了反应时间、反应温度、原料配比、催化剂用量、溶剂用量等因素对该缩合反应的影响。得到的适宜反应条件为:催化剂的酸量与甲醛的摩尔比为1.3、MPC与甲醛的摩尔比为4、DMC与MPC的质量比为8、反应温度80℃、反应时间3h。在此条件下,4,4′-MDC的收率为56.0%,选择性为75.0%。在催化剂循环使用过程中,催化剂初次使用后,活性有所降低,但选择性提高;此后其催化活性和选择性稳定,循环使用4次基本保持不变。     

γ-Al_2O_3催化尿素法合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯反应研究

首次尝试以二苯甲烷二胺(MDA)、尿素和甲醇为原料直接合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC),分别考察了催化剂种类和反应条件对MDC合成反应的影响。结果表明:经400℃焙烧2h的γ-Al2O3对该反应具有较高的催化活性。适宜反应条件为:反应温度180℃,反应时间6h,反应初压1.2 MPa,n(MDA)∶n(尿素)∶n(甲醇)∶n(γ-Al2O3)=1∶3∶50∶0.1。在此条件下,MDA的转化率为81.7%,MDC的收率和选择性分别为26.3%和32.2%。采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术对MDC合成反应的反应路径进行了分析,认为促进中间产物4-氨基-4′-氨基甲酸甲酯二苯甲烷(MMC)向MDC转化是提高MDC选择性的关键。     

尿素法合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯反应热力学分析及实验研究

二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)是生产二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的重要中间体。针对尿素法合成MDC选择性低的问题,首先分别对氨基甲酸甲酯(MC)路径和4-氨基-4'-脲基二苯甲烷(AUM)路径进行了热力学分析,结果表明,AUM路径相对较容易进行。采用间歇排氨的操作方式,考察了反应条件对二苯甲烷二胺(MDA)、尿素和甲醇合成MDC反应的影响,确定出适宜的反应条件为:反应温度180℃,反应初压1.2 MPa,n(MDA):n(尿素)∶n(甲醇)∶n(γ-Al_2O_3)=1∶5∶50∶0.1。在此条件下,MDA转化率为94.2%,MDC收率和选择性分别为41.2%和43.7%,MDC和4-氨基-4′-氨基甲酸甲酯二苯甲烷(MMC)的联合选择性为81.6%,比封闭体系分别高出12.5%、14.9%、11.5%和4.6%。     

二苯脲和甲醇合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯

以二苯脲和甲醇为原料、CO2为保护气,在催化剂作用下合成了苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC),考察了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比对MPC合成反应的影响,确定了适宜的反应条件。实验结果表明,CO2的加入改进了原有MPC反应工艺。在催化剂的作用下,CO2和副产物苯胺发生反应生成二苯脲,一方面减少生成物苯胺的含量,另一方面生成的二苯脲可作为原料进一步与甲醇反应,从而提高了二苯脲的转化率、MPC的选择性和收率;在以PbO/Al2O3为催化剂、反应温度180℃、反应时间3h、甲醇与二苯脲的质量比为10的反应条件下,二苯脲的转化率为95.68%,MPC选择性为88.16%,MPC的收率为84.35%。     

苯胺、碳酸二甲酯和甲醛直接合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯

以机械混合的Zn(OAc)_2和Hβ为催化剂,碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、苯胺和甲醛溶液为原料,采用"一步"法合成了二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)。实验结果表明,优化的反应条件是:n(DMC)/n(AN)/n(HCHO)=31/1/0.15、n(Zn(OAc)_2)/n(AN)=0.15、m(Hβ)/m(AN)=0.8,在120℃反应6h,苯胺转化率为79.8%,MDC收率为18.6%。Zn(OAc)_2+Hβ催化剂使用一次即失活,通过对失活催化剂表征发现其失活的原因是由于ZnO的生成所致。     

4,4′-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯的合成

用碳酸二甲酯(DMC)代替光气,以4,4′-二氨基二苯基甲烷(MDA)为原料,在无水醋酸锌催化剂的作用下,经胺解反应合成了4,4′-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC);测定了MDC的熔点;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱和氢核磁共振对产品结构进行了表征;考察了反应温度、DMC用量、反应压力、反应时间、催化剂用量对MDC收率的影响。实验结果表明,在MDA用量5g、DMC用量80mL、无水醋酸锌用量0.2g、反应温度140℃、反应压力0.2MPa、反应时间3h的条件下,MDC收率达到90%。该合成路线具有反应条件温和、产物分离容易、产品收率高等优点。     

