基于人乳脂肪组成的酶法人乳脂肪替代物的构建

为了开发新型高相似性人乳脂肪替代物,依据中国人乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成和甘油三酯结构,以巴沙鱼油、樟树籽仁油、亚麻籽油、微生物油(富含ARA)及DHA藻油(质量比为153.81∶15.16∶62.33∶7.89∶10.81)为原料油脂,以固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme RM为催化剂,在60℃下酯交换反应8 h制备人乳脂肪替代物,测定其脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘油三酯组成及含量,分析其红外光谱图、熔融性质、结晶性质及流变学性能。结果表明,构建的人乳脂肪替代物中链脂肪酸含量为12%、亚油酸和亚麻酸总含量为19.53%且比例约为1∶1.5,ARA含量为1.17%,DHA含量为1.11%,其sn-2位富含棕榈酸(43.10%),结构甘油三酯含量高(58.75%),无反式脂肪酸生成,熔融温度低于人体温度且在20℃下仍能保持18.7%的固体脂肪含量,结晶形态细腻且流变性能优异。制备的人乳脂肪替代物具有应用于婴幼儿配方奶粉、婴幼儿米糊和婴幼儿饼干等各种婴幼儿食品的潜力。     

母乳化结构脂制备研究进展

母乳脂可以为婴儿提供约50%的能量, 并且其特殊的成分组成和脂肪酸位置分布, 对婴儿的生长发育具有重要的生理功能。婴幼儿配方奶粉作为母乳最好的替代品, 其脂质成分和功能应与母乳脂最大程度保持一致才能满足婴幼儿的生理需求。目前, 婴幼儿配方奶粉中主要以添加1, 3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯和长链多不饱和脂肪酸来使其脂质成分和功能更加贴近母乳。而中国母乳中含量最丰富的1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯和具有重要生理功能的中长链甘油三酯的制备还未受到广泛重视。脂肪酶可利用其特定的选择性控制脂肪酸在甘油三酯中的位置分布, 因此被广泛应用于结构脂的制备中。本文主要阐述了脂肪酶法制备母乳化结构脂的研究现状, 以及今后利用分子改造技术提高脂肪酶的催化性能, 尤其是选择性, 为未来母乳化结构脂的发展和研究方向提供了新的思路, 对国产婴幼儿配方奶粉的产业升级具有重要意义。     

Lipase-catalyzed modification of lard to produce human milk fat substitutes

The objective of the present work was to modify lard into human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) by Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis. Lard and soybean fatty acids were esterified in a solvent-free system. The reaction substrates for HMFS production were specially chosen to mimic human milk fats. Factors such as temperature, time, water content, enzyme load, substrate ratio, and enzyme reusability were investigated. The relationships between initial incorporation rate (Inc/h) and temperature (T, K) were set up, based on the Arrhenius law for both linoleic and for linolenic acids. Scale-up trials were carried out to confirm the feasibility of enzymatic modification for the production of HMFS. The characteristics of the product, produced in the scale-up acidolysis under selected conditions (temperature 61 °C, water content 3.5%, lard:fatty acids 1/2.4 (mol/mol), Lipozyme RM IM load 13.7%, and time 1.0 h), were similar to the fat in Chinese mothers' milk. The results showed that it was possible to produce human milk fat substitutes from lard through enzymatic acidolysis with soybean fatty acids.     

淡水鱼油性质测定及其在人乳替代脂市场的应用研究

对巴沙鲶鱼油等市场上常见的10种淡水鱼油脂肪酸、sn-2脂肪酸组成进行了测定与分析。结果表明:大部分淡水鱼油中棕榈酸含量在15%~25%、油酸含量在25%~45%,和人乳脂肪较为接近;巴沙鲶鱼油、黑鱼油、鲈鱼油、鲤鱼油、白鲢鱼油sn-2棕榈酸含量分别为44.27%、40.91%、31.31%、30.02%和31.02%,且sn-2棕榈酸分布均高于50%;巴沙鲶鱼油、黑鱼油的sn-1,3油酸含量在50%左右,并通过UPLC-MS/MS验证了OPO的存在,推测适合作为人乳替代脂的基料油;鲤鱼油中中碳链脂肪酸C10∶0和C12∶0总含量超过10%,易于婴幼儿吸收;鲈鱼油中DHA含量为12.73%,对于婴幼儿智力发育有着关键作用,鲤鱼油和鲈鱼油适合作为人乳替代脂的配料油。     

