路堤下桩–网连接方式对筋材受力变形的影响

基于现场试验,采用有限元软件PLAXIS2D建立桩承式加筋路堤数值模型,对比分析了路堤荷载下普通加筋和固网加筋时,筋材荷载传递、变形特性及筋–土界面摩擦特性。研究结果表明:对于软土地基上高填方路堤,固网加筋能更好地发挥筋材荷载传递效应;普通加筋时筋材变形曲线可用椭圆描述,筋材下表面筋–土界面应力比n约为40%,上表面n在10%～20%之间;固网加筋时,筋材下表面n约为10%,而上表面n小于10%。基于筋材变形特性及筋–土界面摩擦特性,提出了一种筋材拉力计算方法,并通过数值模拟结果对所提方法的合理性进行了验证。     

土工合成材料加筋边坡宏细观机理模型试验研究

通过包裹式加筋边坡模型试验对加筋边坡宏观变形模式、宏观力学性状、筋土界面细观作用和剪切破坏带处土颗粒运动进行研究,分析土工合成材料加筋边坡宏细观机理。砂土加筋边坡由于加筋体的存在,宏观变形上呈现为类似黏性土边坡的整体滑移破坏模式,出现圆弧状剪切破坏带;坡顶上部基础 p – s 曲线类似基础整体剪切破坏弹性、弹塑性和塑性破坏三阶段,曲线各阶段变化与主剪切破坏带整体发展有密切关系;细观上筋土界面处筋材与土颗粒摩擦和咬合作用提供“似黏聚力”;“主剪切破坏带”内颗粒的滚动摩擦、“过渡区”内颗粒的滚动摩擦和滑动摩擦和“稳定区”内颗粒的咬合作用构成整个剪切破坏带抗滑阻力。筋土界面处筋材与土颗粒相互作用所提供的“似黏聚力”和主剪切破坏带的发展和贯通所提供的滚动摩擦和滑动摩擦是形成加筋砂土边坡整体滑移、改变整个边坡破坏模式的内在原因。     

土工网在桥头引道路堤中的应用研究

以室内试验研究了路基土与土工网之间的综合摩阻力、张力膜效应及不同土工网铺设间距对复合土反应模量的影响，并依托上海市城市外环线1期工程，研究了桥头引道加筋路堤和不加筋路堤的地基顶面垂直土压力、水平土压力、地基顶面沉降、路堤坡脚侧向位移和路面工后沉降等．结果表明，将土工网加筋路堤用于解决桥头跳车效果明显。     

加筋土桥台抗震性能影响因素试验研究

目前,关于加筋土桥台抗震性能的影响因素的研究工作主要偏重于数值分析,且未涉及对面层连接型式的影响研究。通过振动台缩尺模型试验研究水平地震作用下加筋间距、加筋长度、筋材刚度和面层连接型式等因素对加筋土桥台抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明,加速度响应和承载区中心下竖向土压力受加筋间距、加筋长度和筋材类型（包括筋材刚度和面层连接型式的不同）的影响很小。面层侧向位移和筋材应变受加筋间距的影响较大,加筋间距翻倍导致面层侧向位移和筋材应变成倍增长;加筋长度和筋材刚度的变化对面层侧向位移的影响则较小,对筋材应变的影响更小;面层连接型式则对面层侧向变形的模式有较大影响。各变量因素对面层侧向土压力的影响较小,影响规律不太明显。研究的变量因素中,加筋间距和面层连接型式对加筋土桥台的抗震性能的影响较大。     

加筋土的筋土界面作用及影响因素

筋土界面作用特性直接影响着土工结构物的强度和稳定性。在总结国内5种筋土界面作用特性观点的基础上,认为加筋土的强度和稳定性主要依靠填土自重和筋土之间的摩阻力来实现,加筋作用不仅反映在筋土界面上,也发生在筋土周围的土体中,加筋土的剪切带观点是对筋土界面特性的综合性概括。加筋填土的含水率、压实度、剪胀效应、加筋材料自身特性以及试验方法等因素都不同程度地影响着筋土界面作用特性。将直剪试验和拉拔试验相结合,并辅助离心模型试验及数值分析方法,可深入研究筋土界面作用特性。     

