低渗透油藏微生物采油现场试验研究

大庆油田朝阳沟低渗透油藏是高黏度、高含蜡油葳,应用一系列生化分析的方法和手段,评价、监测在该油藏进行的微生物采油矿场试验的效果。试验结果,使用的种微生物在油层条件下都能较好存活,原油黏度的降低比率为43.7％／,含蜡量平均下降32．6％,含胶量平均下降31％,微生物产生的脂肪酸等活性物质降低了油水间的界面张力;气相色谱分析发现,原油中的正构烷烃碳数分布曲线向轻组分方向移动。矿场试验所取得的增油效果证实,利用微生物能提高低渗透油藏的原油采收率,增加原油产量,降低含水率,可能成为较好的增产调整措施之一。图3表5参11     

中原油田的微生物采油试验

中原油田属于典型的高温高盐油藏(温度:60～10℃,矿化度:6×10⁴～2×10⁴ mg/L).采用HUNGATE厌氧技术,从140个地层水样品中富集筛选到了41组混合菌群,细菌形态多为杆状,某些有芽胞.这些培养物最适宜的生长温度为60～80℃,其丰度随矿化度增高而减少.培养物的主要代谢产物--有机酸、醇等既可增大岩层渗透率,又可改变油水界面.因此能大幅度提高原油采收率.中原油田文15块的原油室内试验结果表明,其提高原油采收率在6%以上.井场现场试验亦取得了良好效果,投入产出比达1:4.1.     

生物采油技术在辽河油田稠油开采中的应用

本文介绍辽河油田锦州采油厂开展微生物开采稠油技术试验情况,详细报道了微生物开采稠油技术的现场试验工艺及试验结果,该技术主要用于高含蜡,高胶质,高沥青质的稠油油藏,可改变稠油开采方式,降低开采成本,提高采收率。     

考虑油藏环境因素和微生物因子的微生物采油数学模型

为研究油藏环境耦合作用下微生物驱技术提高采收率机理，建立了能全面反映微生物驱油过程的三维三相六组分数学模型，模型涉及的组分有油、气、水、微生物、营养物以及代谢产物。该模型综合考虑了微生物生长/死亡、营养消耗、产物生成、化学趋向性、对流扩散、油相黏度降低、吸附、解吸附以及油-水界面张力变化等特性。其中，微生物生长动力学方程以Monod模型为基础，考虑油藏环境因素对微生物生长模型的影响且微生物在地上与地下生长速率不一致；同时为了体现菌体对微生物驱油的作用，引入微生物因子到微生物驱油机理中。对微生物生长模型、微生物和营养物的混合溶液注入量、环境抑制系数、最大比生长速率以及微生物因子等进行分析的结果表明，通过完善后的微生物生长方程计算得出的产物浓度要比Monod模型低，但这两种微生物生长方程下的产物浓度的差异对最终采收率的影响较小；随着混合溶液注入量的增长，这两种微生物生长方程下的产物浓度差值和采收率提高幅度将增大；微生物因子对微生物驱油有较大的影响，不同微生物因子下提高原油采收率的绝对误差可高达24.53 %。     

微生物采油对孔隙型和裂缝型油藏的适应性分析

新疆油田公司采油三厂与美国的NPC微生物公司合作,对两种不同类型的低渗透油藏进行了微生物处理,试验结果一西区中三叠统砂砾岩油藏的增产效果明显高于一区石炭系裂缝性基岩油藏。本文就此分析了低渗透油藏的渗透率、孔隙度、矿化度及渗流机理的差异对微生物工艺的影响,并提出了针对特殊油藏,须适当调整措施方式,做出最优化的处理方案及引入时时监测技术的建议。     

微生物采油中微生物对原油作用的研究

长庆油田采用美国ＮＰＣ公司的商品微生物，分两次在３２口井上进行了１１６井次的微生物单井吞吐采油试验，效果显著。通过测定微生物处理前后油井产出的原油组成（含蜡量和烃组成）和物性（凝固点、粘度）、原油伴生水中有机酸含量和水的表面张力等的变化，以及在室内将油井产出的含水原油与微生物混合培养后测定生成气体的组成，研究了微生物对原油的作用：产生Ｃ６以下气态烃、少量ＣＯ２、Ｎ２和Ｈ２，使原油轻质化，产生有机酸和其他表面活性物质。本文报告了此项研究的结果。     