Enzymatic production of infant milk fat analogs containing palmitic acid: optimization of reactions by response surface methodology

Infant milk fat analogs resembling human milk fat were synthesized by an enzymatic interesterification between tripalmitin, coconut oil, safflower oil, and soybean oil in hexane. A commercially immobilized 1,3-specific lipase, Lipozyme RM IM, obtained from Rhizomucor miehei was used as a biocatalyst. The effects of substrate molar ratio, reaction time, and incubation temperature on the incorporation of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols were investigated. A central composite design with 5 levels and 3 factors consisting of substrate ratio, reaction temperature, and incubation time was used to model and optimize the reaction conditions using response surface methodology. A quadratic model using multiple regressions was then obtained for the incorporation of palmitic acid at the sn-2 positions of glycerols as the response. The coefficient of determination (R²) value for the model was 0.845. The incorporation of palmitic acid appeared to increase with the decrease in substrate molar ratio and increase in reaction temperature, and optimum incubation time occurred at 18 h. The optimal conditions generated from the model for the targeted 40% palmitic acid incorporation at the sn-2 position were 3 mol/mol, 14.4 h, and 55°C; and 2.8 mol/mol, 19.6 h, and 55°C for substrate ratio (moles of total fatty acid/moles of tripalmitin), time, and temperature, respectively. Infant milk fat containing fatty acid composition and sn-2 fatty acid profile similar to human milk fat was successfully produced. The fat analogs produced under optimal conditions had total and sn-2 positional palmitic acid levels comparable to that of human milk fat.     

Effects of fat supplements containing different levels of palmitic and stearic acid on milk production and fatty acid digestibility in lactating dairy cows

Fat supplements based on palmitic acid (PA) or stearic acid (SA) are expected to have different effects on milk production and nutrient metabolism in lactating dairy cows. In this study, the effects of prilled fat supplements containing different levels of PA and SA were tested in 12 high-producing multiparous cows (pretrial milk yield = 53.4 ± 8.7 kg/d; mean ± SD) arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments were control (CON; no supplemental fat), an enriched PA supplement (HP; 91% C16:0), an enriched SA supplement (HS; 92.5% C18:0), and a blend of PA and SA (INT) fed at 1.95% of diet dry matter. All supplements contained oleic acid at approximately 5% of fatty acids. The HP treatment decreased dry matter intake (DMI) by 1.9 kg/d and 1.1 kg/d compared with SA and CON, respectively. Milk yield was not changed by treatment, but INT increased energy-corrected milk by 2.7 kg/d compared with HS. The HP and INT treatments increased milk fat yield by 0.11 and 0.14 kg/d compared with CON, respectively. Additionally, HP decreased yield of <16 carbon fatty acids (FA; de novo synthesized) by 44 g/d and 43 g/d compared with INT and CON, respectively. The HP treatment increased 16-carbon FA (mixed source) by 155 g/d compared with CON and 64 g/d relative to INT. No effect of treatment on apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, or neutral detergent fiber was detectable. The INT and HS treatments decreased total-tract digestibility of 16-carbon FA by 10.3 and 10.5 percentage units compared with HP, respectively. Total-tract digestibility of 18-carbon FA was lowest in the HS diet and highest with HP. In conclusion, supplementing PA increased milk fat yield compared with control and SA, but supplementing a mixture of PA and SA increased energy-corrected milk without decreasing intake. The FA profile of fat supplements influences their digestibility and effects on DMI and milk and milk fat synthesis.     

Comparison of enriched palmitic acid and calcium salts of palm fatty acids distillate fat supplements on milk production and metabolic profiles of high-producing dairy cows

