产酶培养条件对一株嗜酸乳杆菌亚油酸异构酶活力的影响

本实验用MRS培养基嗜酸乳杆菌,并通过添加亚油酸(LA)诱导其产亚油酸异构酶。单因素试验结果表明,在MRS培养基中添加糖类物质总体上不利于产酶,添加尿素、牛肉膏、酵母膏、酪蛋白等有机氮源后,酶活力比对照组有较大幅度提高,而添加无机氮源酶活力增加幅度不如有机氮源。在培养基中添加一定量的NaCl和卵磷脂也有助于酶活力的提高。由正交试验结果确定的最佳产酶条件为:培养温度37℃,培养时间24h,每100ml培养基中添加10mgLA,接种量3%(V/V)。     

Production of thermotolerant N-carbamyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase by recombinant Escherichia coli

A plasmid, pNT4553, was constructed for high level production of N-carbamyl-d-amino acid amidohydrolase (DCase), the thermostability of which has been improved by amino acid substitution. The DCase activity and the stability of the plasmid in the host cells were dependent on the Escherichia coli strains used. E. coli HB101 was the most suitable host strain among the 13 types of E. coli tested. E. coli HB101 exhibited the highest activity, i.e. 6.36 units/ml of culture broth in 2YT medium (1.6% tryptone, 1.0% yeast extract, and 0.5% NaCl, pH 7.0), and the plasmid was stably maintained by cultivation in 5 types of E. coli including HB101. Casamino acids, NZ-amine, peptone, and protein extract (a mixture of hydrolyzates of corn gluten, wheat gluten and soybean), were found to be suitable as natural nitrogen sources for both enzyme activity and growth. When cultivation was carried out in the presence of high concentrations of glycerol (6.5%) as the carbon source, and protein extract (3.0%) as the nitrogen source, in a small volume of the medium (20 ml of medium in a 500-ml shaking flask), in which the aeration level was estimated to be high, growth and activity reached OD550=63.8 (17.1 mg of dry cell weight/ml of culture broth) and 22.9 units/ml of culture broth, respectively. The economical hyperproduction of DCase using only inexpensive constituents for the medium was achieved.     

Production of bacterial endoglucanase from pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch by bacillus pumilus EB3

In this study, endoglucanase was produced from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by a locally isolated aerobic bacterium, Bacillus pumilus EB3. The effects of the fermentation parameters such as initial pH, temperature, and nitrogen source on the endoglucanase production were studied using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the carbon source. Endoglucanase from B. pumilus EB3 was maximally secreted at 37 degrees C, initial pH 7.0 with 10 g/l of CMC as carbon source, and 2 g/l of yeast extract as organic nitrogen source. The activity recorded during the fermentation was 0.076 U/ml. The productivity of the enzyme increased twofold when 2 g/l of yeast extract was used as the organic nitrogen supplement as compared to the non-supplemented medium. An interesting finding from this study is that pretreated OPEFB medium showed comparable results to CMC medium in terms of enzyme production with an activity of 0.063 U/ml. As OPEFB is an abundant solid waste at palm oil mills, it has the potential of acting as a substrate in cellulase production.     

响应面法优化根霉菌产麦角固醇的液体发酵工艺

以米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae ZW017)发酵产麦角固醇的产量为响应值,对其液体发酵工艺进行优化。采用HPLC法检测菌株产麦角固醇含量,在单因素筛选试验基础上,以PDB液体发酵培养为基础条件,应用响应面分析法(RSM)对碳源、氮源及发酵时间进行优化。结果表明:以葡萄糖、酵母膏分别为最佳碳、氮源;最佳工艺条件为:PDB基础培养基中添加葡萄糖3g/L、酵母膏5g/L、发酵培养9.64d,麦角固醇平均产量达5761.83μg/100mL,较优化前提高了247.86%,与构建模型理论预测值(5818.39μg/100mL)相吻合,且100mL液体培养基中麦角固醇产量占菌体细胞干质量(0.36g)的1.60%。     

