聚醚胺汽油清净剂的合成及应用研究

研究了聚醚胺类汽油清净剂的合成、精制及其防锈与清净性能。实验结果表明：在不增加燃烧室积炭（CCD）生成量的前提下,聚醚胺类汽油清净剂对发动机进气阀具有优异的清净性能;将聚醚多元醇、聚醚胺、酰胺醇胺等物质作为携带剂与曼尼希清净剂进行复配,可有效抑制燃烧室沉积物的生成。     

聚醚多元醇精制技术进展

介绍了聚醚多元醇精制的中和吸附法和离子交换法，对两种精制方法进行了比较。一般情况下，聚醚多元醇的精制可只采用中和吸附法，为了得到质量更高的产品，可考虑再用离子交换法。     

一种聚羧酸减水剂单体聚醚的精制及应用

聚羧酸减水剂单体聚醚的精制就是将反应过程中引入体系的催化剂钾钠离子除去,使产品中的钾钠离子达到10ppm以下。对聚羧酸减水剂单体聚醚的精制进行了研究,探索了单体聚醚的精制工艺条件。通过大量实验数据筛选,得到聚羧酸减水剂单体聚醚的精制条件为:采用磷酸作为中和剂,且磷酸∶Na H(物质的量比)=1.15～1.30时,钾钠离子总量和产品pH值指标均合格。将精制后的单体聚醚与未精制的单体聚醚在同等条件下合成聚羧酸减水剂,对比结果为:精制后的单体聚醚合成的聚羧酸减水剂的性能得到了更大的提升。     

聚醚多元醇精制工艺改进

在聚醚多元醇中和精制过程中，加入无机盐水合物的ＢＨＴ，使中和过程涌在水含量小于１％条件下进行。工业试验结果表明，精制时间可缩短２０％以上，提高了生产效率。聚醚多元醇质量符合要求。     

纳微结构聚醚酮结晶物生产工艺及设备的开发

为缩短聚醚酮精制时间、降低能耗,将试验中间歇操作获得纳微结构聚醚酮结晶物的制备方法,改进成一种连续的工艺并应用于生产。运行结果表明:160℃左右结晶的聚醚酮在混合物中的晶型全部类似海绵状,晶体间孔隙较大、空隙率高,其精制时间是12.3h,为原传送带水冷精制时间的65.4%。对同批次结晶的聚醚酮进行物性检测对比,未见发生变化。此工艺较大程度的降低了聚醚酮精制的能耗,提高了生产效率。     

聚氨酯用的聚醚精制技术

随着聚氨酯工业的不断发展,对聚氨酯用的聚醚精制技术要求也日益提高。目前国内有关聚醚精制的资料很少,一般都是理论叙述,遇到实际问题就无法解决。本文结合生产实践对聚醚精制技术进行探讨。     

聚醚酮不同结晶温度对其精制的影响

为了更有利于聚醚酮从结晶混合物中分离出来,探索了其结晶条件对其结晶物形态及精制时间的影响。采用特制的恒温制片板,在不同温度、不同恒温时间下获得聚醚酮结晶物,用液泛提取器对其进行精制。结果表明:聚醚酮产物在速冷时晶体类似层岩状,晶体间隙小,精制时间长;在130—155℃及165—190℃,晶体为球形,晶体间有小的孔洞;在160℃左右时,聚醚酮在混合物中的晶型类似海绵状,晶体间孔隙较大,空隙率高,形成均匀纳微结构界面,更有利于精制过程的传质,其精制时间是12.6 h.为速冷精制时间的69.3%。对同批次不同温度下结晶的聚醚酮进行物性检测,其性能未发生变化。此结果对聚醚酮结晶工艺的设计、达到节能降耗、提高生产效益具有指导意义。     

高活性低不饱和度聚醚多元醇的精制

对高活性低不饱和度聚醚多元醇的精制进行了研究。实验确定了较佳的中和剂用量、吸附剂种类和用量,精制的高活性低不饱和度聚醚多元醇的性能与进口产品相当。     

精制聚醚的新方法

采用有机酸DH_2配方在聚醚中与K~ 生成沉淀以精制聚醚。在N-330、N-220、N-210、N-204、N-115等五种聚醚及N-33025消泡剂上试验,结果甚为理想。DH_2用量少,能回收再生使用,可消除三废。聚醚经发泡后成品,其白度较进口同类产品高。可作为创世界名牌产品精制聚醚的最佳配方。     

