Prediction of Leakage from an Axial Piston Pump Slipper with Circular Dimples Using Deep Neural Networks

Oil leakage between the slipper and swash plate of an axial piston pump has a significant effect on the e ciency of the pump. Therefore, it is extremely important that any leakage can be predicted. This study investigates the leakage, oil film thickness, and pocket pressure values of a slipper with circular dimples under different working conditions. The results reveal that flat slippers suffer less leakage than those with textured surfaces. Also, a deep learning-based framework is proposed for modeling the slipper behavior. This framework is a long short-term memory-based deep neural network, which has been extremely successful in predicting time series. The model is compared with four conventional machine learning methods. In addition, statistical analyses and comparisons confirm the superiority of the proposed model.     

双滑板受电弓磨耗的超声波检测方法

超声波检测滑板磨耗是以DSP TMS320LF2407A控制超声波传感器测量受电弓滑板的磨耗值,然后将获取的数据传输到检测主机.现在大部分电力机车都采用双滑板受电弓,因此超声波检测应能够检测前后两个滑板.在超声波检测单滑板受电弓的基础上,主要通过修改下位机的控制程序便可实现双滑板受电弓滑板的磨耗检测.     

Integrated slipper retainer mechanism to eliminate slipper wear in high-speed axial piston pumps

The power density of axial piston pumps can greatly benefit from increasing the speed level. However, traditional slippers in axial piston pumps are exposed to continuous sliding on the swash plate, suffering from serious wear at high rotational speeds. Therefore, this paper presents a new integrated slipper retainer mechanism for high-speed axial piston pumps, which can avoid direct contact between the slippers and the swash plate and thereby eliminate slipper wear under severe operating conditions. A lubrication model was developed for this specific slipper retainer mechanism, and experiments were carried out on a pump prototype operating at high rotational speed up to 10000 r/min. Experimental results qualitatively validated the theoretical model and confirmed the effectiveness of the new slipper design.     

海水液压柱塞泵中新型滑盘副的设计及其润滑特性研究

传统海水液压柱塞泵中,滑靴的固有结构形式使其易发生偏磨、烧靴等问题。提出了一种新型滑盘结构,从根本上消除了因离心力产生的滑靴倾覆问题,并减小了柱塞所受的侧向力。建立了滑盘副润滑数学模型,并分析了温度和工况参数对滑盘副的润滑特性及能耗特性的影响。结果表明：随着介质温度的升高,滑盘副的动压效应减弱,水膜厚度减小,导致泄漏量降低;同时,黏度随温度升高而降低,滑盘所受到的摩擦力减小,黏性摩擦功率损失降低;随着泵工作压力的升高,水膜厚度变大,泄漏量增大,相反黏性摩擦功率损失降低;而随着泵的工作转速的增大,滑盘副的泄漏量功率损失和黏性摩擦功率损失均有所增加。     

Considerations in the design of partially hydrostatic slipper bearings

The purpose of this study is to examine the design of hydrostatically balanced bearings as used in the slippers of high pressure axial piston pumps, and to outline a design procedure whereby the slipper behaviour, minimum film thickness and loss of high pressure fluid can be estimated. It is shown that for successful operation the slippers need to have small amounts of non-flatness on the running surfaces. In addition, good agreement between the measured and calculated film thickness is demonstrated.     

Tribological study on hydrostatic slipper bearing with annular orifice damper for water hydraulic axial piston motor