A variable response to fat supplementation has been reported in dairy cows, which may be due to cow production level, environmental conditions, or diet characteristics. In the present experiment, the effect of a high palmitic acid supplement was investigated relative to a conventional Ca salts of palm fatty acids (Ca-FA) supplement in 16 high-producing Holstein cows (46.6 ± 12.4 kg of milk/d) arranged in a crossover design with 14-d periods. The experiment was conducted in a non-heat-stress season with 29.5% neutral detergent fiber diets. Treatments were (1) high palmitic acid (PA) supplement fed as free FA [1.9% of dry matter (DM); 84.8% C16:0] and (2) Ca-FA supplement (2.3% of DM; 47.7% C16:0, 35.9% C18:1, and 8.4% C18:2). The PA supplement tended to increase DM intake, and increased the yields of milk and energy-corrected milk. Additionally, PA increased the yields of milk fat, protein, and lactose, whereas milk concentrations of these components were not affected. The yields of milk de novo and 16-C FA were increased by PA compared with Ca-FA (7 and 20%, respectively), whereas the yield of preformed FA was higher in Ca-FA. A reduction in milk fat concentration of de novo and 16-C FA and a marginal elevation in trans-10 C18:1 in Ca-FA is indicative of altered ruminal biohydrogenation and increased risk of milk fat depression. No effect of treatment on plasma insulin was observed. A treatment by time interaction was detected for plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), which tended to be higher in Ca-FA than in PA before feeding. Overall, the palmitic acid supplement improved production performance in high-producing cows while posing a lower risk for milk fat depression compared with a supplement higher in unsaturated FA.     

Compared with stearic acid,palmitic acid increased the yield of milk fat and improved feed efficiency across production level of cows

The effects of dietary palmitic and stearic acids on feed intake, yields of milk and milk components, and feed efficiency of dairy cows were evaluated in an experiment with a crossover arrangement of treatments with a covariate period. Cows with a wide range of milk production (38 to 65 kg/d) were used to determine if response to fat supplementation varied according to production level. Thirty-two Holstein cows (143 ± 61 d in milk) were assigned randomly to a treatment sequence within level of milk production. Treatments were diets supplemented (2% of diet dry matter) with palmitic acid (PA; 97.9% C16:0) or stearic acid (SA; 97.4% C18:0). Treatment periods were 21 d and cows were fed a nonfat supplemented diet for 14 d immediately before the first treatment period. The final 4 d of each period were used for sample and data collection. Milk production measured during the covariate period (preliminary milk yield) was used as the covariate. No interactions were detected between treatment and preliminary milk yield for the production response variables measured. Compared with SA, the PA treatment increased milk fat concentration (3.66 vs. 3.55%) and yield (1.68 vs. 1.59 kg/d), and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield (47.5 vs. 45.6 kg/d). Treatment did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield, milk protein yield, body weight, or body condition score. Milk protein concentration was lower for PA compared with SA treatment (3.24 vs. 3.29%). The PA treatment increased feed efficiency (3.5% fat-corrected milk yield/dry matter intake) compared with SA (1.48 vs. 1.40). The increase in milk fat yield by PA was entirely accounted for by a 24% increase in 16-carbon fatty acid output into milk. Yields of de novo (3.2%) and preformed fatty acids (2.9%) were only slightly decreased by PA relative to SA. The PA treatment increased plasma concentration of nonesterified fatty acids (96.3 vs. 88.2 μEq/L) and glucose (56.6 vs. 55.7 mg/dL) compared with SA, but insulin and β-hydroxybutyrate were not altered by the treatments. Results demonstrate that palmitic acid is more effective than stearic acid in improving milk fat concentration and yield as well as efficiency of feed conversion to milk. Responses were independent of production level and without changes in body condition score or body weight. Further studies are required to test the consistency of these responses across different types of diets.     

人乳脂替代品的酶法合成及其评价的研究进展

由于经济、社会和个人因素方面,我国及其他一些发展中国家的婴儿纯母乳喂养率普遍偏低。与植物油和反刍动物乳脂相比,人乳脂中棕榈酸分布在甘油骨架的sn-2位更有利于婴儿对脂肪酸和钙的吸收,减少婴儿便秘、上火等。合成与人乳脂相似的人乳脂替代品,将其作为婴儿配方奶粉的脂肪来源具有着重要的市场潜力。酶法催化具有反应条件温和、高度位置专一性和脂肪酸专一性,因此,可以通过sn-1,3位专一性脂肪酶催化合成人乳脂替代品。本文介绍了人乳脂替代品的定义及发展,并就近年来的酶法合成人乳脂替代品的底物选择、脂肪酶筛选、合成方法与技术、检测分析方法、相似度评价以及氧化稳定性等方面的研究状况进行系统阐述,并对今后人乳脂替代品研究做了展望。      