筋箍长度及刚度对加筋碎石桩复合地基承载力影响分析

针对加筋碎石桩复合地基中桩体性能,通过有限元数值模拟与模型试验对比分析,验证了数值模型的可靠性,进而变换加筋长度,研究分析了复合基础下端承加筋单桩与群桩的极限承载能力和破坏模式。研究结果表明:筋材强度较低时,加筋长度不会对桩体破坏模式产生影响,对极限承载能力提高有限;随着筋材强度不断提高,碎石桩在加筋体以下区域发生剪切破坏,并且随着加筋长度的增加向更深土层发展,基础的极限承载能力线性增长。加筋长度对群桩复合地基不同位置处桩体的破坏模式影响不同。相较于边桩,中心桩在桩身较深位置处发生剪切破坏,筋材需达到较深的长度才发挥约束效果。     

条形荷载下 H-V加筋砂土地基模型试验研究

提出了一种新的H-V立体加筋(horizontal-vertical)模式,这是一种在传统水平条带式筋条上布置竖向或空间筋材形成的组合立体形式,其显著特点是所加竖向筋材能有效地限制筋材间土体的侧向位移,在竖筋侧面产生侧阻力,而且在竖筋间将形成"土体加强区",从而有效改变加筋土的受力状况,提高土体的强度和稳定性.本文分别对水平加筋和H-V加筋两种加筋方式进行了多组的加筋地基模型试验,并将这两种加筋方式对承载力和沉降的影响进行了对比分析.试验结果表明,H-V加筋方式能明显提高地基承载力和减小地基沉降,而且其加筋效果随着竖筋高度和水平方向筋材长度的增加不断提高.在模型试验的基础上,初步分析了H-V加筋方式的作用机理.     

加筋土结构中筋材拉拔力的分布规律研究

分析了加筋材料在拉拔试验条件下,筋材所受到的拉力、剪应力、应变之间的关系,利用筋土界面间存在的抗剪刚度系数G,建立起了与材料拉伸模量E_r和G有关的拉拔影响系数α,从而推导出拉力沿筋材分布的公式和各点筋土的相对位移公式。通过与已有的试验数据相对比,证实该公式的可行性。分析了拉力在筋材上的传播规律和α对筋材拉拔力分布的影响,表明用α能综合反映压应力、摩阻力、土体性质等多种因素对筋材拉力的影响。在加筋土结构中,筋材位移不是很大时,采用该公式能较好地估算筋材各处的拉力。     

挤土效应对复合地基承载性状影响的分析

针对静压桩挤土效应对刚性桩复合地基承载性状的影响问题,采用有限元法进行分析研究。分别建立了静压挤土桩复合地基和非挤土桩复合地基的数值计算模型,基于圆孔扩张理论对静压挤土桩复合地基的变形性状进行数值模拟。结果表明,挤土效应在桩土界面处产生的侧向压力使静压桩的极限侧摩阻力增大,桩侧阻力优先发挥,端阻力发挥相对滞后。静压桩复合地基桩土应力比随着荷载的增大逐渐增加,挤土效应使桩间土强度有所提高,对复合地基承载力的贡献更易发挥。静压桩复合地基的基础沉降变形相对较小。     

软土地基加筋土挡墙数值模拟及稳定性探讨

 对一软土地基加筋土挡墙建立二维数值模型,模拟其在分级堆载情况下挡墙和地基内的沉降、水平位移、土压力,以及土工格栅轴向应变的变化规律,模拟结果与现场实测结果基本吻合。采用有限元强度折减法计算的挡墙稳定性和滑裂面位置与实测情况一致,表现为深层滑动失稳。模拟和实测的各层筋材最大应变出现在距墙面4～6 m的位置,与目前土工合成材料加筋挡墙设计理论的朗肯破坏面位置不同,其原因是目前的挡墙设计理论基于刚性地基假定,未考虑地基变形对筋材应变分布及稳定性的影响。采用该数值模型探讨加长挡墙底部筋材对其稳定性的影响,得出挡墙稳定性与底部筋材加长长度和层数关系密切。得到的挡墙稳定性与筋材加长长度和层数的关系曲线,对于软土地基加筋土挡墙设计有指导意义。     

微型桩破坏机理的数值模拟

强度折减法与具有拉和剪破坏分析功能的有限差分程序FLAC^3D相结合,对同一排内均匀布置的桩心配筋微型桩进行数值分析。岩土体、桩体均采用实体单元,模型采用摩尔-库仑理想弹塑性本构模型,依据微型桩的受力特点考虑了桩体进入塑性状态,得到了单排微型桩和具有纵向连系梁的三排微型桩的应力、应变分布规律和破坏机理。计算表明,单排桩的破坏主要为滑带处的剪切破坏,三排桩为滑带处的拉剪破坏,桩体所承受的最大弯矩和剪力均位于滑带处,混凝土主要起抗剪作用,钢筋提供抗拉和抗剪能力。     

