丙烷脒杀菌剂的研究进展

丙烷脒是一种新型杀菌剂。主要阐述了丙烷脒的合成方法、杀菌作用、应用优势、现状和发展前景。     

丙烷脒杀菌剂的研究进展

丙烷脒是一种新型杀菌剂。主要阐述了丙烷脒的合成方法、杀菌作用、应用优势、现状和发展前景及研究发展方向。     

对硝基苯甲腈的脒基化反应的合成研究

<正>对硝基苯甲脒是一种重要的化工中间体原料,在医药、染料、农药等方面有着广泛的应用,但关于它的合成少见报道。对硝基苯甲脒可以做丙烷脒药物中间体,用于防治灰霉病病菌。国内杨凌农药化工有限公司与美国NZYM公司合作开发出了2%丙烷脒水剂,其化学名称为1,3-二(4-脒基苯氧基)丙烷。丙烷脒对灰霉病病菌防效高,用量低,单位面积的有效成分投入量小,对环境的化学污染程度     

合成的烷基脒类杀菌剂在杨凌中试成功

属国内首家合成，具有自主知识产权的烷基脒类杀菌剂在杨凌试验成功。其产品丙烷脒对作物灰霉病防效高，用量少，成本低，使用安全，具内吸杀菌活性，并对作物生长有一定的刺激作用，是一种全新的无公害杀菌剂。[第一段]     

新型安全环保杀菌剂——丙烷脒

丙烷脒属烷基脒类化合物,该类物质在医药上早有应用和研究.在一次偶然事件中,美国NZYM公司发现了该类化合物中的戊烷脒对草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytis cirerea)的抑菌活性,并通过一系列的室内试验,戊烷脒的抑菌活性得到了确证.自1999年起,西北农林科技大学无公害农药研究服务中心(以下简称"中心")与NZYM公司合作,开始致力于将该类化合物开发成为农用杀菌剂的研究.     

我国自主开发农药的专利情况

国内近年来开发了一些新的农药品种,其中一些申请了中国专利,甚至国外专利。一些已查明专利情况的国内开发品种如下: 1.除草剂品种6个:单嘧磺隆、双甲胺草磷、SYP-249、SYP-298、丙酯草醚、异丙酯草醚。此6个品种均处于专利有效期内。 2.杀虫剂品种11个:苦皮藤素、雷公藤甲素、溴灭菊酯、氟螨、溴氟菊酯、蛇床子素、丙烷脒、硫肟醚、呋喃虫酰肼、硝虫硫磷和右旋氯丙炔菊酯。苦皮藤素、雷公藤甲素、溴灭菊酯和氟螨未申请专利。溴氟菊酯专利权已终止。蛇床子素部分无效。丙烷脒处于专利审查过程中。右旋氯丙炔菊酯、硫肟醚、呋喃虫酰肼和硝虫硫磷处于专利有效期。     

新型杀菌剂丙烷脒经济高效

西北农林科技大学无公害农药研究服务中心开发成功的"新型杀菌剂丙烷脒"获得两项国家发明专利。该产品对作物灰霉病防效高,用量少,成本低,使用安全,具内吸杀菌活性,并对作物生长有一定的刺激作用,是一种全新的无公害杀菌剂。     

丙烷脒类似物抑菌活性研究

以番茄灰霉病菌和白菜黑斑病菌等植物病原菌作为供试生物,用抑制菌丝生长速率法测定了合成的10个丙烷脒类似物的抑菌活性。结果表明：在供试浓度为10mg／L时,化合物A1-A5对番茄灰霉病菌、白菜黑斑病菌、苹果干腐病菌和烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长抑制率均在80％以上;化合物B5对小麦纹枯病菌菌丝生长抑制率为82．2％,值得进一步研究。     

高聚合度聚乙烯醇的制备

采用醋酸乙烯酯为单体,以OP-10和十二烷基硫酸钠为复配乳化剂,偶氮二脒基丙烷盐酸盐为引发剂,通过正交实验研究了乳液聚合法制备高聚合度聚醋酸乙烯酯的最佳工艺条件.通过单因素实验验证了最佳工艺条件的可靠性,并分析了乳化剂用量、引发剂用量和反应温度对醋酸乙烯酯平均聚合度的影响规律.在最佳工艺条件下制得了聚合度为5 100的聚醋酸乙烯酯,经醇解得到了聚合度为4 800的聚乙烯醇.     