液体曲酒母制作工艺研究

以粉碎的小麦为原料,对液体曲酒母制作工艺进行了研究,将粉碎的小麦加水调浆并进行碳源、氮源及无机盐调配后接种黑曲霉,恒温振荡培养5 d后接种酵母,继续恒温振荡培养一段时间制成液体曲酒母。以液体曲酒母的糖化力和发酵力为评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验探讨了可溶性淀粉、NaNO3、KH2PO4及MgSO4添加量对液体曲酒母糖化力及发酵力的影响。结果表明,当可溶性淀粉添加量12 mg/mL、NaNO3添加量6 mg/mL、KH2PO4添加量4 mg/mL、MgSO4添加量0.5 mg/mL时,液体曲酒母具有最高品质,糖化力和发酵力为245.9 U、3.011 g/(mL·72 h),且在此条件下制作的液体曲酒母流动性好,适于工业化生产。     

Investigation of the utility of pineapple juice and pineapple waste material as low-cost substrate for ethanol fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis

The utility of the juice of rotten or discarded pineapples and the waste material of the production of pineapple juice as low-cost substrates for ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis was investigated. Z. mobilis ATCC 10988 produced 59.0 g.l(-1) ethanol in undiluted pineapple juice without nutritional supplementation and without the regulation of the pH while 42.5 g.l(-1) ethanol was obtained using a 125 g.l(-1) sucrose medium supplemented with 10 g.l(-1) yeast extract and mineral salts. Ethanol fermentation using unhydrolyzed and enzymatically hydrolyzed pineapple waste material was also investigated under various culture conditions. When a 15% (v/v) dilution of unhydrolyzed waste material without nutritional supplementation was used, more than 3.5 g.l(-1) ethanol was produced. When the media containing 15, 30, and 40% (v/v) of the hydrolyzate consisting of a 60% (v/v) suspension of pineapple waste material were used, final concentrations of ethanol were 5.0 g.l(-1), 7.6 g.l(-1), and 9.3 g.l(-1), respectively. These results suggest that pineapple juice and the waste material can be useful low-cost substrates for ethanol production by Z. mobilis without supplementation with expensive organic nitrogen complexes such as yeast extract and without the regulation of the pH during cultivation, leading to the reduction in the production costs.     

驼乳中产转糖基活性β-半乳糖苷酶乳酸菌的筛选鉴定及其酶学特性分析

分离筛选高产转糖基活性β-半乳糖苷酶的乳源微生物,为高效合成低聚半乳糖（galacto-oligosaccharides,GOS）提供新酶源。以添加5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-β-D-半乳糖苷（X-Gal）的乳糖为碳源的乳酸细菌培养基（MRS）进行初级分离筛选,以产酶菌株粗酶液催化乳糖转糖基反应产物的薄层层析进行复筛,单因素优化最佳产酶条件和转糖基反应条件,硫酸铵分级沉淀纯化β-半乳糖苷酶并对其酶学特性进行初步分析。筛选获得产转糖基活性β-半乳糖苷酶乳酸菌20?株,选择产酶水平较高、转糖基活性最强的产β-半乳糖苷酶菌株L6进行进一步研究。生理生化和分子生物学鉴定确定L6菌株为Lactobacillus kefiri。该菌株在2?g/100?mL乳糖、1?g/100?mL氮源（蛋白胨、牛肉膏和酵母浸粉）及初始pH?5.5的条件下,37?℃培养20?h,产酶水平最高可达（3.81±0.02）U/mL。L6菌株所产β-半乳糖苷酶催化反应的温度范围较宽,45～70?℃均能保持50%以上相对酶活力。以45?g/100?mL乳糖为底物,该酶在65?℃、pH?7.0条件下,反应4?h生成转移二糖的得率为13.51%（m/m,下同）,转移三糖为13.85%,转移三糖以上的GOS为4.15%。     

Utilization of shrimp shellfish waste as a substrate for solid-state cultivation of Aspergillus sp. S1-13: evaluation of a culture based on chitinase formation which is necessary for chitin-assimilation