Physical and numerical modelling of strip footing on geogrid reinforced transparent sand

This paper presents the results of laboratory scale plate load tests on transparent soils reinforced with biaxial polypropylene geogrids. The influence of reinforcement length and number of reinforcement layers on the load-settlement response of the reinforced soil foundation was assessed by varying the reinforcement length and the number of geogrid layers, each spaced at 25% of footing width. The deformations of the reinforcement layers and soil under strip loading were examined with the aid of laser transmitters (to illuminate the geogrid reinforcement) and digital camera. A two-dimensional finite difference program was used to study the fracture of geogrid under strip loading considering the geometry of the model tests. The bearing capacity and stiffness of the reinforced soil foundation has increased with the increase in the reinforcement length and number of reinforcement layers, but the increase is more prominent by increasing number of reinforcement layers. The results from the physical and numerical modelling on reinforced soil foundation reveal that fracture of geogrid could initiate in the bottom layer of reinforcement and progress to subsequent upper layers. The displacement and stress contours along with the mobilized tensile force distribution obtained from the numerical simulations have complimented the observations made from the experiments.     

富水砂加卵石双地层锚索现场试验及数值模拟

以锚拉地连墙为支护形式的基坑工程项目为背景,研究了锚固段穿越富水砂加卵石双地层条件下预应力锚索的锚固性能、传力机理、设计计算及优化方法。首先,通过锚索现场拉拔试验发现富水砂加卵石双地层可以提供较好的锚固力,成孔和注浆工效良好。然后,通过调整FLAC^3D中的cable单元的浆体粘结力参数逼近现场试验结果,得到锚固段与砂层与卵石层间的极限粘结强度建议值分别为30 kPa和200 kPa;与锚索传力机理理论解析方法相比,FLAC^3D中cable单元包含12项参数,可以更加全面地考虑多项影响因素,而且可以反映剪应力峰值随锚固段前端屈服向内部转移的动态过程。最后,通过FLAC^3D调整锚固段长度与设置位置达到优化锚索设计的作用。     

黄河冲积地层深基坑支护优化及应用研究

黄河冲积地层的土体软弱、稳定性差、基坑支护困难,施工风险高,极易诱发恶性工程事故。本文以济南省会文化艺术中心大厦深基坑为工程背景,采用现场监测数据分析、统计建模和FLAC^3D数值模拟相结合的方法进行模型优化和辩识参数。以支护桩体水平位移为基坑变形稳定性评价指标,讨论了支护桩插入比、支护桩刚度、锚索预应力等因素对该指标的影响,进而提出了适合于济南市冲积层深基坑支护的合理参数。确保了济南省会文化艺术中心大厦深基坑施工的安全、优质;为同类地层深基坑支护提供了支护设计经验和参考。     

便桥荷载作用下深基坑地下连续墙变形特性分析

为了研究便桥荷载作用下深基坑地下连续墙变形特性,以深圳市地铁6号线科学馆站超深基坑的上跨便桥段支护工程为依托,采用有限差分程序FLAC^3D结合现场监测情况对便桥荷载作用下超深基坑地下连续墙的墙顶沉降、墙顶水平位移和地表沉降等变形特征进行了分析,通过实测与模拟变形对比分析,验证了数值模型的可靠性,在此基础上对便桥荷载作用下的地下连续墙墙底失稳机理进行了探讨,根据极限承载力理论得出了相应稳定性验算公式,并对影响地下连续墙变形的主要因素进行了分析。研究表明:影响地下连续墙变形的主要因素为土层性质、便桥荷载和地下连续墙嵌固深度;墙底土体与墙侧土体比较,前者的强度和刚度对地下连续墙的变形影响更大;便桥荷载作用下地下连续墙容易产生墙底失稳,应对其墙底稳定性进行验算。     

Displacement and load transfer mechanisms of geogrids under pullout condition

Reinforcing elements embedded within soil mass improve stabilization through a load transfer mechanism between the soil and the reinforcement. Geogrids are a type of geosynthetic frequently used for soil reinforcement, consisting of equally spaced longitudinal and transverse ribs. Under pullout conditions, the longitudinal ribs are responsible for tensile resistance, while transverse ribs contribute to a passive resistance. This paper describes a new analytical model capable of reproducing both load transfer and displacement mechanisms on the geogrid length, under pullout conditions. The model subdivides the geogrid into rheological units, composed by friction/adhesion and spring elements, mounted in line. Friction/adhesion elements respond to the shear component mobilized at the soil–geogrid interface. Spring elements respond to the geogrid's tensile elongation. Model parameters are obtained through tensile strength tests on geogrids and conventional direct shear tests on soil specimens. The need for instrumented pullout tests becomes therefore eliminated. Results predicted from this new model were compared to instrumented pullout test data from two types of geogrids, under various confining stress levels. The results revealed that the new model is capable of reasonably predicting load and displacement distributions along the geogrid.     