分子蒸馏纯化富含中长碳链甘油三酯的人乳替代脂

酶法合成富含中长碳链甘油三酯的人乳替代脂,选用分子蒸馏技术对酯交换产物进行纯化。在进料温度65℃、冷凝器温度30℃、压力1 Pa、刮板转速120 r/min、进料速度2. 5 mL/min条件下,探究了分子蒸馏温度对重相组成的影响,确定最佳分子蒸馏温度为210℃。经过分子蒸馏后,大部分的甘油二酯及游离脂肪酸被去除,产品中甘油三酯含量可达97. 22%,甘油三酯中MLCT含量增加到74. 82%。     

Palmitic acid increased yields of milk and milk fat and nutrient digestibility across production level of lactating cows

The effects of palmitic acid supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, and metabolic and production responses were evaluated in dairy cows with a wide range of milk production (34.5 to 66.2 kg/d) in a crossover design experiment with a covariate period. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows (151 ± 66 d in milk) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence within level of milk production. Treatments were diets supplemented (2% of diet DM) with palmitic acid (PA; 99% C16:0) or control (SH; soyhulls). Treatment periods were 21 d, with the final 4 d used for data and sample collection. Immediately before the first treatment period, cows were fed the control diet for 21 d and baseline values were obtained for all variables (covariate period). Milk production measured during the covariate period (preliminary milk yield) was used as covariate. In general, no interactions were detected between treatment and preliminary milk yield for the response variables measured. The PA treatment increased milk fat percentage (3.40 vs. 3.29%) and yields of milk (46.0 vs. 44.9 kg/d), milk fat (1.53 vs. 1.45 kg/d), and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (44.6 vs. 42.9 kg/d), compared with SH. Concentrations and yields of protein and lactose were not affected by treatment. The PA treatment did not affect dry matter (DM) intake or body weight, tended to decrease body condition score (2.93 vs. 2.99), and increased feed efficiency (3.5% fat-corrected milk/DM intake; 1.60 vs. 1.54), compared with SH. The PA treatment increased total-tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (39.0 vs. 35.7%) and organic matter (67.9 vs. 66.2%), but decreased fatty acid (FA) digestibility (61.2 vs. 71.3%). As total FA intake increased, total FA digestibility decreased (R² = 0.51) and total FA absorbed increased (quadratic R² = 0.82). Fatty acid yield response, calculated as the additional FA yield secreted in milk per unit of additional FA intake, was 11.7% for total FA and 16.5% for C16:0 plus cis-9 C16:1 FA. The PA treatment increased plasma concentration of nonesterified FA (101 vs. 90.0 μEq/L) and cholecystokinin (19.7 vs. 17.6 pmol/L), and tended to increase plasma concentration of insulin (10.7 vs. 9.57 μIU/mL). Results show that palmitic acid fed at 2% of diet DM has the potential to increase yields of milk and milk fat, independent of production level without increasing body condition score or body weight. However, a small percentage of the supplemented FA was partitioned to milk.     

Sn-2位富含棕榈酸甘油三酯的酶法制备研究

以棕榈硬脂为原料,以非专一性脂肪酶Novozym 435作催化剂,将棕榈酸作为酰基供体与棕榈硬脂进行酸解反应,制备Sn-2位富含棕榈酸的甘油三酯,为下一步制备母乳脂肪替代油脂提供原料。首先,通过单因素实验确定了各因素的范围,再应用Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计建立二次多项数学模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明,当棕榈酸与棕榈硬脂质量比1.09∶1,反应时间9.9h,反应温度54.7℃,加酶量21.9%时,反应所得甘油三酯中Sn-2位棕榈酸可达到60.59%,可满足下一步制备母乳脂肪替代油脂的要求。      

Short communication: Effect of antioxidant supplementation on milk production,milk fat synthesis,and milk fatty acids in dairy cows when fed a diet designed to cause milk fat depression