Hydrostatic slipper bearing is an effective way to maintain a fluid film between slipper pad and swash plate that slide against each other, and thereby mitigate direct surface-to-surface contact in water hydraulic axial piston motor (WHAPM). The hydrostatic slipper bearing with an annular orifice damper is proposed, and the reaction force of the bearing in WHAPM is investigated. The effects from the friction within the cylinder bore, the dynamics of the piston, and the centrifugal force of the piston–slipper assembly are examined. The characteristic equation of the hydrostatic slipper bearing with an annular orifice damper is formulated, where the effects of various geometric parameters (e.g. damping length, supporting length, and clearance between the piston and the cylinder bore) are reflected. The relevant criterion for designing the hydrostatic slipper bearing can then be established. Results of the theoretical analyses indicate that (a) the friction coefficient, the swash plate angle, and the inertia and centrifugal loads (generated under a high motor rotating speed) would have significant influences on the reaction force; (b) an appropriate swash plate angle can help eliminate the fluctuation of the reaction force; (c) the load-carrying capacity of the hydrostatic slipper bearing is more sensitive to the damping length than to the supporting length of the piston; (d) a short damping length can help enhance the load-carrying capacity; (e) a small clearance between the piston and the cylinder bore would help improve the adaptive ability to the varying load for the hydrostatic slipper bearing, when clearance between the slipper pad and the swash plate ranges from 5 to 20 μm. Experimental studies of the slipper pads sliding against the swash plates are conducted at a custom-manufactured test apparatus, given different material combinations and design methods. The experimental results indicate that the hydrostatic slipper bearing with an annular orifice damper would decrease the possibility of the severe wear between the slipper pad and the swash plate in comparison with the hydrostatic clamping ratio bearing in the WHAPM, and the CRA laser cladding (compared to the ZrO₂·MgO-plasma-sprayed coating and the stainless steel 2Cr13) is a promising candidate as the tribo-material when sliding against composite materials in water lubrication system. The hydrostatic slipper bearing with an annular orifice damper has been successfully applied to a WHAPM developed at the Huazhong University Science and Technology. The result demonstrates that the developed bearing has a satisfactory tribolgical performance, and can be extended to the manufacture of water hydraulic axial piston pumps.     

基于故障机理的液压泵多信息烈度特征状态评估方法

以液压泵滑靴磨损故障为例,提出一种基于故障机理的多信息烈度特征状态评估新方法。该方法从滑靴磨损机理出发,利用滑靴副压紧系数值对滑靴不同磨损程度对应的液压泵工作状态进行区域划分;通过振动烈度的频域计算方法提取泵壳体振动、出口流量及压力三种信号的烈度特征因子,分析三种烈度特征因子对滑靴磨损程度的敏感性,并建立特征因子样本集;利用最小二乘法进行数据拟合,得到三种烈度特征因子与液压泵工作状态的对应量化关系,结合BP神经网络和D-S证据理论建立基于多信息决策融合算法的状态评估模型。通过测试样本验证了模型的有效性,结果表明该模型具有较高的评估精度。     

Design of an Artificial Neural Network for Analysis of Frictional Power Loss of Hydrostatic Slipper Bearings

In this study, the frictional power loss of the slippers affecting the performance of axial piston pumps and motors was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The working parameters and the slipper geometry causing minimum frictional power loss were determined. The system was also modeled by an artificial neural network. As can be seen in both approaches, the proposed neural network predictor can be employed in experimental applications of such systems.     

Lubrication characteristics analysis of slipper bearing in axial piston pump considering thermal effect

In this study, the lubrication characteristics of a slipper bearing for axial piston pump considering oil thermal effect have been investigated. A mathematical model is developed to predict the film thickness and temperature on the slipper/swash plate interface under different operating conditions. Based on the mathematical model, a parametric study is conducted to evaluate the slipper lubrication performance. It is found that the slipper is characterised by an unstable behaviour and the behaviour is enhanced by lower pressure and higher rotational speed. As the film temperature increases rapidly due to high shaft speed and piston chamber pressure, the overall result is a rather low decline in the film thickness. The leakage flow rate increases with increasing speed or oil film thickness. The structure parameter can be optimised to obtain satisfactory slipper performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

静压支承式滑靴副油膜动态特性研究

考虑斜盘式轴向柱塞泵滑靴副油膜的挤压效应,不考虑滑靴倾覆,分析了滑靴副润滑油膜的动态特性,包括压力跃变响应与实泵输入响应,并分析了滑靴副结构参数对于油膜动态响应的影响。分析结果表明,减小滑靴中心油室的体积,有利于改善油膜动态响应品质,但油室体积不能过小;为兼顾滑靴副动态润滑特性与泄漏量,需要合理设计阻尼管的液阻;在保证建立油膜的情况下,缝隙阻尼的有效支承面积越小,滑靴副动态油膜的润滑品质越好。实泵输入动态响应中,在高低压区工作时,油膜的压力变化虽然较大,但静压支承式滑靴膜厚的波动范围很小。     