The utilization of shrimp shellfish waste as a substrate for solid-state cultivation of a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus sp. S1-13, was investigated. The organism was selected from among 220 isolates based on the productivity of its chitinolytic enzyme (chitinase), which might reflect microbial growth. The enzyme was produced only when the organism was grown on medium containing the shellfish waste. The addition of 58-65% water (w/w) to the medium was effective in enhancing production, and a certain amount of enzyme was observed in media of higher water content (up to about 75%). The initial pH and nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate) of the solid-state medium also affected the amount of enzyme. The amount of enzyme increased 2-fold in an optimum solid-state medium: 5 g of shrimp shellfish waste and 3 ml of basal medium (pH 5) containing 0.1% (NH4)2SO4 was inoculated with 4 ml of spore suspension; static cultivation at room temperature. The amount increased further (1.5-fold) when the cultivation was carried out at 37 degrees C, with 1.85 units of the enzyme formed from 1 g of shrimp shellfish waste. An analysis by ion-exchange column chromatography suggested the presence of at least two colloidal chitin-hydrolyzing enzymes and one p-nitrophenyl beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide-hydrolyzing enzyme in an extract of the solid-state culture. The elution profile was similar to that obtained with a liquid culture filtrate.     

具有胃黏膜保护作用的羊肚菌菌株的筛选及液体发酵

目的：筛选获得具有胃黏膜保护作用且生物量较高的羊肚菌菌株,并优化所获得菌株的发酵培养基,筛选获得对胃黏膜保护效果较好的羊肚菌发酵培养基中的碳、氮源。方法：将小鼠随机分为正常组、模型对照组和不同给药剂量组,以无水乙醇诱导胃黏膜损伤为模型,比较各组胃黏膜损伤指数,同时测定并比较不同羊肚菌菌株生物量;利用碳氮源单因素和正交试验,以胃黏膜损伤指数为主要筛选指标,同时测定并比较不同培养基发酵羊肚菌菌株生物量与胞外多糖含量。结果：羊肚菌M1 液体发酵物的水提液,能显著降低小鼠急性酒精胃黏膜损伤的损伤指数(P ＜ 0.05),同时生物量达到10.28g/L;分别以可溶性淀粉与酵母膏为碳、氮源时M1 液体发酵物的水提液对小鼠胃黏膜保护效果最好,抑制率分别达到80.92%、53.02%;正交试验结果表明：以质量分数2.0% 可溶性淀粉和1.5% 酵母膏组合时M1 液体发酵物的水提液对小鼠胃黏膜保护效果较好,抑制率达到76.02%,生物量达到8.88g/L。结论：羊肚菌M1 不仅对小鼠胃黏膜具有较好的保护作用,而且生物量较高,其对胃黏膜保护效果较好的发酵培养基中的最适碳、氮源为可溶性淀粉2.0%、酵母膏1.5%。     

氮源与维生素对鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)高效生产L-乳酸影响的研究

在L-乳酸发酵生产中,用廉价的黄豆粉补充微量维生素液,替代培养基中昂贵的酵母粉,L-乳酸的产物浓度和得率与使用酵母粉相比相差不大。氮源经优化后,使用3.5%~4.5%的黄豆粉并添加最优剂量的8种维生素混合液,摇瓶实验,120 g/L葡萄糖转化得到104 g/L的L-乳酸,得率为86.7%;5 L发酵罐实验,3.5%的黄豆粉补充维生素混合液,初始葡萄糖浓度150 g/L,L-乳酸浓度为128 g/L,得率达到85.3%,基本达到了以酵母粉做氮源和生长因子的发酵指标。     

Production of beta-galactosidase by Bifidobacteria as influenced by various culture conditions

Beta-Galactosidase production by Bifidobacterium longum CCRC 15708, Bifidobacterium longum B6 and Bifidobacterium infantis CCRC 14633 was first examined with B. longum CCRC 15708 showing the highest production of beta-galactosidase and the highest specific activity. Further study with B. longum CCRC 15708 revealed that the highest level of beta-galactosidase was produced with lactose and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Optimal enzyme production occurred at an initial pH of 6.5 and at 37 degrees C. Under these optimum culture conditions, a maximumbeta-galactosidase activity of 18.6 U/ml could be obtained after 16 h of fermentation in a medium contain 4% lactose, 3.5% yeast extract, 0.3% K2HPO4, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O and 0.03% L-cysteine. The highest transgalactosylation activity was also detected in this culture after 14-16 h of fermentation.     

