谷电利用复合石蜡蓄热材料的制备及供暖墙体构造实验

针对石蜡作为相变蓄热材料导热性能差、供热能力不足的问题,向石蜡中添加膨胀石墨(EG)制备导热性能增强的复合相变材料(PCM),探讨EG与石蜡的配比对复合PCM热性能的影响.测试结果表明,当EG质量分数达到12％时,复合PCM的导热系数提升至纯石蜡的12倍,相变潜热从纯石蜡的190.8 J/g减小至152.1 J/g,相...     

Discharge performance of a thermal energy storage unit with paraffin-expanded graphite composite phase change materials

本工作对石蜡（PA）及石蜡/膨胀石墨（97% PA/3% EG和95% PA/5% EG）复合相变储热材料的热性能进行了探究,考察了不同直径储热单元在干燥介质温度为25℃,风速为0.8 m/s条件下的放热性能。结果表明,在石蜡中添加膨胀石墨后,复合材料导热系数较纯石蜡分别提高了178.10%和214.30%,可以有效改善石蜡的导热性能,缩短放热时间;储热单元直径对放热性能有显著影响,随着石蜡相变储热单元直径的增大,放热时间线性增加;膨胀石墨的添加可以明显缩短放热时间,随膨胀石墨含量的增加,相同直径储热单元的放热时间逐渐缩短;膨胀石墨对储热单元放热性能的改善效果随直径变化而不同,在一定范围内随储热单元直径的增大而效果逐渐显著,达到极值后随直径的增大效果逐渐减弱,本实验条件下,最优储热单元直径在35~50 mm之间。结合实际生产需求,最优直径为35 mm。     

蜂窝状CPCM/水冷复合式圆柱型锂电池散热性能

为了进一步减小圆柱型锂电池在高热负荷下的温升、最大温差及轴向温差,提出一种基于石蜡/膨胀石墨(EG)的蜂窝状相变材料(PCM)水冷复合式电池散热结构.通过数值模拟,研究了环境温度40℃时,冷却液流速、微型流道数量、CPCM厚度及EG的质量分数对该系统散热性能的影响.结果表明,当液体流速超过0.05 m/s时,流速的继续...     

基于泡沫铜/石蜡的动力电池散热性能研究

石蜡作为一种相变材料具有稳定性好、成本低廉等优点,但是其缺点是导热系数较低。利用泡沫铜的多孔结构,将石蜡压入泡沫铜的孔隙中作为相变材料的本体,在此结构中,泡沫铜不仅发挥了多孔连续框架的优势,而且作为强化传热骨架,结合了石蜡相变吸热的性质,在一定程度上弥补了石蜡导热系数较低的不足。实验对电池和电池模块进行不同工况、不同放电倍率的测试,比较各工况下单体电池及电池模块温度分布情况,可以得出泡沫铜/石蜡相变材料冷却系统中动力电池的散热效果非常明显。     

基于低温相变材料的电池热管理系统

一种基于低温复合相变材料的电池热管理系统,有效利用了相变材料的潜热优势,让电池模组在较低的温度区间得以快速地散热热量,以达到热管理的要求。膨胀石墨与氮化硼的加入有效减缓液化析出的同时提高了整个复合相变材料的导热系数。在4C的放电条件下,无热管理的电池模组最高温度达到了72.67℃,采取强制对流冷却的模组最高温度为57.67℃,PCM冷却方式的最高温度为54℃,相对于前者分别降低了35.6%、6.8%;其温差为3.5℃,可以满足电池模组的最大温差的要求。     

石蜡与石蜡/膨胀石墨复合材料充/放热性能研究

利用相变材料的充/放热实验台测试石蜡及石蜡/膨胀石墨(质量比分别为93/7及90/10)复合相变材料的充/放热性能。实验表明纯石蜡在充热过程中自然对流是其主要的换热方式,而放热过程中导热是主要的换热方式。在充/放热过程中,石蜡的充/放热效率都较低。而对于石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料,其导热能力较石蜡有很大提高,但由于添加了膨胀石墨而削弱了对流换热,其换热方式是以导热为主。因此,添加膨胀石墨对充热速率提高不多,而对放热速率有大幅度提高。石蜡/膨胀石墨(93/7)复合材料充热过程所用时间为石蜡的62%,放热过程的时间为石蜡的43%。石蜡/膨胀石墨(90/10)复合材料充热过程所用时间为石蜡的52%,放热过程的时间为石蜡的35%。     