Synthesis of amphiphilic peroxophosphomolybdates for oxidative desulfurization of fuels in ionic liquids

Three amphiphilic peroxophosphomolybdates [C₄mim]₃PMo₄O₂₄, [C₈mim]₃PMo₄O₂₄ and [C₁₆mim]₃PMo₄O₂₄ were synthesized and characterized. These catalysts were used for extraction and catalytic oxidative desulfurization of fuel with H₂O₂ as an oxidant and ionic liquid [C₄mim]BF₄ as an extractant. It was found that [C₁₆mim]₃PMo₄O₂₄ showed the highest catalytic activity and the sulfur content could decrease to 7.5 ppm. In contrast, the desulfurization system shows very low performance without H₂O₂ or ionic liquid. The detailed reaction conditions were optimized including reaction time, temperature, the dosage of H₂O₂ and catalyst, and different sulfur compounds. After the reaction, the catalysts and the ionic liquid can be cycled 8 times with a little decrease in desulfurization efficiency.     

Removal of basic nitrogen compounds from fuel oil with [C4mim]Br/ZnCl2 ionic liquid

Metal-based ionic liquid [C₄mim]Br/ZnCl₂ was synthesized, and its structure was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and a mass spectrometer. The denitrogenation performance of the ionic liquid was investigated using coker diesel oil as feedstock. Experiment results showed that [C₄mim]Br/ZnCl₂ presented a good denitrogenation performance, obtaining about 94.95% basic N-removal efficiency under the condition with a temperature of 50°C, 1:1 (w/w) IL:oil, extraction time of 30 min. In addition, the basic N-removal efficiency can still reach above 50% at 1:7 IL/oil (w/w) during four recycles of the ionic liquid.     

Amorphous TiO2-supported Keggin-type ionic liquid catalyst catalytic oxidation of dibenzothiophene in diesel

Supported ionic liquid(IL) catalysts [C_nmim]_3PMo_(12)O_(40)/Am TiO_2(amorphous TiO_2) were synthesized through a one-step method for extraction coupled catalytic oxidative desulfurization(ECODS) system. Characterizations such as FTIR, DRS,wide-angle XRD, N_2 adsorption–desorption and XPS were applied to analyze the morphology and Keggin structure of the catalysts. In ECODS with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, it was found that ILs with longer alkyl chains in the cationic moiety had a better effect on the removal of dibenzothiophene. The desulfurization could reach 100% under optimal conditions, and GC–MS analysis was employed to detect the oxidized product after the reaction. Factors affecting the desulfurization efficiencies were discussed, and a possible mechanism was proposed. In addition, cyclic experiments were also conducted to investigate the recyclability of the supported catalyst. The catalytic activity of [C_(16)mim]_3 PMo_(12)O_(40)/Am TiO_2 only dropped from 100% to 92.9% after ten cycles, demonstrating the good recycling performance of the catalyst and its potential industrial application.     

CATALYTIC HYDROPYROLYSIS OF WESTERN CANADIAN COAL COMBINED WITH CRITICAL GAS EXTRACTION

ABSTRACT

Experimental results of catalytic hydropyrolysis combined with solvent extraction near critical conditions of an Alberta subbituminus coal indicated a conversion of 40 wt% of coal to hydrocarbon products. The effects of catalyst and solvent on the structural parameters of the extracts were evaluated from the modified Brown-Ladner's equation. Both alcoholic and aromatic solvents and Lewis acids (ZnCl₂ and SnCl₂ 2HO₂) showed Increased yields of hydrocarbon products, but the presence of hydrogen was necessary to improve this yield.     

