增强型地热系统水平井平行多裂隙换热过程数值模拟

干热岩(HDR)是一种清洁的可再生能源,主要通过增强型地热系统(EGS)进行开发。由于将水平井多裂隙开发技术应用于EGS中,能够提高EGS的经济效益,因此文章建立三维EGS水平井平行多裂隙模型,并采用CFX软件模拟分析了不同注水流量条件下EGS的运行性能,揭示了裂隙内流体的流动特征与EGS釆热机理之间的关系。研究结果表明:裂隙中的流体会形成流动短路和流动死角,导致EGS的开采率降低;裂隙中流体的温度场会受到流体的流动特征以及热储层温度场的影响;注水流量是影响EGS运行寿命和开采率的关键因素,较大的注水流量会产生流动短路,进而缩短EGS的运行寿命,但会提高EGS的开采率。     

增强型地热系统热储层研究进展

热储层是增强型地热系统(EGS)中的关键一环,热储层激发效果的好坏直接影响到流体采热效果,选择适当的激发方法以及对激发效果进行实时评价是十分重要的。目前在热储层激发中最常用的方法是水力压裂法,化学激发法是次要方法 ,而热激发法则通常是辅助方法。从场地试验结果看,要想获得较好的激发效果,可以采取多次激发或多方法联合使用。利用微震监测、现场示踪试验和数值模拟等方法,可以分析热储层裂隙压裂情况、连通情况以及获得有关的热储层参数,进而对热储层激发效果进行评价,有助于EGS的设计和运行管理。EGS开发过程中热能开采率受到许多因素的影响,通过数值模拟手段能够分析影响EGS热能开发的内在因素(指热储层的各项参数,如热储层初始温度、渗透率、裂隙情况等)和外在因素(如井间距离、布井方式、注入流体温度、注入流体类型、井深等),了解每个因素的影响程度,这对于EGS的设计和开发是非常重要的。同时,通过数值模拟手段研究热储中THMC(温度场、渗流场、力学场、化学场)四场耦合作用,对于EGS的商业运行也是至关重要的。     

增强型地热系统井筒-储层耦合数值模拟分析

干热岩是指地下3~10 km处低渗透性的高温岩体。增强型地热系统(EGS)是利用水力压裂等作业措施形成人工热储层,通过注入载热流体以经济地开采出干热岩中热能的人工地热开采系统。目前,关于干热岩储层开采潜力是否满足商业开采目标,以及如何提高EGS开采潜力是EGS研究的重点。文章首先对EGS的发展及技术可行性进行了概述,然后以松辽盆地为研究场地,以水为载热工质,采用井筒-储层耦合数值模拟程序T2WELL对储层开采潜力进行了定量研究,并通过不确定因素和参数分析探讨了优化EGS开采潜力的可行方案。不确定因素和参数分析表明,储层初始温度、裂隙间隔、布井方式是影响储层开采潜力的关键因素,渗透率对储层开采潜力影响较小。     

地下热流固耦合对EGS热开采的影响

人工热储的孔隙率及渗透率在增强型地热系统（EGS）地下热开采过程中受温度（T）、水力（H）、应力（M）的综合影响。本文建立了EGS热开采过程THM耦合的三维计算模型,并采用局部非热平衡假设处理液岩对流换热。对一理想的五口井EGS系统采热过程进行了THM模拟计算,分析了岩石温度、孔隙压力对岩石应力场的作用机理,进一步研究了应力场对EGS采热性能的影响。结果表明,开采过程中岩石应力场为热储内孔隙压力和温差综合作用的结果,由孔隙压力造成的岩石应力为压应力,仅集中于注入井附近,由岩石温度变化引起的热应力为拉应力,随着热开采区域的扩展而扩展。液−岩温差是触发工质与岩石热交换的动因,同时也是产生热应力的根本。     

基于树状分叉网络的增强型地热系统采热计算分析

文章以分形理论和离散裂缝网络模型为基础,利用树状分叉网络表征离散缝网,构建出EGS热流耦合解析模型。利用Laplace变换方法得到该模型中干热岩储层的温度解析解,并分析了分叉参数和生产参数对增强型地热系统累计采出热量的影响。分析结果表明:裂缝的分叉级数对出口端缝网温度影响较大;当裂缝的长度比从0.5逐渐增加至0.7时,缝网出口温度的热突破时间从1.8 a左右逐渐延长至3 a左右;与裂缝长度比为0.5的工况相比,当裂缝长度比为0.7时,20 a内增强型地热系统的累计采出热量增加了2×109kJ;裂缝的开度比对水的流速影响较大,当裂缝的开度比增大时,增强型地热开采系统累计采出热量的增长速度呈现出先快后慢的变化趋势;注水速度的增大会缩短热突破时间,注水温度对热突破时间影响不大。     

