基于富氧燃烧CCS技术对我国低碳发展的研究

本文介绍了低碳发展的理念和实现路径,分析了CCS技术为低碳发展提供了切实可行的技术基础;介绍了燃烧前捕集、富氧燃烧捕集和燃烧后捕集技术,认为富氧燃烧捕集技术综合效益较高,对于发展低碳经济而言或许是一项技术创新的解决方案。     

国外分布式光伏发展经验及对我国的启示

我国太阳能资源丰富,光伏发电发展潜力巨大。在国家价格、财税等政策的大力支持下,我国分布式光伏发电将迎来快速发展时期。德国、美国、西班牙等国是世界上分布式光伏发展的典范,在分布式光伏发展的并网管理、技术标准、政策机制、电网建设等方面积累了丰富的经验。建议充分借鉴国际经验,促进我国分布式光伏的可持续发展。     

失衡的CCS

在政策抬手之后,煤化工投资热潮涌动,温室祸首二氧化碳也将剧烈腾空。受制于成本、市场和制度设计,谨慎前行的CCS正撞上规模化的天花板。     

国外绿氢发展政策研究及对我国的启示

随着全球能源转型步伐推进,特别是各国在推进碳达峰碳中和的过程中,绿氢产业发展引起国外的关注。当前我国绿氢产业发展面临政策标准支撑不足、技术装备水平不高、产业经济性差,以及产业链体系建设不完善等挑战。本文梳理了国际上关于绿氢的定义和标准、主要国家及我国的绿氢政策,并提出政策建议,以期对我国绿氢产业发展提供参考。     

气候变化背景下的CCS热力学分析

气候变化问题已经从政治层面到民生角度引起了全球范围的关注,发展低碳、环境友好工业成为了工业界主要探索的新方向.首先介绍了全球气候变化,简单论述近一个世纪关于气候变化现象及其成因的讨论,指出全球确有变暖趋势,但其具体原因存在争论.其次在气候变化背景下引入CCS (Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage,二氧化碳的捕集与封存)的概念,介绍其具体环节及相应技术手段,并从热力学第一、第二定律角度定性分析其特点、可行性和稳定性.最后简单介绍其他风险、政策、法规等相关问题.     

全球太阳能热利用行业激励政策及对我国的启示

太阳能热利用是一种重要的可再生能源,在我国已经实现了商业化运行。如何支持已实现了商业化运行的太阳能热利用行业,是目前可再生能源政策研究的热点问题。本文研究分析了立法、财政补贴和间接市场等激励政策的适用环境,剖析了欧盟、西班牙、以色列和澳大利亚等国家和地区的现行激励政策,针对我国的产业发展现状,提出了相应的政策建议。     

国外电力工业重组模式及其对我国的启示

从20世纪80年代末期开始,世界各国相继电对电力工业进行了改革。在对国外电力工业重组的六类典型模式及其主要经验分析基础上,对我国深化电力体制改革及进行输、配、售电业务重组模式的选择提出了建议和对策。     

我国钢铁与水泥行业利用CCS技术市场潜力分析

减少温室气体排放是全球发展大趋势,CCS技术被认为是未来控制CO2排放的重要技术之一。本文介绍了我国钢铁和水泥行业能源消费特点,重点对我国未来20年钢铁和水泥行业CO2排放及运用CCS技术的潜力进行了初步分析,得出钢铁和水泥行业运用CCS技术可捕获CO2的潜力分别为5亿t和3～4亿t左右。     

国外节能公共投资政策和对我国的启示

从奖励、贷款、股权参与、创业投资基金、担保、补贴审计以及特定能效技术减税等方面,介绍了国外先进国家节能公共投资政策制定、实施等方面的经验。分析并指出了国外先进国家节能公共投资政策对我国的启示：①利用市场机制,依靠＂经济诱因＂促进节能工作;②整合现有资源,成立节能专责机构;③灵活运用各种节能公共投资措施;④应持续推动产业部门节能工作。     