高压轴向柱塞泵滑靴副性能测试液压

为了测量35 MPa高压轴向变量柱塞泵滑靴副的油膜性能参数,需研制一套滑靴副性能测试液压系统。针对35 MPa的高压工作环境,设计出了一种高压轴向变量柱塞泵滑靴副性能测试液压系统,并建立了其AMESim仿真模型。通过仿真分析,得知该液压系统的卸压能满足工作要求,其卸荷性能良好,而且无论是卸压还是卸荷过程,液压冲击均得到有效的抑制,因而,该液压系统能够满足泵在35 MPa高压工况下平稳运行的要求,从而为提高35 MPa高压轴向变量柱塞泵滑靴副的油膜性能提供了前提保障。     

斜盘泵滑靴副剧烈磨损过程的动态特性分析

斜盘泵在发生滑靴副磨损故障时表现出与正常状态下完全不同的动态特性。为深入分析滑靴磨损量对滑靴副动态特性的影响,在不考虑滑靴倾斜的条件下,建立了描述滑靴剧烈磨损的动力学模型。通过对滑靴磨损过程的发展机理分析,采用近似圆弧进行拟合的方法得到磨损量与磨损轮廓的数学描述方程;同时给出滑靴磨损状态的压力控制方程、膜厚方程、流量平衡方程和力平衡方程,由此建立滑靴在压油区的动力学模型。通过数值分析得出磨损量与滑靴副泄漏量、压力分布、滑靴承载力以及最小油膜厚度之间的变化规律。结果表明:滑靴泄漏量随滑靴磨损量的增加而变大,从而加快滑靴底面油膜压力沿滑靴径向的递减速度,进而降低滑靴的承载力,减小滑靴的最小油膜厚度,削弱滑靴副适应载荷变化的能力。     

考虑表面接触力的滑靴副油膜特性分析方法

由于受倾覆力及刚体表面粗糙度影响,液压柱塞泵斜盘-滑靴运动副(滑靴副)在相对运动时处于混合润滑状态。斜盘和滑靴表面接触引起弹性和塑性变形,进而产生表面接触力。接触力与油膜厚度密切相关,在油膜特性分析时不应被忽略。提出一种基于流体动压润滑理论的滑靴副油膜特性(油膜厚度、压力分布、油膜间隙流量)的分析与计算方法,考虑了滑靴副粗糙表面的支撑力影响。在雷诺流体动压润滑方程基础上,考虑滑靴副刚体表面粗糙度水平和油膜厚度,计算液压柱塞泵不同工况下的表面接触支撑力,并将接触力融入运动副的受力方程。提出了基于改进的雷诺流体动压润滑方程的数值计算方法,并进行了仿真分析,通过间接对比滑靴副间隙流量的仿真结果,证实了提出方法的有效性和结果的准确性。     

Experimental Research on the Dynamic Lubricating Performance of Slipper/Swash Plate Interface in Axial Piston Pumps

The interface between the slipper/swash plate is one of the most important frication pairs in axial piston pumps. The test of this interface in a real pump is very challenging. In this paper, a novel pump prototype is designed and a test rig is set up to study the dynamic lubricating performance of the slipper/swash-plate interface in axial piston machines. Such an experimental setup can simulate the operating condition of a real axial piston pump without changing the relative motion relationship of the interfaces. Considering the lubricant oil film thickness as the main measurement parameter, the attitude of the slipper under the conditions of different load pressure, rotation speed and charge pressure are studied experimentally. After the test, the wear state of the swash plate is observed. According to the friction trace on the surface of the swash plate, the prediction for the attitude of the slipper and the zone easy to wear are verified.     