增强型地热系统垂直裂隙热储热开采过程数值模拟

增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System,EGS)作为开采深层地热资源最为有效的方法已经成为国际研究热点。充分探究EGS运行时热储内热量的开采过程对评估EGS性能及今后EGS商业开采过程中工程优化控制有着重要意义。文章建立了平行相间的垂直裂隙系统EGS开采模型,运用FLUENT软件对多平行垂直裂隙情形下增强型地热系统热储热开采过程进行了数值模拟。同时,通过改变对热储热开采过程有影响的裂隙宽度和水流速度两个参数,对比研究了其对热储热开采过程的影响。研究结果显示,裂隙宽度和水流速度对热储热开采过程影响较大,且影响效应几乎一致。当裂隙宽度为1 mm、裂隙水流速度为1 cm/s时,开采20 a时间内无论是裂隙宽度扩大1倍还是水流速度提高1倍,对热储内经济可用热能的开采率提升均超过25%,对热储内热能开采速率提升达到252%。     

EGS地热能开发过程中水岩作用对热储层特征的影响

增强型地热系统(EGS)是一种从地下深部低孔低渗高温岩层提取大量热能的能量利用工程,通过注水孔注入的冷水在高温岩层中循环实现热量的提取。在EGS地热能开发过程中,冷水的循环扰乱了地下深部水岩系统的热平衡和化学平衡,导致部分矿物溶解或沉淀,进而改变储层的孔隙度和渗透率。文章利用不锈钢密闭反应釜进行室内高温水岩反应试验,结合数值模拟分析水岩相互作用对EGS热储层特征的影响。研究结果表明,注入冷水到花岗岩热储层中导致石英矿物沉淀,其相对质量分数增大13%,碱性长石、斜长石、黑云母矿物溶解,其相对质量分数分别减小7%,5%,1%,总体上使得溶液中Si元素浓度降低,Ca2+,Na+,K+浓度升高,储层孔隙度、渗透率均随时间逐渐增大,提高了EGS储层地热能开发的热提取效率。     

地热开采的裂隙渗透T-H-M耦合模型及模拟研究

地热开采是典型的热流固耦合问题。文章以裂隙岩体地热开采为背景,推导出含热储温度变量的孔隙率、渗透率方程,由此建立含裂隙热储的温度、渗流和变形场全耦合数学模型。利用上述模型求解了含简化裂隙热储的地热开采问题,得出裂隙开度等参数对热储温度场和地热产能的影响规律。研究结果表明:注入井和生产井之间的裂隙岩体是地热资源的主要供给区域;天然裂隙开度或人工裂隙开度是控制热储温度,提高地热开采效率的主要因素,裂隙开度扩大1倍,地热产能增加近6倍。     

干热岩开发及发电技术应用概述

干热岩地热资源通过增强型地热系统(EGS)技术体系实现发电,并可能成为未来战略性替代资源之一。通过分析美、日、法4个EGS项目,总结其科研经验及教训,可以取得以下认识:目标热储基底大多为花岗岩,且分布在火山、高原等地貌附近,复杂的地质构造使得原始地应力和天然裂隙难以预测;干热岩水力压裂的主要机制是岩体剪切破坏;单井钻进和激发后配合井下监测手段定向钻入裂隙系统的效果更好,且长时间的低压循环激发比短时高压激发更有效。干热岩商业化开发中还有一些关键技术有待突破,如资源靶区定位技术、储层改造技术及监测技术等。双工质地热发电技术是目前唯一经济可行的EGS发电方案,可避免因地热流体品质引起的设备安全隐患,但只有国外厂商具备成套设计和制造能力。中国开展干热岩研究不足30年,2012年启动的"干热岩热能开发与综合利用关键技术研究"项目在资源靶区定位、大型水力压裂模拟、压裂液和化学激发剂的研发、热储改造评价体系以及地下热—水—化—力三维模拟系统等方面已取得了实质成果。我国目前尚未完全掌握高温钻井、储层激发和流体循环测试等关键技术,需通过政府支持和统一规划,加强科研经费的稳定投入,加大相关领域人才培养力度。     

土酸注入速率对EGS热储层改造效果影响的实验研究

增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System,EGS)是一种通过人工形成地热储层的方法从低渗透性岩体中经济地开采相当规模深层热能的工程,对渗透率的改造体现了EGS热储层改造效果。文章进行了实验室条件下的岩心流动实验,选用4组不同土酸注入速率进行对比,根据注酸前后岩心裂隙渗透率的变化,分析研究土酸的注入速率对岩心裂隙渗透率的影响。研究结果表明,采用"高流量"的注入方式更有利于凝灰岩裂隙通道的改造。     

Multifracture response to supercritical CO2‐EGS and water‐EGS based on thermo‐hydro‐mechanical coupling method