This study evaluated the effect of a blend of synthetic antioxidants on the yield of milk and milk components and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed a diet designed to cause milk fat depression (MFD). We hypothesized that supplementing a synthetic antioxidant to diets with a high rumen unsaturated fatty acid load (RUFAL) would decrease the severity of MFD. Sixteen lactating Holstein cows (163 ± 47 d in milk), in a crossover design with two 21-d periods, were fed a corn silage and grass silage-based diet containing 15% distillers grains. The diet contained 34% neutral detergent fiber, 18% crude protein, 26% starch, and 4.3% total fatty acids (dry matter basis). Cows were fed the diet without supplementation (control; CON) or supplemented with 0.02% (dry matter basis) of a synthetic antioxidant (AOX; Agrado Plus, Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO). Dry matter intake and milk yields were recorded daily. Milk samples were collected at the start of the study for baseline values and the end of each period (d 20–21) and analyzed for milk components and fatty acid composition. Dry matter intake and milk yield were unaffected by treatment and averaged 25.9 and 50.2 kg/d, respectively. Similarly, we observed no effect of treatment on yields of fat, protein, lactose, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, feed efficiency, body weight, or body condition score. Milk fat concentration and yield were both reduced by the high RUFAL diets. We observed a tendency for AOX to increase the concentration of milk fat and decrease the concentration of milk protein. Yields of de novo and preformed fatty acids were not affected by treatment, although we detected a trend for a slight increase in the yield of 16-carbon fatty acid for AOX compared with CON. Treatment had only minor effects on individual milk fatty acids, except for the concentration and yield of linoleic acid, which were over 90% higher for AOX compared with CON. In conclusion, milk fat concentration and yield were reduced by a high RUFAL diet containing 15% distillers grains; however, supplementation with AOX did not overcome the MFD induced by this diet.     

Impact of milking frequencies on the level of free fatty acids in milk, fat globule size, and fatty acid composition

The aim of the present study was to study the effect of milking cows 4 times daily on free fatty acids (FFA) in the milk compared with milking twice daily. An experiment was performed during 2 wk in which half udders in 11 cows were milked 2 or 4 times daily. Milk yield was measured, and milk was analyzed for fat content, FFA, fatty acid composition, fat globule size, and activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Concentration of FFA was greater (1.49 mEq/100 g of fat) in milk from half udders milked 4 times daily than in milk from the half udders milked twice daily (1.14 mEq/100 g of fat). Further, it was noted that milk from the half udder milked 4 times daily contained milk fat globules with larger average diameters. Increased milking frequency increased milk yield by 9% compared with the udder half milked twice daily, but fat content and fat yield were not affected. The results are of importance for further understanding the mechanisms behind the increased content of FFA that is frequently observed in automatic milking systems.     

The effect of dietary fiber level on milk fat concentration and fatty acid profile of cows fed diets containing low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fiber level on milk fat concentration, yield, and fatty acid (FA) profile of cows fed diets low in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Six rumen-fistulated Holstein dairy cows (639 ± 51 kg of body weight) were used in the study. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, a high fiber (HF; % of dry matter, 40% corn silage, 27% alfalfa silage, 7% alfalfa hay, 18% protein supplement, 4% ground corn, and 4% wheat bran) or a low fiber (LF; % of dry matter, 31% corn silage, 20% alfalfa silage, 5% alfalfa hay, 15% protein supplement, 19% ground wheat, and 10% ground barley) total mixed ration. The diets contained similar levels of PUFA. The experiment was conducted over a period of 4 wk. Ruminal pH was continuously recorded and milk samples were collected 3 times a week. Milk yield and dry matter intake were recorded daily. The rumen fluid in cows receiving the LF diet was below pH 5.6 for a longer duration than in cows receiving the HF diet (357 vs. 103 min/d). Neither diet nor diet by week interaction had an effect on milk yield (kg/d), milk fat concentration and yield, or milk protein concentration and yield. During wk 4, milk fat concentration and milk fat yield were high and not different between treatments (4.30% and 1.36 kg/d for the HF treatment and 4.31% and 1.33 kg/d for the LF treatment, respectively). Cows receiving the LF diet had greater milk concentrations (g/100 g of FA) of 7:0; 9:0; 10:0; 11:0; 12:0; 12:1; 13:0; 15:0; linoleic acid; FA <C16; and PUFA; and lower concentrations of iso 15:0; 18:0; trans-9 18:1; cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA); trans-9, cis-12 18:2; 20:0; and cis-9 20:1 compared with cows receiving the HF diet. Milk concentrations (g/100 g of FA) of total trans 18:1; trans-10 18:1; trans-11 18:1; trans-10, cis-12 CLA, and trans-9, cis-11 CLA were not different between treatments. The study demonstrated that cows fed a diet low in fiber and low in PUFA may exhibit subacute ruminal acidosis and moderate changes to milk fatty acid profile but without concomitant milk fat depression. The changes in FA profile may be useful for the diagnosis of SARA even in the absence of milk fat depression.     