当前全球碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术进展及面临的主要问题

本文分析了当前全球碳捕集与封存(CCS)的最新技术进展及面临的主要问题,指出碳捕集与封存虽然被广泛认为是未来主要的碳减排技术,且当前全球的CCS示范和规划项目在不断增加,但是CCS项目仍面临诸如成本昂贵、使总能效下降、缺乏法律基础、公众难以接受等一系列问题。     

Perceptions of opinion leaders towards CCS demonstration projects in China

We present results of a major survey of Chinese opinion leaders conducted from March to April 2009, supported by EU–UK–China near zero emissions coal (NZEC) initiative. Respondents were drawn from 27 provinces and regions using an online survey with follow-up face-to-face interviews. A total of 131 experts and decision-makers from 68 key institutions were consulted through online survey. This survey is the first to focus on demonstration projects in particular and is the most geographically diverse. We aim to understand perceptions of applying CCS technologies in the first large-scale CCS demonstration project in China. Though enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced coal bed methane recovery (ECBM) may not be long-term solutions for CO₂ storage, they were viewed as the most attractive storage technologies for the first CCS demonstration project. With regard to CO₂ capture technology, on the whole, post-combustion (which would be most applicable to the vast majority of existing power plants which are pulverised-coal) received slightly higher support than pre-combustion. More surprising, respondents from both the power and oil industries favoured pre-combustion. There was no consensus regarding the appropriate scale for the first demonstration. A large number of respondents were concerned about the energy penalty associated with CCS and its impact on the long-term sustainability of coal supply in China, although such concerns were much reduced compared with surveys in 2006 and 2008.     

二氧化碳封存技术相关国际法规与政策的回顾与分析

二氧化碳捕集与封存技术(CCS)是未来减缓温室气体排放的一项重要技术,在全球范围内,CCS的示范和推广都受到各方面的重视。然而对于CCS技术的应用,特别是二氧化碳的运输与封存,缺乏明确的监管监测相关法律法规将会成为严重的阻碍。欧盟一直积极推进CCS技术的发展,同时也具有相对丰富的相关监管、激励和补贴政策措施。本文对与CCS技术相关的国际法律框架以及欧盟相关政策进行了系统的梳理,并着重分析了不同法律法规对CCS实施各方面的影响。在此基础上,总结了国际上现有法律法规的不足,以期为我国的相关法规体系建设提供参考。     

Carbon capture and storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) covers a broad range of technologies that are being developed to allow carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel use at large point sources to be transported to safe geological storage, rather than being emitted to the atmosphere. Some key enabling contributions from technology development that could help to facilitate the widespread commercial deployment of CCS are expected to include cost reductions for CO₂ capture technology and improved techniques for monitoring stored CO₂. It is important, however, to realise that CCS will always require additional energy compared to projects without CCS, so will not be used unless project operators see an appropriate value for reducing CO₂ emissions from their operations or legislation is introduced that requires CCS to be used. Possible key advances for CO₂ capture technology over the next 50 years, which are expected to arise from an eventual adoption of CCS as standard practice for all large stationary fossil fuel installations, are also identified. These include continued incremental improvements (e.g. many potential solvent developments) as well as possible step-changes, such as ion transfer membranes for oxygen production for integrated gasifier combined cycle and oxyfuel plants.     

Evaluation of syngas-based chemical looping applications for hydrogen and power co-generation with CCS

This paper evaluates hydrogen and power co-generation based on coal-gasification fitted with an iron-based chemical looping system for carbon capture and storage (CCS). The paper assess in details the whole hydrogen and power co-production chain based on coal gasification. Investigated plant concepts of syngas-based chemical looping generate about 350–450 MW net electricity with a flexible output of 0–200 MW_th hydrogen (based on lower heating value) with an almost total decarbonisation rate of the coal used.     