Hydraulic‐fracturing treatments have become an essential technology for the development of deep hot dry rocks (HDRs). The deep rock formation often contains natural fractures (NFs) at micro and macroscales. In the presence of the NF, the hydraulic‐fracturing process may form a complex fracture network caused by the interaction between hydraulic fractures and NF. In this study, analysis of carbon dioxide (CO₂)‐based enhanced geothermal system (EGS) and water‐based EGS in complex fracture network was performed based on the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) coupling method, with various rock constitutive models. The complexity of the fracture geometry influences the fluid flow path and heat transfer efficiency of the thermal reservoir. Compared with CO₂‐based EGS, water‐based EGS had an earlier thermal breakthrough with a rapid decline in production temperature. CO₂ can easily gain heat rising its temperature thus reducing the effect of a premature thermal breakthrough. Both CO₂‐based EGS and water‐based EGS are affected by in‐situ stress; the increase in stress ratio improved the fracture permeability but resulted in an early cold thermal breakthrough. When the same injection rate is applied to water‐based EGS and CO₂‐based EGS, water‐based EGS displayed higher injection pressure buildup. Water‐based EGS had higher reservoir deformation area than CO₂‐based EGS, and thermoelastic constitutive model for water‐based EGS showed larger deformed area ratio than thermo‐poroelastic rock model. Furthermore, higher values of rock modulus accelerated the reservoir deformation for water‐based EGS. This study established a novel discussion investigating the performance of CO₂‐based EGS and water‐based EGS in a complex fractured reservoir. The findings from this study will help in deepening the understanding of the mechanisms involved when using CO₂ or water as a working fluid in EGS.     

增强型地热系统中液-岩化学作用数值模拟研究

增强型地热系统（Enhanced Geothermal System, EGS）利用深层岩石中连通的裂隙网络进行流体工质循环,从而实现地热能的持续开采。EGS运行时循环流体工质会与深层岩石产生化学反应,引起岩石中矿物的溶解/沉积,使热储中的裂隙网络形貌产生动态变化,对地下流动与传热过程造成影响。本文分析了EGS中液–岩化学作用特点,详细阐述了在多孔介质热流动模型中耦合入液–岩化学反应的方法,基于已开发成功的EGS传热传质数值模型初步建立了传热–流动–化学（Thermal-Hydraulic-Chemical, THC）多场耦合数值模型,并使用该模型对五井布局EGS的长期运行过程进行了模拟分析,模拟时仅考虑方解石在水流体中溶解和沉积。模拟结果显示,循环流体的注入温度以及注入流体中的矿物离子浓度的设定十分重要。如果二者没有达到较为合适的“平衡”,就会导致注入井附近渗透率和孔隙率的持续变化,对EGS的导流能力造成极大影响。     

西藏羊易EGS开发储层温度场与开采寿命影响因素数值模拟研究

西藏羊易地区具有丰富的地热能,单井开发潜力接近10 MW,对其深部热储进行EGS开采,可缓解西部能源紧缺问题。本文建立二维理想EGS开发模型,探讨深层地热开采过程中开采流量、注采方式、注入温度等参数对热储温度场分布及开采寿命的影响。基于羊易温度信息设计了12个数值模型,对比研究发现,开采流量对EGS开采的影响较大,为保证开采50年内的商业利用价值,最大开采流量应控制在0.028 kg/s以下;考虑到钻井成本,注采方式的选择以高注高采和中注高采为最佳;注入温度对热储开采影响较小,可选择40℃ ~ 80℃之间任意温度的地热尾水进行回灌,实现地热资源梯级利用。     

A novel flow-resistor network model for characterizing enhanced geothermal system heat reservoir

The fracture characteristics of a heat reservoir are of critical importance to enhanced geothermal systems, which can be investigated by theoretical modeling. This paper presents the development of a novel flow-resistor network model to describe the hydraulic processes in heat reservoirs. The fractures in the reservoir are simplified by using flow resistors and the typically complicated fracture network of the heat reservoir is converted into a flow-resistor network with a reasonably simple pattern. For heat reservoirs with various fracture configurations, the corresponding flow-resistor networks are identical in terms of framework though the networks may have different section numbers and the flow resistors may have different values. In this paper, numerous cases of different section numbers and resistor values are calculated and the results indicate that the total number of flow resistances between the injection and production wells is primarily determined by the number of fractures in the reservoir. It is also observed that a linear dependence of the total flow resistance on the number of fractures and the relation is obtained by the best fit of the calculation results. Besides, it performs a case study dealing with the Soultz enhanced geothermal system (EGS). In addition, the fracture numbers underneath specific well systems are derived. The results provide insight on the tortuosity of the flow path between different wells.     