氮源对小球藻光合作用和色素积累的影响

本文研究了自养培养条件下尿素、NH4NO3、(NH4)2SO4和NaNO3四种氮源对小球藻(Chlorella sp.TCCC45058)生长、光合作用以及叶绿素a产率的影响。实验结果显示,NaNO3是Chlorella sp.TCCC45058生长的最佳氮源,以NaNO3为氮源时得到最高细胞密度4.1×107个/mL;而尿素对藻细胞色素积累最有利,最高叶绿素a产率达到21 mg/g。培养过程中,不同氮源会对培养液pH造成不同影响,以NaNO3为氮源时,随着NO3-的消耗培养液pH会出现显著的上升;以(NH4)2SO4为氮源时pH呈下降趋势;而尿素和NH4NO3则不会对其产生明显影响。将pH维持在中性不会对各组氮源培养效果产生显著影响,因此实际生产中无需对培养基pH做全程控制。     

亮氨酸氨肽酶产生菌筛选与特性的研究

为了促进氨肽酶的生产与应用,开展了从豆豉中筛选氨肽酶产生菌的研究。经平板筛选与摇瓶发酵筛选,获得一株氨肽酶产生菌YBPE-4,该菌株被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。通过发酵试验,确定菌株YBPE-4产氨肽酶的最佳碳源、氮源分别是玉米淀粉、酵母粉,确定产酶的最佳培养温度为37 ℃、初始pH值为7.5、转速为200 r/min、培养时间为84 h。在最佳的条件下,发酵液的氨肽酶活力为6 164 U/mL。     

Effect of nitrogen source on mycelial morphology and arachidonic acid production in cultures of Mortierella alpina

The effects of nitrogen source on arachidonic acid (AA) production and morphological changes during the culture of Mortierella alpina were investigated using an image analysis system. When yeast extract, gluten meal, or corn steep liquor was used, a circular pellet morphology was obtained. However, when Pharmamedia, fish meal, or soybean meal was used, M. alpina formed radial filamentous mycelia. The radial filamentous area in the case of soybean meal was 75% of the total mycelial area. In a jar fermentor culture, M. alpina morphology varied with the cultivation period: (i) at 0-6 h culture, the inoculated pellet-like mycelia were adapted to the new environment, (ii) at 6 h-1 d culture, filamentous mycelia grew exponentially which yielded a feather-like morphology, (iii) at 1-2 d culture, the filamentous mycelia became disentangled as a result of the mechanical agitation; consequently, the proportion of filamentous mycelia was increased, (iv) at 2-4 d culture, mycelia showed stationary growth, but the AA concentration increased rapidly, and (v) at 4-6 d culture, hyphae grew thick radially with the AA concentration continuing to increase gradually. In the case of the cultures with feather-like morphology obtained using soybean meal, the AA yield was 0.14 g/g dry cell weight, which was two times higher than that in cultures grown using yeast extract. These results suggest that the feather-like morphology of culture of M. alpina is suitable for AA production.     

Development of macrolide lactone antibiotic brefeldin A fermentation process with Eupenicillium brefeldianum ZJB082702

In this work, a robust brefeldin A-synthesizing fungus, Eupenicillium brefeldianum ZJB082702, was bred from a Murraya paniculata endophytic fungus E. brefeldianum A1163. Using one-factor-at-a-time experimental design, optimization of media composition for E. brefeldianum ZJB082702 fermenting brefeldin A was conducted. Outcomes indicated that mixed carbon source and mixed nitrogen source were of c ritical importance to brefeldin A fermentation. After 6d culture in the optimized fermentation media, composed of (gl(-1)) 13.33 starch, 26.67 glucose, 1.0 yeast extract powder, 1.0 corn steep liquor, 0.5 soybean meal, 0.75 NaNO(3), 2.5 malt extract, 6.0 CaCO(3), 3.0 MgSO(4), 4.0 KH(2)PO(4), 1.0 × 10(-2) CuSO(4), brefeldin A yield peaked at 1304.7 mgl(-1), 648.2 mgl(-1) in 500 ml baffled flask and 15 l stirred fermentor respectively, formed as a growth associated type of secondary metabolite based on fermentation profile analysis.     