脒类化合物合成方法的研究进展

脒类化合物一般用作消炎药、抗菌素、泌尿及心血管疾病用药,另外一些种类的脒类化合物具有较好的抗癌活性。脒类化合物作为杀螨杀虫剂,具有广谱、低毒、活性高的优势。脒类化合物的传统合成方法以酰胺法、腈的氨解法和原甲酸酯法为主。而现在脒类化合物方面的研究方向主要在缩合剂和催化剂方面,以提高脒类化合物的产率。笔者总结了脒类化合物的各种合成方式,并提出了脒类化合物生产开发的合理化建议。     

生物基1,6-己二醇的研究进展

传统的以石油化工产品为原料的石化基1,6-己二醇(1,6-HDO)的生产存在能耗高、反应产物分离困难、污染环境等缺点,以5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)为原料制备生物基1,6-HDO可以克服这些缺点。本文介绍了国内外制备生物基1,6-HDO的研究进展,总结并讨论了由5-HMF制备1,6-HDO的不同反应路径,并从反应物吸附、金属粒径、活性组分协同作用、载体等角度对比了不同催化剂体系及其催化机理,探讨了各种催化剂促进C=O加氢、呋喃环C=C加氢、呋喃环C—O氢解开环反应,抑制呋喃环、呋喃环侧链C—C氢解断裂反应的性能。与多步法相比,一步法制备1,6-HDO的反应步骤简单,但1,6-HDO的产率相对较低,因此开发高效的催化剂体系和反应工艺将是今后研究的重点。     

Emerging role of nanobiocatalysts in hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass leading to sustainable bioethanol production

Catalytic conversion (hydrolysis) of carbohydrate polymers present in the lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars is a key step in the production of bioethanol. Although, acid and enzymatic catalysts are conventionally used for the catalysis of various lignocellulosic biomass, recently application of immobilized enzymes (biocatalysts) have been considered as the most promising approach. Immobilization of different biocatalysts such as cellulase, β-glucosidase, cellobiose, xylanase, laccase, etc. on support materials including nanomaterials to form nanobiocatalyst increases catalytic efficacy and stability of enzymes. Moreover, immobilization of biocatalysts on magnetic nanoparticles (magnetic nanobiocatalysts) facilitates easy recovery and reuse of biocatalysts. Therefore, utilization of nanobiocatalysts for catalysis of lignocellulosic biomass is helpful for the development of cost-effective and ecofriendly approach. In this review, we have discussed various conventional methods of hydrolysis and their limitations. Special emphasis has been made on nanobiocatalysts used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, the other most important aspects, like nanofiltration of biomass, conversion of lignocellulose to nanocellulose, and toxicological issues associated with application of nanomaterials are also discussed.     

Aggregation pheromone system of adult gregarious desert locust schistocerca gregaria (forskal)

Six electrophysiologically active aromatic compounds, viz., anisole, benzaldehyde, veratrole, guaiacol, phenylacetonitrile, and phenol, were identified in the volatiles of older-adult male desert locust. Young adults and females of all age groups produced none or only trace quantities of these compounds. Comparison of the aggregation responses of young and older adults to the crude, older-adult, volatile extract and different synthetic blends of the six compounds showed that the aggregation pheromone system of the adult gregarious locust consists of phenylacetonitrile, guaiacol, phenol, and benzaldehyde. Like the crude volatile extract of older males, neither the synthetic blend of the six compounds nor the adult pheromone blend evoked any significant aggregation responses from nymphs. These results confirm our previous report of sexual differentiation in the production of adult aggregation pheromone in the desert locust and of the evidence of two distinct aggregation pheromone systems in the two stages of the insect.     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.     

Observation and measurement of the appearance of metallic materials. Part II. Micro appearance

Part I of this article dealt with the appearance of metallic materials observed at a distance of a few meters. This part deals with the appearance at reading distance. Metallic materials exhibit various appearance attributes, including glitter, glints, depth, coherence glitter, binocular luster, binocular glitter, and binocular mottle. Color disparity is proposed as a measure of binocular luster. Metallic materials resemble grainy photographs, so the method used in photography to quantify graininess by measuring blending distance is introduced. Objective measures of granularity are proposed as correlates of graininess. The term “subsurface” is applied to the apparent “surface” lying beneath the glossy surface. Methods of optical image analysis, such as point spread function, edge spread function, Wiener spectrum, modulation transfer function, and image correlation are proposed to characterize the appearance of metallic surfaces. Polarization and cylindrical presentation may aid measurements. Binocular attributes of appearance introduced here require analysis of the disparity between two points of view. New kinds of pigments may require new methods of measurement. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 23: 362–373, 1998     

丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯研究进展

开发新型丙烯制备工艺对于满足人们日益增长的丙烯需求具有重要意义。由于商业化无氧脱氢技术存在热力学平衡限制、反应温度高、催化剂易积炭等不足,近年来,人们将研究重心转向了丙烷氧化脱氢技术。本文简述了丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯的发展现状,综述了近年来文献报道的丙烷氧化脱氢催化剂体系（V基、Cr基、Co基、Ni基、Mo基、Pt基、Ce基和非金属基催化剂）、机理研究和不同氧化剂选择,并对各自的优势和不足进行了简单分析。分析发现,虽然目前丙烷氧化脱氢催化剂的种类非常广泛,但产物丙烯的收率仍有待提高,机理研究也需要更加系统和深入。最后指出,系统研究丙烷氧化脱氢机理,并在此基础上开发先进催化剂,进一步提高丙烯的选择性和收率是未来丙烷氧化脱氢研究的重要方向。     

从废旧高温合金的硫酸浸出渣中浸出分离钨钼铼

对废旧高温合金硫酸浸出残渣选择HCl-FeCl3-H2O2体系氧化浸出、浸出后加入NaOH调节溶液pH值,使钨、钼、铼与铌、钽等分离,研究了反应时间、反应温度、HCl用量、FeCl3用量、H2O2用量对钨、钼、铼浸出率的影响. 结果表明,该体系能充分浸出渣中钨、钼、铼3种金属,添加FeCl3可提高钼在盐酸溶液中的浸出率. 在浸出温度70℃、浸出时间5 h、FeCl3用量100 g/L、H2O2用量10 mL/g及HCl初始用量10 mL/g的条件下,钨、钼、铼浸出率分别大于97%, 86%, 91%.     

镍基催化剂的研究进展

镍基催化剂是一种由多孔结构的镍铝合金的细小晶粒组成的固态异相催化剂。镍基催化剂因具有机械强度高、催化活性好、制备简单、价格低廉等优点,被广泛地应用到石油、化工、制药、油脂、香料、双氧水、合成纤维等方面的加氢、脱氢、脱卤、脱硫等转化反应过程中。随着催化工业的逐步发展,对催化剂性能的要求也越来越高,原始的镍基催化剂利用率低、抗酸性差等缺点限制了该催化材料的进一步应用。因此,近年来,许多研究者一直在尝试对镍基催化剂进行改性,以改善其使用寿命、催化活性、抗酸性等性能。着重介绍了镍基催化剂的强化措施以及镍基催化剂的应用,并对镍基催化剂在各类催化反应中的应用情况进行了详细概述,在此基础上展望了镍基催化剂的未来发展。     

氨基纤维素合成与应用的研究进展

氨基纤维素是末端带有氨基的纤维素衍生物,化学结构与壳聚糖相似。氨基基团的引入使纤维素大分子具有很好的溶解性、成膜性和吸附重金属离子特性,并在酶的固定、药物缓释等生物领域有很好的应用前景。氨基纤维素的合成过程相对复杂,主要体现在中间产物的制备以及氨基纤维素的合成2个阶段,其合成过程的选择性和经济性较差,导致氨基纤维素的生产和应用受限。笔者主要对氨基纤维素的合成途径进行了综述,并对氨基纤维素的膜保护、固定酶和吸附等应用进行了总结。     

活化过硫酸盐氧化法降解酚类污染物的研究进展

活化过硫酸盐氧化法因具有经济、高效、环保、安全稳定等优势,近年来在酚类污染物的降解中备受关注。目前活化过硫酸盐降解酚类污染物的方法主要包含外加能量活化和外加催化剂活化两大类。其中单一的热活化、光活化、超声活化、电化学活化、等离子体活化等外加能量活化过程能量消耗较大,且对酚类污染物不易达到满意的降解效果。过渡金属活化和碳质材料活化等外加催化剂活化方式,由于环境污染小、操作成本低、降解率高等优点,越来越受到科研工作者的重视。为了提高对酚类污染物的降解率,不同的过硫酸盐活化方式不断融合,逐渐形成多种耦合活化方式,例如,碳质材料与过渡金属的耦合活化、电化学与过渡金属催化剂的耦合活化以及光与外加催化剂的耦合活化等。本文论述了活化过硫酸盐氧化法降解酚类污染物的研究进展,概述了活化过硫酸盐的影响因素,分析了活化过硫酸盐降解酚类污染物存在的问题,展望了活化过硫酸盐降解酚类污染物的发展方向。