α—烯丙基齐聚氧化乙烯—氧化丙烷甲醚的合成

以烯丙醇为起始剂，先合成了α-烯丙基齐聚氧化乙烯-氧化丙烯单醇；再加入甲醇溶液使聚醚的羟基转化为醇钠基团；加入一氯甲烷进行封端反应，经精制，得到α-烯丙基齐聚氧化乙烯-氧化丙烯甲醚，考察了聚醚合成时反应温度、KOH用量对聚醚羟值的影响，尤其研究了聚醚羟基封端工艺中反应条件对产品质量的影响，实验表明采用旋转薄膜蒸发器进行封端反应，封端效率高。制备设计相对分子质量为3000的烯丙基齐聚醚，得到的聚醚羟值在22.3mgKOH/g。当羟基/甲醇钠/一氯甲烷摩尔比为1:2:2.5。110℃真空脱甲醇1h，加入一氯甲烷后在80℃反应1h，封端率可达90%以上，所得低聚物主要用于非水解型（Si-C型）聚氨酯泡沫匀泡剂的合成。     

Gas transport behavior of semicrystalline syndiotactic polystyrene containing α and β crystalline forms

Solid-state structure of syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS) after crystallization from the melt and the glassy state was examined by differential scanning calorimetry, density and X-ray diffraction analysis (WAXS). It was possible to prepare semicrystalline s-PS containing pure α (α″ or α′ modifications) and pure β crystalline forms with different crystallinities (0-40%). The measurements confirmed the low density of both crystalline forms, which in the case of α crystalline form was smaller and in the case of β crystalline form was slightly larger than the density of the glassy amorphous s-PS. Oxygen and carbon dioxide gas permeability, diffusion and solubility of semicrystalline s-PS containing different crystalline forms were studied as a function of crystallinity. These measurements confirmed that more dense β crystalline form was impermeable for the transport of small gas molecules while less dense α crystalline form was highly gas permeable. Unusual gas transport behavior of the α crystalline form was attributed to porous crystalline structure containing the nanochannels. Despite the porous structure, α crystalline form showed very low oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility compared to gas solubility in the amorphous phase. The proposed diffusion model explained the characteristic features of the gas permeation behavior for chemically ‘inert’ small gas molecules in the permeation medium consisting of glassy amorphous polymer with dispersed porous crystalline phase containing the nanochannels. A new relaxation process with the maximum at about −35 °C was observed in semicrystalline s-PS containing the α crystals and was associated with the porous structure of this crystalline form.     

无光釉的结晶动力学研究

本文通过差热分析(DTA)对无光釉的析晶动力学问题进行了研究,求出了它的析晶活化能E;并借用一种新的动力学判据Ky(T),给出了它析晶能力大小.并发现在无光釉中引入成核剂TiO2后会降低它的析晶能力,工艺条件的改变会使它的析晶活化能增大,析晶能力增强.     

液晶聚氨酯材料的合成及应用研究进展

简要介绍了液晶聚氨酯材料的分类,分析了主链型液晶聚氨酯与侧链型液晶聚氨酯的合成方法及其结构与性能。综述了液晶聚氨酯材料在液晶显示、光致诱导、形状记忆、生物医药等方面的研究与应用,并提出了其今后的发展方向。     

Influence of thermal history on the formation of liquid crystalline phase of hydroxyethyl cellulose acetate

The influence of thermal history on the formation of HECA liquid crystalline phase was studied by DSC. It was found that the degree of ordering in the liquid crystalline phase was heterogeneous, and the multiphase transformation appears when the liquid crystalline phase transformed to the isotropic one. When HECA was annealed in the liquid crystalline state, the parts with the lower degree of ordering could transform to ones with the higher degree of ordering, and the temperature and the enthalpy of the phase transformation from the liquid crystalline phase to the isotropic phase increased. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 1137–1142, 1998     