Behaviour of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall with concrete-rigid facing

Monitoring was carried out during construction of a cast-in-situ concrete-rigid facing geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall in the Gan (Zhou)-Long (Yan) railway main line of China. The monitoring included the vertical foundation pressure and lateral earth pressure of the reinforced soil wall facing, the tensile strain in the reinforcement and the horizontal deformation of the facing. The vertical foundation pressure of reinforced soil retaining wall is non-linear along the reinforcement length, and the maximum value is at the middle of the reinforcement length, moreover the value reduces gradually at top and bottom. The measured lateral earth pressure within the reinforced soil wall is non-linear along the height and the value is less than the active lateral earth pressure. The distribution of tensile strain in the geogrid reinforcements within the upper portion of the wall is single-peak value, but the distribution of tensile strain in the reinforcements within the lower portion of the wall has double-peak values. The potential failure plane within the upper portion of the wall is similar to “0.3H method”, whereas the potential failure plane within portion of the lower wall is closer to the active Rankine earth pressure theory. The position of the maximum lateral displacement of the wall face during construction is within portion of the lower wall, moreover the position of the maximum lateral displacement of the wall face post-construction is within the portion of the top wall. These monitoring results of the behaviour of the wall can be used as a reference for future study and design of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall systems.     

筋土界面变形破坏模式细观试验研究

利用自制的模型试验设备,在平潭标准砂中对玻纤网布和土工格栅进行了一系列拉拔试验,应用数字照相变形量测技术,从细观角度研究土工合成材料(片状的和格栅状的)接触界面的变形模式,得出接触面的形式和厚度,还研究了土工格栅横肋作用下土体的破坏模式。接触界面区域在传统意义上并不被认为是剪切带,本文模型试验的结果表明二者在本质上是一致的。在土工格栅拉拔试验中,土工格栅的位移逐步从前部向后部发挥,出现上下两条接触面区域,其厚度在密砂和松砂拉拔试验中相当于5倍和7.5倍平均颗粒直径;在玻纤网布拉拔试验中,只出现一条接触面,其厚度为7.5倍平均颗粒直径;随着位移的增加,格栅横肋在土中的最大剪应变集中区域呈“x”形,但并不对称。本文揭示了加筋土的宏细观力学机理,研究内容、方法和主要结论可为类似的研究提供参考,并从细观机理上为接触界面的研究提供新的认识和理解。     

加筋风砂土扩展基础的抗拔试验与位移控制计算

承受上拔荷载的扩展基础,可以用上拔位移或上拔荷载作为设计控制条件。在典型沙漠地区进行调研和现场采取土样,进行土工格栅与风砂土的摩擦特性试验,通过室内模型试验研究了上拔荷载作用下土工格栅加筋风砂土地基扩展基础的力学性能,包括荷载、位移、变形、破坏机理和承载能力的研究,提出了有效的土工格栅加筋形式:平铺一层和二层土工格栅。在上述研究基础上,对上拔位移机理进行了分析研究,提出了上拔位移计算模型和上拔位移控制的分析计算方法。     

An experimental evaluation of the behavior of footings on geosynthetic-reinforced sand

This research was performed to investigate the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced sandy soil foundations and to study the effect of different parameters contributing to their performance using laboratory model tests. The parameters investigated in this study included top layer spacing, number of reinforcement layers, vertical spacing between layers, tensile modulus and type of geosynthetic reinforcement, embedment depth, and shape of footing. The effect of geosynthetic reinforcement on the vertical stress distribution in the sand and the strain distribution along the reinforcement were also investigated. The test results demonstrated the potential benefit of using geosynthetic-reinforced sand foundations. The test results also showed that the reinforcement configuration/layout has a very significant effect on the behavior of reinforced sand foundation. With two or more layers of reinforcement, the settlement can be reduced by 20% at all footing pressure levels. Sand reinforced by the composite of geogrid and geotextile performed better than those reinforced by geogrid or geotextile alone. The inclusion of reinforcement can redistribute the applied footing load to a more uniform pattern, hence reducing the stress concentration, which will result reduced settlement. Finally, the results of model tests were compared with the analytical solution developed by the authors in previous studies; and the analytical solution gave a good predication of the experimental results of footing on geosynthetic reinforced sand.