Slider–bump contact and flying height calibration

It is a big challenge to determine ultra-low slider flying height accurately. The standard bump disk method is probably the most reliable and acceptable method so far. One of the key issues to determine slider-flying height with the bump disk method is the complicated slider–bump interaction process and the possible disturbance of the bumps on the slider flying performance. Our knowledge about the slider–bump interaction process is still very limited due to the lack of an effective and powerful experimental technique to study it. In this work, the slider–bump interaction process was studied with a dynamic flying height-attitude (3D) system. The interaction process was also simulated to compare with the experimental observations and to help determine the slider–bump contact points in the experimental observations. The accuracy of flying height (FH) calibration with the bump disk method and the minimum slider–bump interference height required for the testing system used in this study to detect the onset of slider–bump contact were analyzed and discussed. It is proved that the 3D system is a very useful and powerful tool for the application. Many details of the slider–bump interaction process can be revealed with the 3D system. It is found that the calibrated FH is much more accurate than that predicated by the simulations.     

Effects of flying height deviations on glide height tests for manufacturing hard disks

In this study, theoretical analysis and experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of avalanche-point deviation and the deviation between the calibration and test-flying heights during the glide head calibration in the glide height tests for manufacturing hard disks. To obtain accurate glide height test results and improve the reproducibility of the test, flying height control should be carried out by limiting the acceptable deviation range of the flying heights of the glide heads. When the avalanche-point deviation is zero, the test results using different calibrated rails (or heads) are the same when they are used to detect the same defect. To avoid wrong test results due to avalanche-point deviation, the test-flying height should be the same as the calibration flying height because the difference of the output voltages of any two rails (or heads) is zero in this case. If these two deviations cannot be eliminated completely, the calibration and test-flying heights should be carefully selected because the error still can be minimised depending on the selection of the flying heights.     

Drive level measurement of flying height modulation and control of slider disk contact

A drive level measurement of flying height modulation and a demonstration of slider-disk contact control was conducted. The results of the flying height modulation strongly agree with those obtained from a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) measurement. The modulation was mainly caused by curvature caused by disk clamping. Furthermore, feedback control of a slider-disk contact was successfully demonstrated. Friction force was controlled at a small value to maintain the slider so that it flew over the disk in the light contact regime.     

抛物线弹道弹丸飞行参数测量模型与 精度分析

现有匀速直线弹道六光幕阵列测量模型无法满足终点抛物线弹道弹丸着靶坐标与飞行速度的测量需求。针对终点弹道测试试验中抛物线弹道的实际,提出一种变速抛物线弹道弹丸飞行参数的测量方法,建立六光幕阵列通用测量模型。综合考虑重力和空气阻力对弹丸运动轨迹的影响,建立弹丸的空间运动方程,结合光幕阵列平面方程和测量得到的弹丸穿过光幕阵列时刻序列,计算出弹丸在预定位置的着靶坐标和飞行速度矢量。对研究的抛物线弹道测量模型与现有的匀速直线弹道模型进行了比较分析,仿真计算了在不同靶距与不同飞行速度情况下2种模型测量数据的差值。对研究的测量算法进行了精度分析。采用六光幕阵列天幕靶和木板靶进行7.62 mm步枪弹的着靶坐标比对试验,结果表明在探测靶面内,着靶坐标测量误差不大于3.5 mm。建立的测量模型拓宽了六光幕阵列在终点弹道的测试领域的应用。     