Effect of heat‐sealing temperature on the properties of OPP/CPP heat seals. Part II. Crystallinity and thermomechanical properties

The crystalline structure of the heat‐sealed part of oriented polypropylene (OPP) and cast polypropylene (CPP) films was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA). The relationship between the crystalline structure and the mechanical properties was analyzed. It was found that the high total crystallinity of both OPP and CPP gave rise to good mechanical properties and that the orientation of the crystalline structure in the OPP film also was an important factor. The optimum condition for heat sealing was the temperature at which total crystallinity was highest while still retaining the crystalline orientation of OPP. The assessment of crystalline orientation by TMA is an innovation initiated by the authors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 513–519, 2006     

热处理对β成核聚丙烯结晶结构及力学性能的影响

采用广角X衍射(WAXD)研究了热处理对β成核聚丙烯(β—PP)结晶结构的影响，并考察了不同热处理条件下的力学性能。研究表明，随着热处理温度的升高，β—PP的结晶度增大，结晶形态由β晶型逐渐转变为α晶型。当PP完全转化为α晶型时，其拉件强度及弯曲强度提高，而悬臂梁缺口冲击强度和断裂伸长率却降至最低，由韧性材料转变为刚性材料。该结果说明了在生产工艺中控制合适温度的必要性。     

Purification of Acetic Acid Wastewater using Layer Melt Crystallization

Abstract

Ice crystalline layers were prepared from a binary eutectic mixture of acetic acid and water using layer melt crystallization. The crystalline layers were obtained under the conditions of the cooling temperature at 269, 268, and 267 K, the feed compositions of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 wt% acetic acid, and the cooling rates of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 K/min. After crystallization, sweating operations were carried out for various crystalline layers obtained in crystallization. The effect of sweating on the impurity behavior inside crystalline layer was investigated. The crystalline layer formed in higher growth rate was purified more easily by sweating operations. Effective distribution coefficient in the sweating process was in the range of 0.2 to 0.01, which depended on the crystalline layers formed in crystallization process. Eventually, layer melt crystallization can be used for the treatment of acetic acid wastewater.     

氧化铬对菱镁矿风化石制备堇青石材料的影响

本研究以辽南地区菱镁矿风化石、工业氧化铝、二氧化硅微粉为原料制备堇青石材料,研究分析氧化铬对制备堇青石材料中晶相、晶胞参数、晶相含量及显微结构的影响.用XRD和SEM表征各试样中的晶相和显微结构;用X' Pert Plus软件对晶相的晶胞参数和晶相含量进行分析.结果表明:以菱镁矿风化石为原料经过1350℃烧成可以制备出以堇青石为主晶相的堇青石材料.氧化铬与堇青石形成有限的固溶体,当氧化铬加入量为0.8％时,堇青石晶格常数及晶胞体积都最大;小于1.2％的氧化铬的加入会降低了系统中晶相的含量,当氧化铬加入量大于1.2％时,系统中晶相的含量随着氧化铬加入量的增加而逐渐增大.     

Permeability of oxygen and nitrogen gases in ethyl cellulose solid films retaining cholesteric liquid crystalline order

Ethyl cellulose (EC) films that retain lyotropic and thermotropic cholesteric liquid crystalline order, and an amorphous EC film were prepared. The liquid crystalline order was identified by optical measurements. The comparative permeability of oxygen and nitrogen gases for three kinds of EC film was determined, and the applicability of the EC films that retained cholesteric liquid crystalline order to oxygen enrichment are discussed. The permeability of oxygen or nitrogen gas for the liquid crystalline films was lower than that for the amorphous ones. The activation energy for the permeability coefficient of oxygen gas was ca. 3.5 kcal/mol. The ratio of permeability coefficient for oxygen gas to that for nitrogen gas was less than 4. Interestingly, the permselectivity of oxygen and nitrogen gases for the liquid crystalline films was greater than that for the amorphous ones. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

成核剂对聚丙烯结晶性能形态及性能的影响

运用实验方法合成了不同结晶形态的聚丙烯，并通过扫描电镜及实验结果进行分析。探讨了不同结晶形态对PP熔体流动速率、热学性能、物理力学性能的影响。结果表明，不同结晶形态的PP其性能差别很大。