Effect of linoleic acid and dietary vitamin E supplementation on sustained conjugated linoleic acid production in milk fat from dairy cows

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; cis-9,trans-11 18:2), a bioactive fatty acid (FA) found in milk and dairy products, has potential human health benefits due to its anticarcinogenic and antiatherogenic properties. Conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat can be markedly increased by dietary manipulation; however, high levels of CLA are difficult to sustain as rumen biohydrogenation shifts and milk fat depression (MFD) is often induced. Our objective was to feed a typical Northeastern corn-based diet and investigate whether vitamin E and soybean oil supplementation would sustain an enhanced milk fat CLA content while avoiding MFD. Holstein cows (n = 48) were assigned to a completely randomized block design with repeated measures for 28 d and received 1 of 4 dietary treatments: (1) control (CON), (2) 10,000 IU of vitamin E/d (VE), (3) 2.5% soybean oil (SO), and (4) 2.5% soybean oil plus 10,000 IU of vitamin E/d (SO-VE). A 2-wk pretreatment control diet served as the covariate. Milk fat percentage was reduced by both high-oil diets (3.53, 3.56, 2.94, and 2.92% for CON, VE, SO, and SO-VE), whereas milk yield increased significantly for the SO-VE diet only, thus partially mitigating MFD by oil feeding. Milk protein percentage was higher for cows fed the SO diet (3.04, 3.05, 3.28, and 3.03% for CON, VE, SO, and SO-VE), implying that nutrient partitioning or ruminal supply of microbial protein was altered in response to the reduction in milk fat. Milk fat concentration of CLA more than doubled in cows fed the diets supplemented with soybean oil, with concurrent increases in trans-10 18:1 and trans-11 18:1 FA. Moreover, milk fat from cows fed the 2 soybean oil diets had 39.1% less de novo synthesized FA and 33.8% more long-chain preformed FA, and vitamin E had no effect on milk fat composition. Overall, dietary supplements of soybean oil caused a reduction in milk fat percentage and a shift in FA composition characteristic of MFD. Supplementing diets with vitamin E did not overcome the oil-induced reduction in milk fat percentage or changes in FA profile, but partially mitigated the reduction in fat yield by increasing milk yield.     

不同类型n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对心血管疾病的防治作用及其机制研究进展

3种主要的食源性n-3多不饱和脂肪酸包括α-亚麻酸(ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。综述了ALA、EPA和DHA降低甘油三酸酯水平和血小板凝集,改善炎症和氧化应激指标以及改善血管和心脏血液动力学的功能,从而对动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病起到防治作用。此外,总结了联合使用ALA、EPA和DHA防治心血管疾病的作用,并进行了展望。     

Effect of palmitic acid-enriched supplements containing stearic or oleic acid on nutrient digestibility and milk production of low- and high-producing dairy cows

We evaluated the effects of fatty acid (FA) supplement blends containing 60% palmitic acid (C16:0) and either 30% stearic acid (C18:0) or 30% oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) on nutrient digestibility and milk production of low- and high-producing dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows [118 ± 44 d in milk (DIM)] were divided into 2 blocks by milk production and then randomly assigned to treatment sequence in four 3 × 3 Latin squares within production level, balanced for carryover effects in three consecutive 21-d periods. Cows were blocked by milk yield and assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 12 per group): (a) low group (42.5 ± 3.54 kg/d; 147 ± 42 DIM) and (b) high group (55.8 ± 3.04 kg/d; 101 ± 34 DIM). Commercially available fat supplements were combined to provide treatments that consisted of the following: (1) control (CON; diet with no supplemental FA), (2) FA supplement blend containing 60% C16:0 and 30% C18:0 (PA+SA), and (3) FA supplement blend containing 60% C16:0 and 30% cis-9 C18:1 (PA+OA) The FA blends were fed at 1.5% of dry matter (DM) and replaced soyhulls from CON. Preplanned contrasts were (1) overall effect of FA treatments [CON vs. the average of the FA treatments (FAT); 1/2 (PA+SA + PA+OA)], and (2) effect of FA supplement (PA+SA vs. PA+OA). Regardless of production level, overall FAT reduced DMI compared with CON. Also, regardless of level of milk production, PA+OA increased total-tract FA digestibility compared with PA+SA. Treatment by production level interactions were observed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility, total FA intake, and the yields of 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), energy-corrected milk (ECM), and milk fat. In low-producing cows, FAT increased DM and NDF digestibility compared with CON. In high-producing cows PA+SA increased DM and NDF digestibility compared with PA+OA. In low-producing cows, PA+SA increased 3.5% FCM, ECM, and milk fat yield compared with PA+OA. However, in high-producing cows PA+OA tended to increase 3.5% FCM compared with PA+SA. In conclusion, low-producing cows responded better to a FA blend containing 60% C16:0 and 30% C18:0, whereas high-producing dairy cows responded more favorably to a FA blend containing 60% C16:0 and 30% cis-9 C18:1. However, further research is required to validate our observations that higher-yielding cows have improved production responses when supplemented with cis-9 C18:1 compared with C18:0.     