微生物采油技术与油田化学剂

微生物采油技术研究和现场应用范围不断扩大，前景良好。本专论叙述了微生物采油与油田化学剂之间的关系，共分6个部分；①影响微生物采油的油田化学剂简介；②化学剂对微生物的不良作用，包括对微生物呼吸作用，蛋白质、核酸、结构大分子合成及细胞壁功能的直接影响和通过改变环境介质渗透压、氧化还原位，pH值对微生物生长的间接影响；③化学剂影响的评价，包括测定最低影响浓度、作用持续时间，并考虑化学剂在地层内的变化；④化学剂不利影响的消除，包括筛选具有抗某种化学剂的菌种，培育具有特定性能的菌种，如可用于聚合物驱后油田的可降解聚合物的菌种。⑤微生物采油需要的化学剂：碳源、氮源、磷源等，利用内源微生物的驱油技术。⑥简短结论。     

微生物采油的地质基础及筛选标准

微生物采油是利用微生物的活动及其代谢物强化采油的技术。主要机理是微生物使重烃降解，降低原油粘度，其代谢物能降低油－水－岩石界面张力，改善油－水流度比，增加驱油效率和波及面积，代谢过程中产生的气体能发迹油的流动能力，增加油层岩石的渗透性。     

稠油微生物开采技术现状及进展

综述了用微生物方法开采稠油的技术现状与进展，论题如下。①概述。②基本方法：异源微生物采油，包括微生物吞吐和微生物驱；本源微生物采油压大港孔店油田的实例。③主要机理，包括产表面活性剂，降解稠油中重质组分及其他。④技术研究，包括机理性、可行性及经济效益研究，列举了国内外6个实例。⑤现场应用，包括国外1个、国内6个实例。⑥该技术的优势及问题。参22。     

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)

Abstract

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) represents the use of microorganisms to extract the remaining oil from reservoirs. This technique has the potential to be cost-efficient in the extraction of oil remained trapped in capillary pores of the formation rock or in areas not swept by the classical or modern enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, such as combustion, steams, miscible displacement, caustic surfactant-polymers flooding, etc. Thus, MEOR was developed as an alternative method for the secondary and tertiary extraction of oil from reservoirs, since after the petroleum crises in 1973, the EOR methods became less profitable. Starting even from the pioneering stage of MEOR (1950s) studies were run on three broad areas, namely, injection, dispersion, and propagation of microorganisms in petroleum reservoirs; selective degradation of oil components to improve flow characteristics; and metabolites production by microorganisms and their effects.     

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) represents the use of microorganisms to extract the remaining oil from reservoirs. This technique has the potential to be cost-efficient in the extraction of oil remained trapped in capillary pores of the formation rock or in areas not swept by the classical or modern enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, such as combustion, steams, miscible displacement, caustic surfactant-polymers flooding, etc. Thus, MEOR was developed as an alternative method for the secondary and tertiary extraction of oil from reservoirs, since after the petroleum crises in 1973, the EOR methods became less profitable. Starting even from the pioneering stage of MEOR (1950s) studies were run on three broad areas, namely, injection, dispersion, and propagation of microorganisms in petroleum reservoirs; selective degradation of oil components to improve flow characteristics; and metabolites production by microorganisms and their effects.     

激活内源微生物提高原油采收率技术

微生物采油技术可按微生物来源分为外源微生物采油和内源微生物采油两大类，本文综述了通过注入营养剂和混气水激活油层内本源微生物的采油技术，该项技术的工艺较简单，在俄罗斯已进入较大规模的矿场应用试验。综述的论题包括；绪言；基本原理，矿场试验及相关研究；矿场试验设计；矿场试验跟踪监测；对中国微生物采油技术发展的意义。     

Studies on the Production of Biosurfactant for the Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery by Using Bacteria Isolated from Oil Contaminated Wet Soil

