以三氟化硼为原料制备硼粉工艺的研究进展

综述了以三氟化硼为原料,分别采用金属热还原法、熔盐电解法及气相沉积法制备硼粉的三种工艺路线,分析和比较了每条工艺路线制备硼粉的纯度、产率及其优缺点,提出了一条以三氟化硼为原料先制备硼烷,再由硼烷采用流化床-化学气相沉积法高效、低能、产业化制备硼粉的工艺路线。     

Preparation of Ultra—fine Aluminum Nitride in Thermal Plasma

Ultra-fine aluminum nitride has been synthesized by the evaporation of aluminum powder at atmospheric-pressure nitrogen plasma in a hot-wall reactor.The average size of aluminum nitride particle is 0.11μm measured by scanning electric mirror(SEM),and the purity is at least over90% evaluated by X-Ray diffraction(XRD).The conversion of Al powder to aluminum nitride is strongly depended on the injection of NH3.Typical experimental parameters such as the feed rate of raw material,the flow rate of ammonia and the position of injecting aluminum powder into the reactor are given.     

Preliminary Study of Thermal Treatment of Coke Wastewater Sludge Using Plasma Torch

Thermal plasma was applied for the treatment of coke wastewater sludge derived from the steel industry in order to investigate the feasibility of the safe treatment and energy recovery of the sludge. A 30 k W plasma torch system was applied to study the vitrification and gas production of coke wastewater sludge. Toxicity leaching results indicated that the sludge treated via the thermal plasma process converted into a vitrified slag which resisted the leaching of heavy metals. CO2 was utilized as working gas to study the production and heat energy of the syngas. The heating value of the gas products by thermal plasma achieved 8.43 k J/L, indicating the further utilization of the gas products. Considering the utilization of the syngas and recovery heat from the gas products, the estimated treatment cost of coke wastewater sludge via plasma torch was about 0.98 CNY/kg sludge in the experiment. By preliminary economic analysis, the dehydration cost takes an important part of the total sludge treatment cost. The treatment cost of the coke wastewater sludge with 50 wt.% moisture was calculated to be about 1.45 CNY/kg sludge dry basis. The treatment cost of the coke wastewater sludge could be effectively controlled by decreasing the water content of the sludge. These findings suggest that an economic dewatering pretreatment method could be combined to cut the total treatment cost in an actual treatment process.     

Cytotoxicity of Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Films Prepared by Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition

Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond(NCD) exhibits extraordinary mechanical properties and chemical stability,making it highly suitable for biomedical applications.For implant materials,the impact of boron-doped NCD films on the character of cell growth(i.e.,adhesion,proliferation) is very important.Boron-doped NCD films with resistivity of 10~(-2)Ω·cm were grown on Si substrates by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD) process with H_2 bubbled B_2O_3.The crystal structure,diamond character,surface morphology,and surface roughness of the boron-doped NCD films were analyzed using different characterization methods,such as X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and atomic force microscopy(AFM).The contact potential difference and possible boron distribution within the film were studied with a scanning kelvin force microscope(SKFM).The cytotoxicity of films was studied by in vitro tests,including fluorescence microscopy,SEM and MTT assay.Results indicated that the surface roughness value of NCD films was 56.6 nm and boron was probably accumulated at the boundaries between diamond agglomerates.MG-63 cells adhered well and exhibited a significant growth on the surface of films,suggesting that the boron-doped NCD films were non-toxic to cells.     

Influenceof the Laminar Plasma Torch Construction on the Jet Characteristics

Based on two typical laminar plasma torches(LPT), i.e. a multi-electrode plasma torch(MEPT) with segmented anode structure and a two-electrode plasma torch(TEPT) with conventional structure, this paper studied the influence of the LPTs construction on the jet characteristics. Experiments were designed to measure their arc voltage, jet length, thermal efficiency and specific enthalpy using a home-made data acquisition system. With them, the jet characteristics of the two different LPTs were compared in detail. Results show that different plasma torch construction leads to distinctively different characteristics of the generated plasma jet. Based on the different jet characteristics, a plasma torch with appropriate construction could be used to meet the different application requirements.     