Effect of a high-palmitic acid fat supplement on milk production and apparent total-tract digestibility in high- and low-milk yield dairy cows

The effect of a high-palmitic acid fat supplement was tested in 12 high-producing (mean = 42.1 kg/d) and 12 low-producing (mean = 28.9 kg/d) cows arranged in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Experimental periods were 21 d, with 18 d of diet adaptation and 3 d of sample collection. Treatments were (1) control (no supplemental fat), (2) high-palmitic acid (PA) supplement (84% C16:0), and (3) Ca salts of palm fatty acid (FA) supplement (Ca-FA). The PA supplement had no effect on milk production, but decreased dry matter intake by 7 and 9% relative to the control in high- and low-producing cows, respectively, and increased feed efficiency by 8.5% in high-producing cows compared with the control. Milk fat concentration and yield were not affected by PA relative to the control in high- or low-producing cows, although PA increased the yield of milk 16-C FA by more than 85 g/d relative to the control. The Ca-FA decreased milk fat concentration compared with PA in high-, but not in low-producing cows. In agreement, Ca-FA dramatically increased milk fat concentration of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (>300%) compared with PA in high-producing cows, but not in low-producing cows. No effect of treatment on milk protein concentration or yield was detected. The PA supplement also increased 16-C FA apparent digestibility by over 10% and increased total FA digestibility compared with the control in high- and low-producing cows. During short-term feeding, palmitic acid supplementation did not increase milk or milk fat yield; however, it was efficiently absorbed, increased feed efficiency, and increased milk 16-C FA yield, while minimizing alterations in ruminal biohydrogenation commonly observed for other unsaturated fat supplements. Longer-term experiments will be necessary to determine the effects on energy balance and changes in body reserves.     

Comparison of the effects of short-term feeding of sodium acetate and sodium bicarbonate on milk fat production

Supplementation with sodium acetate (NaAcet) increases milk fat production through an apparent stimulation of de novo lipogenesis in the mammary gland. Sodium acetate increases acetate supply to the mammary gland, but it also increases dietary cation-anion difference, which can also increase milk fat yield. The objective of this study was to determine if the effect of NaAcet on milk fat production was due to an increase in acetate supply or an increase in dietary cation-anion difference. The study included 12 multiparous cows in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design balanced for carryover effects, with 14-d experimental periods. Treatments were a basal total mixed ration (31.8% neutral detergent fiber, 14.8% crude protein, 25.5% starch, and 4.4% fatty acids on a dry matter basis) as a no-supplement control, acetate supplemented at 3.25% of dry matter as NaAcet, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) providing an equal amount of sodium to the NaAcet treatment. The NaAcet and NaHCO₃ were mixed into the basal diet before feeding. Milk samples were taken at each milking during the last 3 d of each period. Plasma samples were taken every 9 h during the last 3 d (a total of 8 times) to determine concentrations of plasma metabolites and hormones. Eating behavior was monitored during the last week of each period using an automated system. The NaAcet and NaHCO₃ treatments increased milk fat concentration and yield compared to the no-supplement control. The NaAcet treatment increased milk fat production predominantly by increasing the yield of de novo and mixed-source fatty acids. The NaHCO₃ treatment increased the yield of preformed and de novo fatty acids, suggesting different mechanisms for the 2 treatments. The NaAcet treatment increased plasma acetate concentration in a period of the day concurrent with the highest dry matter intake. The NaAcet treatment increased milk fat production by stimulating the production of de novo fatty acids, a mechanism consistent with previous reports, possibly by increasing acetate supply to the mammary gland. The NaHCO₃ treatment increased milk fat production by increasing the production of all biological categories of fatty acids, except for odd and branched-chain fatty acids, possibly by increasing overall diet digestibility.