Assessing innovation in emerging energy technologies: Socio-technical dynamics of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in the USA

This study applies a socio-technical systems perspective to explore innovation dynamics of two emerging energy technologies with potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from electrical power generation in the United States: carbon capture and storage (CCS) and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). The goal of the study is to inform sustainability science theory and energy policy deliberations by examining how social and political dynamics are shaping the struggle for resources by these two emerging, not-yet-widely commercializable socio-technical systems. This characterization of socio-technical dynamics of CCS and EGS innovation includes examining the perceived technical, environmental, and financial risks and benefits of each system, as well as the discourses and actor networks through which the competition for resources – particularly public resources – is being waged. CCS and EGS were selected for the study because they vary considerably with respect to their social, technical, and environmental implications and risks, are unproven at scale and uncertain with respect to cost, feasibility, and life-cycle environmental impacts. By assessing the two technologies in parallel, the study highlights important social and political dimensions of energy technology innovation in order to inform theory and suggest new approaches to policy analysis.     

The necessity of and policy suggestions for implementing a limited number of large scale,fully integrated CCS demonstrations in China

CCS is seen as an important and strategic technology option for China to reduce its CO₂ emission, and has received tremendous attention both around the world and in China. Scholars are divided on the role CCS should play, making the future of CCS in China highly uncertain. This paper presents the overall circumstances for CCS development in China, including the threats and opportunities for large scale deployment of CCS, the initial barriers and advantages that China currently possesses, as well as the current progress of CCS demonstration in China. The paper proposes the implementation of a limited number of larger scale, fully integrated CCS demonstration projects and explains the potential benefits that could be garnered. The problems with China's current CCS demonstration work are analyzed, and some targeted policies are proposed based on those observations. These policy suggestions can effectively solve these problems, help China gain the benefits with CCS demonstration soon, and make great contributions to China's big CO₂ reduction mission.     

Evaluation of power generation schemes based on hydrogen-fuelled combined cycle with carbon capture and storage (CCS)

IGCC is a power generation technology in which the solid feedstock is partially oxidized to produce syngas. In a modified IGCC design for carbon capture, there are several technological options which are evaluated in this paper. The first two options involve pre-combustion arrangements in which syngas is processed, either by shift conversion or chemical looping, to maximise the hydrogen level and to concentrate the carbon species as CO₂. After CO₂ capture by gas-liquid absorption or chemical looping, the hydrogen-rich gas is used for power generation. The third capture option is based on post-combustion arrangement using chemical absorption.Investigated coal-based IGCC case studies produce 400-500 MW net power with more than 90% carbon capture rate. Principal focus of the paper is concentrated on evaluation of key performance indicators for investigated carbon capture options, the influence of various gasifiers on carbon capture process, optimisation of energy efficiency by heat and power integration, quality specification of captured CO₂. The capture option with minimal energy penalty is based on chemical looping, followed by pre-combustion and post-combustion.     

碳捕集与封存技术(CCS)成本及政策分析

当前,减排CO2的呼声日益高涨。在未来相当长的时间内,我国一次能源仍将以煤为主,而用于发电的煤炭量占到煤炭消费总量的一半以上,已成为国内CO2排放的重要来源。整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电技术不仅具有燃料来源广、发电效率提升空间大等优点,而且能以较低的成本实现CO2减排。以IGCC碳捕集结合强化采油为例,分析碳捕集与封存(CCS)全过程CO2减排成本。结果表明,在IGCC电站进行碳捕集结合强化采油的情景下,捕集CO2的IGCC系统的发电成本低于不捕集CO2的IGCC电站的发电成本。CO2减排成本主要受井口油价及CO2利用率影响,当井口油价超过14.642美元/bbl时,CO2减排成本为负值。CCS的发展将经历示范、扩大规模和商业化三个阶段,针对不同的发展阶段,政府应分别采取相应的政策措施。在示范阶段,应加强对相关技术研究的支持,提供财政补贴;在扩大规模阶段,应重点采取财政补贴措施,并配以CCS发电配额标准和CCS电力贸易体系;在商业化阶段,政府已无需继续提供财政补贴,而CCS发电配额标准和认证贸易体系仍将是一个有效的方法。     

超级电容器国内外应用现状研究

近年来超级电容器因功率密度高、充电时间短、使用寿命长等优点,逐渐成为工业、交通以及能源行业等众多领域的热门储能器件。对超级电容器的原理、类别及特点进行简要介绍,并详细介绍了国内外超级电容器产业的发展和应用现状。对超级电容器在应用中存在的问题进行了简要分析。