Extracellular α-Amylase Production by Bacillus brevis MTCC 7521

Alpha amylases have various applications in food processing industries, for example, baking, brewing and distillery industries. Studies of the Ca²⁺ independent α-amylase production were carried out by a strain of Bacillus brevis MTCC 7521 isolated from a brick kiln soil. The optimum temperature, pH and incubation period for amylase production were 50°C, 6.0 and 36 h, respectively. The enzyme secretion was at par in the presence of any of the carbon sources (soluble starch, cassava starch and cassava flour). B. brevis produced more amylase in presence of beef extract as nitrogen source in comparison to other organic nitrogen sources (peptone, yeast extract and casein) and asparagine, potassium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea reduced the enzyme activity. The addition of Ca²⁺ (10–40 mM) or surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80, and sodium lauryl sulphate at 0.02% concentration) in culture medium did not result in further improvement in the enzyme production. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 205 kDa in native SDS-PAGE.     

用于微生物培养基有机氮源的废酵母自溶液研究

为进一步降低聚 β 羟基丁酸酯 (PHB)的生产成本 ,考察并优化了酵母自溶的影响因素与条件 ,探索采用廉价的废酵母自溶液作为有机氮源替代酵母浸粉的可行性。结果表明 ,自溶反应的最佳初始 pH为 7 0 ;加水比不仅影响酵母细胞的自溶速度和自溶效率 ,而且影响自溶产品的氨基氮终浓度 ,因此最佳加水比的确定取决于最终的经济核算。乙酸乙酯可以成功替代甲苯作为自溶促进剂 ,其优化用量为 3 %～ 4%。进一步以自制的酵母自溶液对重组大肠杆菌VG1( pTU 14 )进行摇瓶培养 ,结果表明 ,当以酵母自溶液为有机氮源替代酵母浸粉时 ,PHB浓度可以提高 2 2 7%以上。因此 ,废啤酒酵母自溶液在PHB的大规模生产中具有广泛的应用前景。     

黑根霉固态发酵产木聚糖酶的研究

利用黑根霉降解甘蔗渣固态发酵生产木聚糖酶,运用正交试验研究了甘蔗渣与麸皮的比例、氮源、pH值、培养时间、水料比等对产木聚糖酶活力的影响。结果表明:甘蔗渣:麸皮为6:4,氮源为酵母膏,pH值为5,培养时间为5d,水料比为2.5:1,产酶量达406.18U/g。     

不同有机氮源对葡萄酒发酵的影响

分别使用酵母浸粉和混合氨基酸作为模拟葡萄汁（36 °Bx）的有机氮源发酵葡萄酒,以保证葡萄酒的正常发酵和最终产品品 质。 通过测定发酵过程中的二氧化碳生成量、还原糖、可同化氮、甘油和挥发性化合物含量变化,比较酵母浸粉和混合氨基酸对葡萄酒 品质的影响。 结果表明,使用酵母浸粉耗还原糖量为295.7 g/L,生成乙醇97.20 g/L、甘油26.50 g/L、乙酸1.08 g/L和乙酸乙酯46.05 mg/L, 与使用混合氨基酸相比,多消耗还原糖130.47 g/L,多生成乙醇46.14 g/L、甘油7.95 g/L和乙酸0.54 g/L,增幅分别为78.95%、90.38%、 42.84%和99.35%。 使用酵母浸粉比混合氨基酸的发酵程度大,速度快。 因此,可用适量酵母浸粉替代混合氨基酸作为葡萄酒发酵的 氮源补充。