基于润滑机理的智能液压元件本体性能预测方法

以液压泵为例,以其最为薄弱的环节--滑靴副为研究对象,并以滑靴磨损作为性能退化原因,结合滑靴磨损数学描述方程、泄漏流量公式和柱塞腔压力瞬时变化模型,建立了滑靴磨损过程的油膜润滑特性方程组;揭示了液压泵性能失稳失效机理,计算了失稳和失效临界点;对液压泵性能退化状态进行区域划分,分析液压泵不同状态下滑靴磨损量与油膜润滑特性参数及性能退化参数的变化规律,建立了性能预测模型;通过仿真分析验证理论模型的正确性,通过液压泵性能测试试验验证预测模型的有效性和预测精度,结果表明,所构建的模型能够精确预测液压泵性能。     

LUBRICATION FILM FORMATION MECHANISM OF SLIPPER PAIRS IN LOW SPEED HIGH TORQUE HYDRAULIC MOTORS

Pressure-flow analytical formulas of lubrication film of slipper pairs on camshaft connect- ing rod type low speed high torque (LSHT) hydraulic motors are put forward. The bottom surface of slipper pairs is rectangle, and the effect of squeeze flow and pressure differential flow is considered. The dynamic process of lubrication film formation through squeezing is numerically studied by com- puter simulation. Effects of supply pressure, initial lubrication film thickness, velocity damping coef- ficient, loading impact and gravity, etc are studied. Advantages of novel slipper pairs with large oil cavity area are pointed out.     

轴向柱塞泵滑靴的动力学特性仿真分析

滑靴与斜盘、柱塞、回程盘之间的配合是保证柱塞泵正常工作的重要条件,滑靴的磨损失效会影响与之配合零件的正常工作。首先对A4VG125型柱塞泵滑靴进行理论受力分析,应用SimulationX建立柱塞泵的一维液压模型和三维MBS模型,仿真柱塞底部所受液压力。然后与ADAMS和ANSYS建立的柱塞泵动力学模型进行联合,完成柱塞泵的刚柔与液固耦合仿真模型。在仿真工作参数作用下,研究滑靴与斜盘、柱塞、回程盘之间摩擦副的动力学特性。结果表明:当斜盘倾角增大、主轴转速提高时,对滑靴总体的受力/力矩情况影响较大;滑靴与柱塞之间的球铰副受工作参数变化影响较为明显,受力/力矩波动较为严重。     

轴向柱塞泵松靴故障特征信号的分析与选择

对轴向柱塞泵产生松靴故障的机理进行分析.选取振动信号和油液温升信号作为监测参量.分析研究表明,泵壳体振动信号和外泄口油液的温升信号是轴向柱塞泵松靴故障的敏感特征参量.     

Optimal contact design and allowable limit on spindle assembly of aluminum hot rolling process

Aluminum sheet ingots go through the hot rolling process to be converted into coils with a gauge suitable for the cold rolling process or plates. The top spindle, end coupling and slipper metal are main components of the hot roll process and used for transmission of rotational power with heavy-duty load. The top spindle connected to the motor and end coupling connected to the roller are combined with the slipper metal which acts as a bearing and joint. The contact surface between end coupling and slipper metal is subjected to stress concentration, and life cycles of slipper metal is reduced. This study aims to minimize the mechanical problems which might happen in the production process. The load condition for hot rolling processes is derived under load condition that is conducted for a hot rolling process under slipper metal combination types and operation situations. A structural analysis is performed by applying mechanical characteristics, combination type, and rotational boundary condition of top spindle, end coupling and slipper metal. Optimal design is performed for contact surface between end coupling and slipper metal. Interference analysis is studied to reduce the stress concentrations. Kinematics simulation is performed by applying the various combination type and dynamic boundary condition of the mill spindle assembly. The interference does not occur on the top spindle and slipper metal, so actual driving of the hot mill spindle assembly can operate in the normal operation condition.     

Leakage and Groove Pressure of an Axial Piston Pump Slipper with Multiple Lands

This article presents a new analytical model, based on Reynolds equation of lubrication, to evaluate the leakage and pressure distribution for an axial piston pump slipper taking into account the effect of nonvented grooves. The equations consider slipper spin and tilt and are extended to be used for a generic slipper with any number of grooves. A test rig has been designed and used to check experimentally the applicability of the theoretical equations and comparisons between theoretical and experimental results show a good agreement. The new theory can predict slipper leakage and pressure inside the groove with a high level of accuracy, especially at the very low slipper tilts that exist in practice. Experimentally, it is demonstrated that although a groove maintains a constant pressure along its path, under abnormal conditions the pressure differential can exist inside the groove. The effect of tangential velocity on groove pressure and slipper leakage is then studied experimentally, showing that as the rotational speed increases, there is a small decrease in leakage and a small increase in the average pressure inside the groove.