Abstract

There are obvious advantages of biosurfactants over chemical surfactants. The developing shortage of oil and rapid increase of oil prices is putting pressure on oil companies to recover as much oil as possible from the wells to sustain the oil economy. Therefore, there is a need to research some “super bugs,” which can produce active and stable biosurfactants in good yields. Five bacterial strains presently isolated from the oil-contaminated soil were selected for the screening for biosurfactant production, via three different methods: surface tension measurements, drop-collapsing test, and emulsification index (EI₂₄) test. Two thermophillic isolates coded as SGI and LFA were found to be the suitable candidates for biosurfactant production. In fact, the biosurfactant produced by the isolate SGI led to the reduction of surface tension up to 26 m/N/m; thus, SGI was selected for the further studies. Biosurfactant production by the thermophillic isolate SGI was found to be growth-associated in all conditions tested. Biosurfactant production using different cheaper carbon substrates was studied. The production of biosurfactant was also studied using isolate SGI, under different conditions of high temperature, NaCl concentration, pH, carbon source, and initial nitrogen concentration. The biosurfactant was found to produce a relatively stable emulsion with hydrocarbons at a wide range of pH. It was also found to be stable at various pH ranges (7.0–14.0) for SGI and was also found to be thermostable for 1 hr at 125°C, based on the value of surface tension. There is a wide array of further studies in the area of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) including further boosting the activity of the isolate by using adaptation, enrichment, and nutrient enrichment techniques.     

DNA检测技术及其在微生物采油中的应用

专题论文。第一节简述了聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术的特点、原理及在微生物采油中的作用。第二节介绍了菌种16S rRNA基因碱基序列分析的操作程序，包括基因扩增及精翻、16S rRNA基因克隆、荧光标识基因序列PCR扩增、基因碱基序列及微生物属种确定，给出了2个MEOR菌的基因碱基序列及属种。第三节介绍了多酶切和混合酶切两种PCR．RFLP基因检测技术(RFLP：限制性片段长度多态性)，后一种方法使操作减少l／4。第四节介绍了直接DNA扩增基因检测技术，包括平板菌落法(检测时间2d)和最大可能数法(当天得检测结果)，DNA模板制备及其反应体系，电泳法检测及菌种检出。第五节介绍了DNA基因检测技术在吉林油田多项微生物采油矿场试验中的应用，包括常在菌对微生物采油影响分析．微生物单井吞吐、微生物清防蜡、微生物调驱效果分析，多功能案采油菌构建的实验探索。图2参9。     

微生物提高原油采收率室内研究进展

介绍了一套简便易行的用于微生物采油菌株筛选的程序和室内微生物驱油模拟实验装置及模拟过程。简要阐明了微生物的采油机理,并对吸附、扩散、细菌代谢、营养、孔隙度、渗透率等因素的影响进行了分析。不同细菌具有不同的驱油效果;培养基类型对原油采收率的影响较大,利用糖蜜培养的细菌其采收率优于采用葡萄糖培养的;油层的孔隙度越大,越有利于细菌的增殖,从而使原油采收率提高。考虑到采油成本,以原油为唯一碳源的研究更有前景。最后简单介绍了聚合酶链式反应并展望了微生物采油技术的前景。     

The Application of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology in Shengli Oilfield

For the last 20 years Shengli oilfield has done research into the application of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). The authors summarize and analyze MEOR progress in mechanism research and field application in Shengli oilfield. The results indicate MEOR could improve oil recovery after water flooding and polymer flooding with multiple mechanisms. Cumulative oil increment of MEOR application on seven blocks was 212,366 t. The research and application of MEOR should concentrate on air assisted microbial flooding and indigenous microbial flooding in the future.     

PBS菌的趋化性与提高原油采收率机理

实验验证了PBS菌的趋化性,在物理模型上考察了PBS菌的驱油机理和效果.PBS菌为假单胞杆菌属,兼性厌氧,可利用原油为碳源生长,代谢产物主要为化学结构已确认的一种鼠李糖脂,以及少量脂肪酸、有机醇、气体等.菌液中PBS菌数105～106个/mL,培养温度51℃,实验原油51℃下粘度35.2 mPa·s,驱替水矿化度3.7 g/L.在显微镜载玻片上培养0.5天后,距油水界面10 μm以内的水相(菌液+营养液)中菌数达108个/mL,2天后更达109个/mL,而在10 μm以外的水相中仅为103个/mL.在玻璃盒内培养0.5天后,靠近油水界面处水相中菌数为109个/mL,pH值4.4,鼠李糖脂浓度2.87 g/dL,距油水界面10、20、30 mm处水相中,菌数分别为107、106、105～104个/mL,形成细菌浓度分布梯度.以上实验结果用细菌的趋化性解释.在仿真网络模型上,水驱油后注入1 PV菌液+营养液,51℃培养10天后再水驱,观察并记录了以下驱油机理①乳化-携带,启动剩余油;②剥离油膜或油团;③堵塞大孔道,液流转向.在渗透率1 μm2的板状填砂模型上水驱油采收率为48%,注入1 PV菌液+营养液,在51℃培养10天后再水驱,提高采收率13.6%.图12参6.