笼屉式水箱中膨胀石墨对石蜡熔化和凝固过程的影响

为研究膨胀石墨对石蜡熔化和凝固性能的影响,对膨胀石墨石蜡复合相变蓄热材料的熔化和凝固过程进行数值分析,并与纯石蜡相变蓄热材料的熔化和凝固过程进行对比.且分析不同含量的膨胀石墨及不同壁面温度对石蜡熔化和凝固过程的影响,结果表明:石蜡中添加膨胀石墨能明显缩短石蜡的熔化和凝固时间,且熔化和凝固时间都随着膨胀石墨含量的增加而减少;在同种工况下,与纯石蜡对比,添加1％、2％、5％膨胀石墨的复合石蜡熔化时间分别减少2.14、2.81、9.74倍;凝固时间则分别减少0.77、1.05、3.76倍;壁面温度对复合石蜡的熔化过程影响显著,而对凝固过程影响程度不佳;其中在初始温度相同的条件下,与壁面温度为327 K的工况下5％EG复合石蜡全部熔化的时间对比,壁面温度为332 K及337 K的工况下5％EG复合石蜡全部熔化的时间分别缩短了0.83、1.58倍.     

石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变储热材料的研究

以膨胀石墨为基体,石蜡为相变储热介质,利用膨胀石墨对石蜡良好的吸附性能,制备出了石蜡／膨胀 石墨复合相变储热材料。由于毛细作用力和表面张力的作用,石蜡在固-液相变时,很难从膨胀石墨的微孔中渗 透出来。实验结果表明,石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变储热材料没有改变膨胀石墨的结构和石蜡的固-液相变温度, 且其结合了石墨高的导热系数和石蜡大的相变潜热,因而储热密度较高,导热性能好。其相变潜热与对应质量 分率下的石蜡相当,储/放热时间比石蜡明显减少。     

硝酸盐/膨胀石墨储热材料的制备及热性能研究

为了得到膨胀石墨(EG)含量对NaNO₃-KNO₃/EG复合储热材料导热系数的影响,通过水溶液法,采用NaNO₃-KNO₃共晶盐作为储热材料,不同质量分数的EG作为基体材料,制备出NaNO₃-KNO₃/EG复合储热材料。分别用同步热分析仪(STA)和激光闪射仪(LFA)测量了材料的潜热和导热系数。结果表明,NaNO₃-KNO₃/EG复合材料的潜热随EG含量的增加而减小,导热系数相较于纯硝酸盐均有明显提升。添加20%的EG时,复合材料的平均导热系数可以达到3.95 W/(m·K),约为纯硝酸盐的7.4倍。将EG加入到二元硝酸盐中制备成复合储热材料是提高其传热性能的一种有前景的候选材料。     

相变材料与水套式液冷结构耦合的圆柱型锂离子电池组热管理仿真分析

针对圆柱型锂离子电池组散热问题,设计了一种新型的相变材料(PCM)-水套式液冷耦合散热结构模型.首先研究了电池组在PCM模型的散热下,不同电池间距对电池组表面温度的影响,并得出PCM模型的最佳电池布局.然后根据PCM模型的最佳电池布局,优化PCM-水套式液冷耦合散热结构模型,即找出PCM散热模型的最佳流道结构.通过仿真分析结果表明,在6流道结构模型下,电池之间的最佳间距为8 mm;PCM-水套式液冷耦合散热模型的效果最佳,在3 C和5 C高倍率放电时,电池组的表面最高温度分别为33.78、41.11℃,相比于同尺寸PCM散热模型的最高温度,分别降低了7.23、1.06℃.采用PCM-水套式液冷耦合散热模型,电池之间的最大温差均维持在5℃以内.结果表明:该新型的PCM-水套式液冷耦合散热结构能在一定程度上保证电池组的正常工作,并提高电池组的安全性和耐用性.     

Thermal conductivity and latent heat thermal energy storage characteristics of paraffin/expanded graphite composite as phase change material

This study aimed determination of proper amount of paraffin (n-docosane) absorbed into expanded graphite (EG) to obtain form-stable composite as phase change material (PCM), examination of the influence of EG addition on the thermal conductivity using transient hot-wire method and investigation of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) characteristics of paraffin such as melting time, melting temperature and latent heat capacity using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. The paraffin/EG composites with the mass fraction of 2%, 4%, 7%, and 10% EG were prepared by absorbing liquid paraffin into the EG. The composite PCM with mass fraction of 10% EG was considered as form-stable allowing no leakage of melted paraffin during the solid–liquid phase change due to capillary and surface tension forces of EG. Thermal conductivity of the pure paraffin and the composite PCMs including 2, 4, 7 and 10 wt% EG were measured as 0.22, 0.40, 0.52, 0.68 and 0.82 W/m K, respectively. Melting time test showed that the increasing thermal conductivity of paraffin noticeably decreased its melting time. Furthermore, DSC analysis indicated that changes in the melting temperatures of the composite PCMs were not considerable, and their latent heat capacities were approximately equivalent to the values calculated based on the mass ratios of the paraffin in the composites. It was concluded that the composite PCM with the mass fraction of 10% EG was the most promising one for LHTES applications due to its form-stable property, direct usability without a need of extra storage container, high thermal conductivity, good melting temperature and satisfying latent heat storage capacity.     