反萃沉淀法制备草酸铜超细粉体

采用反萃沉淀法,以H₂C₂O₄乙醇水溶液反萃CCl₄-TOA-CuCl₂组成的有机相中的铜离子,利用相界面传质反应过程获取CuC₂O₄超细粉体。采用X射线衍射分析、电子显微分析（SEM和TEM）、激光粒度分析等手段,考察了有机相铜浓度、反萃液中乙醇的浓度、反萃温度以及反萃时间等操作条件对草酸铜超细粉体的粒径和形貌的影响。结果表明,在反萃沉淀过程中,有机相中铜浓度、反萃液中乙醇浓度、反萃温度对草酸铜沉淀颗粒的粒径和粒径分布影响较大,反萃时间的影响小;在适宜条件（有机相中TOA40%(体积比)和Cu²⁺浓度0.1mol/L,反萃液中草酸浓度0.1mol/L和乙醇浓度80%（体积比）,反萃温度15℃以及反萃时间2h）下,可制备粒径约100nm的草酸铜超细粉体,粉体为蓝青色单斜晶系结构的球形颗粒。     

Optical Characterization of Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon(a-C:H)Thin Films Prepared by Single RF Plasma Method

Methane(CH4) plasma was used to produce amorphous hydrogenated carbon(aC:H) films by a single capacitively coupled radio frequency(RF) powered plasma system.The system consists of two parallel electrodes:the upper electrode is connected to 13.56 MHz RF power and the lower one is connected to the ground.Thin films were deposited on glass slides with different sizes and on silicon wafers.The influence of the plasma species on film characteristics was studied by changing the plasma parameters.The changes of plasma species during the deposition were investigated by optical emission spectroscopy(OES).The structural and optical properties were analyzed via Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD) and UV-visible spectroscopy,and the thicknesses of the samples were measured by a profilometer.The sp~3/sp~2 ratio and the existing H atoms play a significant role in the determination of the chemical properties of thin films in the plasma.The film quality and deposition rate were both increased by raising the power and the flow rate.     

Study of Nanodispersed Iron Oxides Produced in Steel Drilling by Contracted Electric-Arc Air Plasma Torch

The optimal conditions on the plasma-forming gas flowrate, discharge current and voltage, distance between the plasma-torch nozzle and the metal plate surface for the process of penetration in and vaporization of steel plates by the contracted electric-arc air plasma torch accompanied by water quenching, were determined. The X-ray structural and phase studies as well as Mossbauer and electron microscope studies on the samples treated were performed. It was demonstrated that the vaporized elemental iron was oxidized by the oxygen present in the air plasma jet to form iron oxides （wiistite, magnetite, hematite）, which, depending on their mass ra- tios, determined the color of the iron oxide pigments, namely, beginning from light yellow, through deep yellow, light brown, deep brown, violet, red-violet, to black. A high degree of dispersity of the iron oxides is thus produced, with an averaged diameter of the particles below 500 nm, and their defective crystal structure form the basis of their potential application as components of iron-containing catalysts and pigments.     

Time-Dependent 2D Modeling of Magnetron Plasma Torch in Turbulent Flow

A theoretical model is presented to describe the electromagnetic, heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena within a magnetron plasma torch and in the resultant plume, by using a commercial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code FLUENT. Specific calculations are pre- sented for a pure argon system （i.e., an argon plasma discharging into an argon environment）, operated in a turbulent mode. An important finding of this work is that the external axial magnetic field （AMF） may have a significant effect on the behavior of arc plasma and thus affects the resulting plume. The AMF impels the plasma to retract axially and expand radially. As a result, the plasma intensity distribution on the cross section of torch seems to be more uniform. Numerical results also show that with AMF, the highest plasma temperature decreases and the anode arc root moves upstream significantly, while the current density distribution at the anode is more concentrated with a higher peak value. In addition, the use of AMF then induces a strong backflow at the torch spout and its magnitude increases with the AMF strength but decreases with the inlet gas velocity.     