高精度角位移平台的研制及误差补偿*

在拉曼光谱仪中,要求承载分光元件转动的角位移平台在具备较大的转动范围、较高的转角分辨率和转角定位精度的同时还具备较快的转动速度,传统的几种驱动方式很难同时满足上述所有要求。有鉴于此,设计了一种采用力矩电机直接驱动技术的高精度角位移平台。一般控制方法的控制精度在很大程度上依赖于反馈元件的测量精度,为了突破反馈元件测量精度对整个控制精度的影响,采用了一种更为精确的误差补偿校正技术,并搭建了误差测量装置,将测得的绝对转角误差在控制器中通过一定的控制算法加以有效的补偿。最后,对结构设计和误差补偿校正的效果进行了实验检测。结果显示:当测量步距为1°时,双向绝对定位精度优于1.008″;当测量步距为10°时,双向绝对定位精度为0.648″;回转轴系的轴向晃动误差小于±5″。以上结果验证了该角位移平台具有机械精度高、转角分辨率高、定位准确等技术优势,能够满足拉曼光谱仪等相关仪器的使用需求。     

Observation of Slider Landing Process in Hard Disk Drive

With the decrease in slider flying height, slider flying instability caused by slider–disk interactions is becoming a big concern. Novel technology has to be employed to further improve our understandings about slider–disk interaction. In this work, a slider flying height-attitude testing (3D) system was employed to study slider–disk interaction during a slider landing process to demonstrate its capability for the application. It is shown that great details of slider–disk interactions and subtle variations of the slider flying attitude during the landing process can be revealed with the 3D system. Slider dynamic flying height and attitude (pitch and roll angles) during the landing process can be determined from the data recorded in one test. Furthermore, analysis in frequency domain can be done not only on flying height, but also on pitch and roll angles directly. It is found that the slider landing process can have different stages during which slider performance and characteristics of slider–disk interaction are different.     

Thermal sensor for in situ flying height measurements of optical flying heads

The application of flying head technology in optical recording promises a considerable increase in recording density. It may be used for both far field and near field recording. For dynamic in situ flying height and flight attitude measurements, a prototype of a thermal test head has been developed. It takes advantage of the heat transfer in sub-micrometer air bearings as well as its dependence from the air gap width. Such a test head has a slider with a similar air bearing surface as the recording head, but with thermo-resistive sensors that are energized by Joule's heat and embedded at each of the four corners. The paper describes the head design and the fabrication technology and provides first experimental test results as well.     

A new laser measurement system for precision metrology

Laser measurement systems, based on optical heterodyne interferometry, have been a valuable tool for precision metrology for almost two decades. During this period measurement requirements have steadily increased without an accompanying improvement in system capabilities. This paper describes a new laser head, electronics and interferometers that satisfy present needs and have the attributes to meet future requirements.     

高精度车载航位推算温度补偿研究

温度变化会导致轮胎半径变化,对由里程仪作为测程元件的轮式车辆而言,温度变化会引起里程仪的刻度系数变化,需要建立里程仪刻度系数的温度模型来提高里程仪的测距精度。基于Hadekel轮胎下沉量近似计算公式和胎内气体热力学分析,建立轮胎下沉量及轮胎有效半径的温度模型,进而建立里程仪刻度系数的温度及纵坡度模型,利用最小二乘法标定模型系数,进行跑车试验验证模型补偿效果,跑车试验结果表明:里程仪刻度系数经过温度及纵坡度补偿,里程仪测距精度由1.83‰提高到0.13‰,精度提高一个量级,该模型可使里程仪实现高精度测距。     

用预抽气真空腔法测量及补偿空气折射率的研究

空气折射率的补偿效果在高精度激光干涉测量中起着“瓶颈”作用。分析了空气折射率的补偿原理,回顾了几种空气折射率的测量方法及特点。在此基础上,深入研究了用预抽气真空腔测量与补偿空气折射率的测量原理、方法和装置。该方法保持了干涉法测量空气折射率能充分反映所有导致折射率变化的环境因素的特点,避免了测量过程中由于抽气过程给测量带来的干扰。通过空气折射率测量及补偿实验,证实了该方法的可行性,测量结果经补偿后可使精度提高一个数量级。     

提高自动测试系统测量精度的方法

测量精度是自动测试系统（ATS）的重要性能指标。通过系统分析典型测量通道的特性,指出了影响测量精度的因素,并给出了提高ATS测量精度的有效方法。这些方法对高性能ATS系统的组建极具参考价值。     