Thermal characterization of phase change materials based on linear low-density polyethylene,paraffin wax and expanded graphite

Thermal characterization of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) based on linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), paraffin wax (W) and expanded graphite (EG) is reported in this paper. Investigated PCMs showed high potential for application in energy storage systems.The latent heat, L_m, sensible heat Q_sens, and the ability of the prepared PCMs to store and release thermal energy were investigated using specific home-made equipment based on the transient guarded hot plane method (TGHPT). The sensible heat of PCM containing 40 wt.% of paraffin wax was investigated in the temperature range 25–35 °C, they exhibited a drop in Q_sens from 31 to 24 J/g depending on the concentration of EG. A similar decrease in sensible heat with increased loading of EG was observed for PCMs containing 50 wt.% of EG.The storage and release of thermal energy during phase change which is associated with the latent heat of the materials were investigated within the temperature range 20–50 °C. PCMs containing 40 wt.% of paraffin wax exhibited latent heat of 36 J/g, whereas the latent heat of PCMs containing 50 wt.% of paraffin wax was 49 J/g. The addition of EG decreased the time needed to melt and solidify PCMs due to increase in thermal conductivity of PCMs with increase in EG content. This behavior was confirmed by the thermal conductivity measurements, where thermal conductivity increased from 0.252 for sample without EG to 1.329 W/m × °C for PCM containing 15 wt.% of EG.The reproducibility of storage and release of thermal energy by PCMs was demonstrated by subjecting them to repeated heating and cooling cycles (over 150 cycles).     

Preparation and properties of caprylic‐nonanoic acid mixture/expanded graphite composite as phase change material for thermal energy storage

To satisfy the application demands for latent heat storage in the temperature range from 5°C to 15°C, an original composite phase change material (PCM), CA‐NA/EG (caprylic‐nonanoic acid/expanded graphite), was prepared and characterized. For CA‐NA/EG, the mass ratio of CA and NA was 8:2, and the mass percentage of the CA‐NA in CA‐NA/EG composite PCM was determined as 90% by leakage test. The melting and freezing points of the CA‐NA/EG were 6.84°C and 9.34°C, and corresponding latent heats were 108.75 kJ/kg and 107.67 kJ/kg. In addition, its thermal conductivity, thermal stability and reliability were investigated by thermal conductivity apparatus (TCA), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), and accelerated thermal cycle test for 100 melt/freeze cycles, respectively. The results showed that the CA‐NA/EG had a good thermal stability and an excellent thermal reliability. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of CA‐NA/EG had an improvement of 25% than that of the CA‐NA. On the other hand, the accelerated thermal cycle test also indicated that the CA‐NA/EG had no supercooling during all melt/freeze cycles. Therefore, the prepared composite PCM, CA‐NA/EG, can be applied for low‐temperature thermal energy storage owing to its proper melting temperature, acceptable latent heat and thermal conductivity, excellent thermal stability and reliability.     

基于相变材料的动力电池热管理研究进展

相变材料（PCM）由于具有相变潜热大、相变时体积变化小的优点,成为电池热管理研究的主要方向之一。本文介绍了相变材料的蓄热原理,综述了主要相变材料石蜡以及针对其导热系数不高而进行的强化换热研究成果,介绍了相变材料耦合其他多种冷却方式在动力电池热管理上的应用,并展望了未来PCM的研究方向。     

Structure and thermal properties of expanded graphite/paraffin composite phase change material

Different contents of expanded graphite (EG) composite phase change material (PCM) were prepared by the melt mixing method, taking paraffin as the PCM and EG as the supporting material. Phase compositions of EG, paraffin, and EG/paraffin composite were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructures of EG and EG/paraffin composite PCMs with different EG contents were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermal properties, such as phase-transition temperature and latent heat of the materials, were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Mass loss and thermal properties after 100 heating cycles were measured. The results show that physical absorption exists between paraffin and EG. EG is beneficial for the PCM composite to reduce leakage of paraffin, decrease the phase change temperature and latent heat, and strengthen the thermal stability. The solid–liquid phase change latent heat of materials is larger than that of the solid–solid one. The heating cycle has little effect on the phase-transition temperature and latent heat.     