等离子体气相凝聚技术制备铜纳米团簇薄膜的沉积速率研究

采用等离子体气相凝聚技术并结合差分抽气技术产生铜纳米团簇束流,然后在衬底上沉积铜纳米团簇薄膜,研究了溅射电流、氩气流量和结露区长度对其沉积速率的影响。利用X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜对薄膜微结构进行了表征。结果表明：保持其他参数不变的情况下,增加溅射电流和氩气流量,铜纳米团簇薄膜的沉积速率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而结露区长度对沉积速率的影响无明显规律,这主要归因于铜纳米团簇粒子的平均自由程变化。铜纳米团簇薄膜主要由粒径约为几纳米的团簇颗粒组成,其结晶程度较低。     

射频感应等离子体制备球形Ti粉的工艺

采用射频(RF)感应等离子体球化颗粒形状不规则的Ti颗粒。研究了加料速率、物料分散方式、Ti颗粒大小等因素对球化率的影响。电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观察的球化效果以及对钛粉振实密度的测定表明:当钛原粉以极短暂时间快速穿越等离子体炬时,钛粉颗粒因受热而熔化成液滴,快速冷却,形成球形固态颗粒。     

Surface Cracking Behaviors of Ultra-Fine Grained Tungsten Under Edge Plasma Loading in the HT-7 Tokamak

Tests of the candidate plasma facing materials(PFMs) used in experimental fusion devices are essential due to the direct influence of in-situ plasma loading.A type of ultrafine grained(UFG) tungsten sintered by resistance sintering under ultra-high pressure(RSUHP) method has been exposed in the edge plasma of the HT-7 tokamak to investigate its performance under plasma loading.Under cychc edge plasma loading,the UFG tungsten develops both macro and micro cracks.The macro cracks are attributed to the low temperature brittleness of the tungsten material itself,while the micro cracks are generated from local intense power flux deposition.     

Characteristics and Thermal Efficiency of a Non-transferred DC Plasma Spraying Torch Under Low Pressure

Current-voltage （I-V） characteristics of a non-transferred DC arc plasma spray torch operated in argon at vacuum are reported. The arc voltage is of negative characteristics for a current below 200 A, fiat for a current between 200 A to 250 A and positive for a current beyond 250 A. The voltage increases slowly with the increase in carrier gas of arc. The rate of change in voltage with currents is about 3-4 V/100 A at a gas flow rate of about 1-1.5 V/10 standard liter per minute （slpm）. The I-V characteristics of the DC plasma torch are of a shape of hyperbola. Arc power increases with the argon flow rate. and the thermal efficiency of the torch acts in a similar way. The thermal efficiency of the non-transferred DC plasmatron is about 65-78%.     

Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes by Permeation through Metal Plate Prepared by Powder Metallurgical Technique

Outdoor ²²²Rn concentrations were measured with electrostatic integrating radon monitors (EIRM) at 40 points around Nagoya, in which 15 sets of 2-month-exposure data over 2.5 yr were obtained. Seasonal variation of ²²²Rn concentration showed a clear pattern which had a spring-to-summer minimum and an autumn-to-winter maximum. Annual means ²²²Rn concentration ranged 3.5~11.7 Bq·m^?3 depending on locations. Higher concentrations were obtained in mountainous regions while lower concentrations were obtained near the sea. The relation between atmospheric ²²²Rn concentration and uranium content of granitic rocks was also discussed. High level ²²²Rn concentrations were obtained over areas of granitic rocks which were comparatively uranium-rich. As an almost linear relationship was recognized between the ²²²Rn concentration and exposure rate due to external natural radiation, a close correlation was anticipated between the concentration and ²²⁶Ra content of soil. From the obtained regional distribution of ²²²Rn concentration, per caput lung dose in the area was estimated to be about 0.44±0.11 mSv·yr^?1.     