热储分层影响EGS采热的数值模拟研究

由于岩石构造不同、天然裂隙的差异以及压裂过程的随机性等因素,增强型地热系统（EGS）人工热储通常具有较强的非均质性。探究热储的非均质性对EGS热开采过程的影响,对EGS性能预测与分析评价有重要意义。论文考虑到热储沿深度方向的非均质性,基于等效分层多孔介质物理模型,并使用自主开发的EGS数值模型,模拟了多个具有分层热储EGS的长期运行过程,发现热储深度方向上非均质性对热能的开采影响显著,而流量分布的不均匀性是导致系统采热性能下降的主要原因。为了方便分析和评价,我们建立一种新的定量化描述热储非均质性的方法,然后基于更多的非均质热储EGS算例结果,拟合得到EGS采热性能与热储非均质性的定量关系式。     

增强型地热系统热开采过程的数值模拟研究

增强型地热系统（EGS）是指采用人工方法在地下3 ~ 10 km内的干热岩体中形成储层、通过灌输采热流体以开采出干热岩中热能用于地面发电的地热利用系统,是一种极富潜力的可再生清洁能源利用技术。循环流体在地下热储中的流动与换热对EGS的采热性能有重要影响。本文首先对EGS数值模型进行了综合评述,然后基于一套自主开发的三维瞬态数值模型模拟了不同渗流条件下EGS地下热储内的热流过程。通过对模拟结果的分析,揭示了均匀压裂的人工热储中流体短路的形成机理,并通过对比双井和三井系统中流场和局部地热开采率分布,结合当前钻井工艺和裂隙激发技术水平,探讨了抑制流体短路、优化EGS采热性能的可能方案。     

Effects of heat extraction on fracture aperture: A poro–thermoelastic analysis

Poroelastic and thermoelastic effects of cold-water injection in an enhanced (or engineered) geothermal system (EGS) are investigated by considering flow in a pre-existing fracture in a hot, rock matrix that could be permeable or impermeable. Assuming plane fracture geometry, expressions are derived for changes in fracture aperture caused by cooling and fluid leak-off into the matrix. The corresponding induced pressure profile is also calculated. The problem is analytically solved for the cases pertaining to a constant fluid injection rate with a constant leak-off rate. Results show that although fluid loss from the fracture into the matrix reduces the pressure in the crack, the poroelastic stress associated with fluid leak-off tends to reduce the aperture and increase the pressure in the fracture. High rock stiffness and low fluid diffusivity cause the poroelastic contraction of the fracture opening to slowly develop in time. The maximum reduction of aperture occurs at the injection point and become negligible near the extraction point. The solution also shows that thermally induced stress increases the fracture aperture near the injection point and, as a result, the fluid pressure at this point is greatly reduced. The thermoelastic effects are particularly dominant near the inlet compared to those of poroelasticity, but are pronounced everywhere along the fracture for large times. Although poroelasticity associated with leak-off does not change the fracture aperture significantly for low permeability rocks, it can lead to pore pressure increase and cause nearby fractures to slip.     

苏尔士增强型地热系统的开发经验及对我国地热开发的启示

增强型地热系统是采用人工形成地热储层的方法,从低渗透性岩体中经济地采出相当数量深层热能的人工地热系统。法国苏尔士（Soultz）地热项目已有20多年开发研究历史,但前人尚未对开发过程中的关键问题进行深入探讨,对其成功经验也未进行系统总结归纳。本文通过回顾其发展历程,总结该项目在钻井、储层激发、水力循环测试和储层监测方面的成功经验,同时提炼出地热开发中遇到的储层建设和井下泵设备等方面的问题,并指出数值模拟在地热开发过程应用方面的启示。苏尔士地热项目开发吸取了其他早期地热田的经验和教训,成功地建造了商业规模的人工激发储层,产生了大量的科研成果和先进技术,对后续开发的地热项目有重要指导意义。     

Modeling the coupling between free and forced convection in a vertical permeable slot: Implications for the heat production of an Enhanced Geothermal System

The aim of the hydraulic stimulations in the Soultz-sous-Forêts, France, Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) project was to create, in crystalline rocks, a fractured reservoir 750 m high, 750 m long and 35 m thick interconnecting the injection and production wells. Increasing the permeability in a zone with a high geothermal gradient will trigger free convection, which will interact with the forced flow driven by pumping. A systematic numerical study of the coupling between forced and free convective flows has been performed by considering a large range of injection rates and Rayleigh numbers. The simulations showed that if there is weak or no free convection in an EGS reservoir, economic exploitation of the system will rapidly end because of a decrease in produced fluid temperature. The maximum injection rate preventing such a temperature drop increases with the Rayleigh number and the height of the stimulated domain. The model establishes constraints on the conditions for achieving optimal heat extraction at the Soultz-sous-Forêts EGS site. It was also shown that, although mineral precipitation may partially close or heal some open fissures, it does not lead to a major decrease of the hydraulic conductivity in the stimulated reservoir.