A methodology for precision additive manufacturing through compensation

Maturation of powder-bed additive manufacturing (AM) is essential for the business benefit the rapid adoption of AM offers to industry. One of the principal challenges in powder-bed AM is the mitigation of distortion due to material shrinkage and residual stresses induced during the build process. In order to address this, a new methodology for distortion compensation is developed and presented in this paper. The novelty of the methodology lies in the use of a mathematical model for pre-distorting the design geometry based on 3D optical scanning measurement data. The methodology has been applied to two industrial Inconel 718 components (a turbine blade and an impeller). It was experimentally demonstrated that distortion compensation is achievable using the proposed methodology. The results showed the compensation methodology reduced distortion from approximately ±300 μm to approximately ±65 μm for both components. In summary, the novel methodology can be used to deliver near-zero distorted parts for industry using powder-bed AM processes.     

Development of flying type head/slider for optical recording technology

Flying-type sliders with the integration of optical components were developed for Near-Field Recording (NFR) and Far-Field Recording (FFR) technologies. The key design issue was the integration of the optical components with the slider. Due to the size of the lenses mounted on it, the slider had to be relatively large, corresponding to the size of a micro-slider. Also, the non-uniform distribution of the slider body density was incorporated in the design. As for the optical disk substrate, a plastic material such as polycarbonate was investigated because of its manufacturing convenience and cost effectiveness. The flying and tribological performance of the prototype optical sliders on various media were assessed. The results showed that the tribological characteristics of the slider/disk interface were sensitive to several factors including the properties of the disk. Adequate flying characteristics of the optical sliders on glass (NFR) and plastic (FFR) disks could be attained by optimizing these parameters.     

利用补偿提高精密定位平台的定位精度

系统误差在较大程度上影响精密定位平台的定位精度,必须采取适当措施进行消除。反相补偿法可以大幅度消除系统误差的影响,是一种易行有效、花费较少的补偿手段。运用反相补偿法原理,从误差曲线中分离出系统误差并与其反相曲线叠加以消除系统误差的影响。给出了对精密定位平台宏动工作台和微动工作台进行补偿的具体实例,补偿后定位精度分别从17.4μm提高到1.3μm和从137.6 nm提高到22.2nm。理论分析和实验结果都表明,反相补偿法对于降低系统误差十分有效,但对于随机误差效果不佳。     

硬盘驱动器的冲击振动响应与控制

硬盘驱动器是计算机最重要的外存储设备。由于硬盘抗冲击振动问题的重要性和复杂性,许多研究者对此问题从各个方面进行了研究。本文从硬盘的基本结构与工作原理入手,分析了硬盘的头盘系统在冲击振动作用下的响应特点及其失效机理,并对国内外有关提高硬盘抗冲击振动性能的研究进行了较为系统的回顾与分析,最后阐述了硬盘冲击振动的控制方法和原理。     

采煤机截割高度测量模型与测量误差分析

采煤机截割高度的测量及其误差分析是实现综采工作面自动化的一项重要研究内容.本文针对机身姿态传感器和摇臂摆角传感器测量方案、机身姿态传感器和调高油缸位移传感器测量方案,分别建立了采煤机截割高度测量模型.利用函数误差公式,推导了测量误差模型.以MG1000/2660-WD型采煤机为例,分析了截割高度测量误差分别随俯仰角、摇...     