粉末冶金法制备多孔U-10%Mo合金及其微观组织结构分析

U-Mo合金是近期广受关注的金属型核燃料材料之一,它具有良好的抗辐照肿胀能力。分析认为,若能在U-Mo合金中加入一定的孔隙,可起到容纳裂变气体以进一步提高其抗辐照肿胀性能的作用。本文利用冷等静压 真空固相烧结的粉末冶金方法制备低密度U-10%Mo合金材料,探索了烧结工艺对产品密度的影响规律。实验得到了一系列不同孔隙度的U-Mo合金材料,利用金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对其微观结构进行了表征。结果证明,样品在1 100 ℃下烧结时密度随烧结时间的延长而提高,因此可通过改变烧结时间控制其孔隙率。     

Surface Modification of Nanometre Silicon Carbide Powder with Polystyrene by Inductively Coupled Plasma

An investigation was made into polystyrene （PS） grafted onto nanometre silicon carbide （SIC） particles. In our experiment, the grafting polymerization reaction was induced by a radio frequency （RF） inductively coupled plasma （ICP） treatment of the nanometre powder. FTIR （Fourier transform infrared spectrum） and XPS （X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy） results reveal that PS is grafted onto the surface of silicon carbide powder. An analysis is presented on the effectiveness of this approach as a function of plasma operating variables including the plasma treating power, treating time, and grafting reaction temperature and time.     

A New Grade Carbon Black Produced by Thermal Plasma Process

This paper presents a new route about producing carbon black,by wich the natural gas cracking is carried out in the absence of oxygen thanks to an electric energy supply externally given by a plasma jet.The carbon black produced by this process has a narrow size distribution and a small average diameter of 38nm as well as a highly branched aggregate.The higher DBP value of 1.40ml/g shows it should be a high structure carbon black.The FTIR spectra shows that there are lots of aromatic c-c bonds and a large amount of nitrogen-coutaining functional groups on the carbon blacks surface,such as-NH,-CN as we3ll as -CH,-OH,-COOH groups.     

Effect of Neutron-Irradiation on Thermal Conductivity,Electric Resistivity and Thermal Expansion of Boron Carbide

Boron carbide possessing porosities of 91 and 77%T.D. were irradiated at about 300°C to 6.0x10¹⁸～ 3.3×10¹⁹ n/cm² in helium atmosphere. The thermal conductivity, the electric resistivity and the linear thermal expansion were determined. Upon irradiation to 3.3×10¹⁹ n/cm², cracking occurred in all of the 91%T.D. specimens and in two of the five 77%T.D. specimens. The thermal conductivity changed with irradiation more markedly in the case of the 77%T.D. specimen, which also increased its specific electric resistivity by a factor of 10⁴, while that of the 91%T.D. specimen increased by less than 10-fold. This significant difference in thermal and electric conductivity change by irradiation is attributed to the difference in microstructure. It was observed that the recovery of radiation damage began at about 300°C when the specimens were subjected to heating and the changes observed in respect of thermal conductivity, electric resistivity and linear thermal expansion.     

Preparation of Spherical Bi2O3 Powder by Plasma and Precipitation Processes

Spherical Bi2O3 powder prepared by plasma chemical vapor reaction and aqueous chemical precipitation is studied. The superfine spherical Bi2O3 powder with an average diameter of 1 μm is made by plasma process. During the precipitation process, the micrograph of the Bi2O3 powder can be controlled through the reaction temperature, the rate of addition of the precipitation reagent, the reaction time and the amount of the dispersant. Accordingly, spherical Bi2O3 powder with diameters ranging from 2μm to 3μm is prepared. The spherical Bi2O3 particles have such advantages as uniform size distribution and excellent dispersing property. ZnO varistors made from the resultant powder exhibit properties of a low discharge voltage ratio, great eligibility coefficient measured by a rectangle wave of 2 ins 800 A and good stability in the above characteristics.