氨基酸功能化杂多酸盐的制备及其在无溶剂条件下催化正十二醇与乙酸酯化反应性能

以甘氨酸、磷钨酸为原料,在水溶液中采用一步法合成出氨基酸功能化杂多酸盐[Gly]₃ PW,并采用NMR、MS、FT-IR以及XRD等手段对其结构进行了表征。考察了其在正十二醇与乙酸酯化高选择性合成乙酸正十二酯反应中的催化性能。结果表明,在n([Gly］₃ PW)/n(正十二醇) = 0.002、n(乙酸)/n(正十二醇) = 2.0、反应温度373 K和反应时间7 h条件下,正十二醇转化率和乙酸正十二酯选择性分别达到98%和100%,且整个反应过程无需加入任何溶剂,[Gly]₃ PW显示了良好的催化性能。[Gly]₃ PW是一种有潜力的新型有机-无机杂化酯化催化剂。     

Investigation on the effect of water vapor on the catalytic combustion of methane on platinum

The effect of H₂O on the catalytic combustion of CH₄ on Pt was investigated experimentally and numerically. The ignition temperature obtained by measuring the exit temperature of the H₂O/CH₄/Air mixtures flow through Pt coated honeycomb channels showed that the ignition temperature was related to the CH₄ and H₂O mole fraction. The numerical results showed that the adsorption of H₂O blocked CH₄ oxidation, leading to the increase of the ignition temperature and the reforming reaction did not occur with C/O ratio less than 0.43. However, with C/O ratio increasing, H₂O could produce catalytic reforming reaction with CH₄, and H₂ produced in the reaction could increase the conversion of CH₄. This study is helpful to provide some useful information for the design of the micro-combustor.     

Evolution of active ingredients and catalytic properties of Pt-Sn/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts in the selective deoxygenation reaction of vegetable oils

The evolution of the structure of Pt–Sn/Al₂O₃ catalysts and their catalytic properties in the reaction of the reductive deoxygenation of rapeseed oil fatty acid triglycerides (FATGs) have been studied. The catalysts were prepared by deposition from an organic solution of a mixture of platinum and tin compounds, as well as a heterometallic (PPh₄)₃[Pt(SnCl₃)₅] complex, in which platinum and tin atoms are linked by a metal–metal bond. It has been shown that the use of the heterometallic complex as a precursor with a tin to platinum molar ratio of 5 results in the formation of clusters of nanosized tin (2+; 4+) oxides and particles of a metastable PtSn_{3 ± δ} alloy on the surface of the catalyst after reductive activation. In the presence of this catalyst, the exhaustive conversion of the feed FATGs and the selectivity for hydrocarbons above 98% have been achieved. The gaseous products CO, CO₂, and CH₄ are formed in trace quantities. The results show that the deoxygenation occurs not via the known decarboxylation and decarbonylation route, but also through the step of the selective reduction of oxygen and almost complete suppression of cracking of the organic moieties of FATGs.     

Catalytic polymerization of 1-decene using a silicon-bridged metallocene system

The polymerization of 1-decene catalyzed by rac-Me₂Si(1-indenyl)₂ZrCl₂/AlⁱBu₃/[C₆H₅NH(CH₃)₂][B(C₆F₅)₄] system with hydrogen has been carried out in the paper. The influence of reaction conditions on catalytic activity and polymer properties was investigated. High activity (17.2 × 10⁶ g molZr^?1 h^?1) was observed under the optimized reaction conditions. The introduction of hydrogen enhances the catalytic activity of the metallocene system. The ¹H NMR spectra revealed the polymerization mechanism with the presence of hydrogen. The ¹³C NMR spectra of poly(1-decene) indicated that the polymer has a very tactic side chain structure, showing potential application of the system in the commercial production of lubricant base oil.     

羟基磷灰石负载氯化锌催化剂用于苯甲醚酰化反应

 以羟基磷灰石(HAP)为载体,采用水热法制备了羟基磷灰石负载 ZnCl₂催化剂(ZnCl₂/HAP)。采用 FT-IR、XRD、BET 等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征,并将制备的 ZnCl₂/HAP 应用于苯甲醚与烷基酰氯的酰基化反应,考察了反应条件对酰基化反应的影响和 ZnCl₂/HAP 的稳定性。结果表明,当催化剂活化温度为150℃、ZnCl₂负载量为1 mmol/g、反应时间5 h、ZnCl₂/HAP 与酰氯的摩尔比为1∶25时,ZnCl₂/HAP 对该酰基化反应的催化活性最高,对烷酰基苯甲醚的产率可达78%~88%。ZnCl₂/HAP重复使用5次仍具有较高的催化活性。