Solidification process analysis of a heat storage device containing graphite foam and paraffin

石蜡相变材料的导热系数较小,严重影响了其传热速率和凝固速率。通过对填充石墨泡沫/石蜡的储能系统进行凝固过程的模拟,确定了石墨泡沫对相变储能系统性能的影响。研究结果表明石墨泡沫不仅大大缩短了相变凝固时间,也使储能系统的温度分布更加均匀;通过分析冷却水进口速度和温度对复合相变材料的凝固过程的影响,说明随着冷却水进口速度的增大和温度的降低,传热速率加快,凝固时间缩短。分析了复合材料相变区的自然对流对相变过程的影响,模拟结果证明自然对流能在一定程度上加快相变材料的凝固过程。     

Experimental investigation of thermal management system for lithium ion batteries module with coupling effect by heat sheets and phase change materials

Some potential safety risks for lithium ion battery such as overheating, combustion, and explosion occurred in practical application may cause accidents of electric vehicles. Phase change material (PCM)‐based thermal management system was demonstrated as a feasible approach. However, the batteries have to endure various environment and climate, which would not work normally under cold area. Especially when the surrounding temperature falls to below 10°C, which can bring about the energy and power of Li‐ion batteries rapidly reducing. In this study, a coupling heating strategy of the PCM‐based batteries module with 2 heat sheets at low temperature was proposed for batteries module and cannot only balance the temperature among different batteries in the module but also ensure to pre‐heat the batteries module at low temperature. The experiment displayed that 7% of EG in paraffin‐based composite PCMs was the best proportion for batteries module, considering both fluidity and thermal conductivity factors. In addition, the temperature difference of PCM‐based batteries module was 2.82°C, while that of the air‐based one was 14.49°C, which was 5 times more than former, exhibiting an excellent performance in balancing temperature uniformly, and was beneficial for prolonging the lifespan of batteries. The coupling heating strategy‐based PCM with heat sheets provided as an extremely promising technology for lithium batteries module at low temperature.     

Thermal stability,latent heat and flame retardant properties of the thermal energy storage phase change materials based on paraffin/high density polyethylene composites

In the present work, the thermal energy storage phase change materials (PCM) based on paraffin/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared by using twin-screw extruder technique. The morphology and properties of the PCM composites based on the flame retardant system with expanded graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Cone calorimeter tests. It was observed from SEM images that paraffin dispersed well in the three-dimensional net structure formed by the HDPE. The SEM images also indicated that the EG and APP were well dispersed in the PCM composites. The DSC measurements indicated that the additives of flame retardant had little effect on the temperatures of phase change peaks and thermal energy storage property. The TGA results showed that the loadings of the EG and APP increased the temperature of the maximum weight loss and the charred residue of the PCM composites at 650 °C, contributing to the improved thermal stability properties. It was revealed from the Cone calorimeter tests that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) decreased significantly. To further investigate the synergistic effect between the EG and APP, it was observed from SEM images that the homogeneous and compact charred residue structure after combustion contributed to the enhanced thermal stability, improved flammability and increased self-extinguishing properties of the PCM composites.     

Simulation of passive thermal management system for lithium-ion battery packs

A passive thermal management system that uses a phase change material (PCM) is designed and simulated for a lithium-ion (Li-ion) laptop battery pack. The problem of low thermal conductivity of the PCM was significantly improved by impregnating an expanded graphite (EG) matrix with the PCM. The heat generation rate for a commercial 186502.2 Ah Li-ion battery was experimentally measured for various constant power discharges. Simulation of the battery pack, composed of six Li-ion batteries, shows that safe operation of the battery pack during the most extreme case requires the volume of the battery pack be almost doubled to fit sufficient PCM in the pack. Improving the properties of the PCM composite have the potential to significantly reduce the volume increase in comparison to the original battery pack volume.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate-Lauric-Palmitic Acid Used for Indoor Energy Storage Floor Units

Organic and inorganic phase change materials(PCMs) are considered potential materials for thermal energy storage(TES) with different phase change characteristics. In this study, a novel organic-inorganic composite phase change material(PCM) called disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate-lauric-palmitic acid(D-LA-PACM) was prepared. Expanded graphite(EG) was selected as the support material, and the novel organic-inorganic form-stable PCM called D-LA-PAPCM/EG was prepared using the vacuum adsor...