Fully automated intensity compensation for confocal microscopic images

One well-recognized problem in three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopic images is that the intensities in deeper slices are generally weaker than those in shallower slices. The loss of intensity with depth hampers both qualitative observation and quantitative measurement of specimens. Two major types of methods exist to compensate for this intensity loss: the first is based on the geometrical optics inside the specimen, and the second applies an empirical parametric intensity decay function (IDF) of depth. A common feature shared by both methods is that they are parameter-dependent. However, for the optics-based method there are as yet no fully automated parameter-setting approaches; and for the IDF method the traditional profile-fitting approach cannot provide proper parameters if the presumed IDF model does not match the experimental intensity–depth profile of the 3D image. In this paper, we propose a novel maximum-entropy (ME) approach to fully automated parameter-setting. In principle the ME approach is suitable for any compensation method as long as it is parameter-dependent. The basic assumption is that without intensity loss an ideal 3D image should be generally homogeneous with respect to depth and this axial homogeneity can be represented by the entropy of a normalized intensity–depth profile. Experiments on real confocal images showed that such a profile was consistent with visual evaluation of axial intensity homogeneity and that the ME approach could provide proper parameters for both compensation methods mentioned above. Moreover, for the IDF method, experiments on both real and simulated data showed that the ME approach could provide more precise parameters than with traditional profile-fitting. The Appendix provides a proof that under certain conditions the global maximization of the profile-entropy is guaranteed.     

三面静压转台回转精度干涉测量与误差处理

介绍了激光干涉法测三面静压转台回转精度的原理及测量方法,分析了激光干涉仪在回转轴运动位置精度测量中的主要误差诱因;作出了角度测量中正弦近似误差特性曲线,并建立了该测量误差的数学模型,为机床的运动精度误差补偿提供了数据。经现场检验,该方案简便易行,成效显著。     

精密定位系统的摩擦力建模与补偿

为了提高由直线电机驱动的精密定位系统的定位精度,建立了优化Stribeck摩擦模型,对摩擦力这一影响定位精度的主要因素进行补偿。首先,对于传统的Stribeck摩擦模型进行优化,采用改进的最小二乘算法对模型参数进行辨识。然后,对所建立的摩擦模型补偿算法进行仿真并与扰动观测器的补偿算法进行比较,发现前者速度比后者速度在补偿后提高了4.33%,对摩擦力具有更好的补偿效果。最后,在大行程二维精密定位平台上进行验证,根据平台能够达到的最大速度定义0.005 m/s为低速运动,0.05 m/s为高速运动,在这两种速度下进行实验,并与基于库仑摩擦前馈补偿模型比较。实验结果表明：精密定位平台在速度为0.005 m/s的低速运动时,优化模型的跟随误差减小了67.67%;在速度为0.05 m/s的高速运动时,优化模型的跟随误差减小了51.63%,验证了优化Stribeck摩擦模型补偿算法的有效性。本文提出的优化Stribeck摩擦模型可用于提高由直线电机驱动的精密定位系统的定位精度。     

Synthesis and properties of cyclotriphosphazene and perfluoropolyether‐based lubricant with polar functional groups

A novel hard disk lubricant IDL2 was synthesised by reacting sodium 4‐((2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)methoxy)phenoate with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, followed by treatment with 1H,1H‐perfluoro‐3,6,9‐trioxatridecan‐1‐ol in the presence of sodium hydride and subsequent hydrolysis using sulfuric acid. The chemical structure of IDL2 was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), phosphorus‐31 (³¹P) NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometer. The thermal property of IDL2 was analysed using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and it shows better thermal stability than two commercial lubricants Z‐DOL and Z‐Tetraol with two and four terminal hydroxy groups, respectively. IDL2 was found to have comparable hydrophobicity to commercial lubricants Z‐DOL, A20H and Z‐Tetraol with water contact angles in the range of 78 – 85°, revealing that IDL2 has analogous surface energy to these commercial lubricants. IDL2 exhibits comparable friction coefficient to A20H and Z‐Tetraol, but much lower than Z‐DOL. More interestingly, it has a much high bonding ratio when compared with commonly used commercial lubricants under the same testing conditions due to the presence of two polar hydroxy groups, which enhance the interaction between lubricant and substrate. These promising properties of IDL2 show that it would be very potential for real application as a hard disk drive lubricant. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.