Finite-element modelling and buckling analysis of anisogrid composite lattice cylindrical shells

The paper investigates the buckling behaviour of anisogrid composite lattice cylindrical shells under axial compression, transverse bending, pure bending, and torsion. The lattice shells are modelled as three-dimensional frame structures composed of curvilinear ribs subjected to the tension/compression, bending in two planes and torsion. The specialised finite-element model generation procedure (model generator/design modeller) is developed to control the orientation of the beam elements allowing the original twisted geometry of the curvilinear ribs to be closely approximated. The effects of varying the length of the shells, the number of helical ribs and the angles of their orientation on the buckling behaviour of lattice structures are examined using parametric analyses. Buckling of the lattice shells with cutouts is also analysed. The results of these studies indicate that the modelling approach presented in this work can be successfully applied to the solution of design problems.     

Local buckling modelling of isogrid and anisogrid lattice cylindrical shells with triangular cells

The paper deals with a refined analytical model for the local buckling failure modes of composite anisogrid lattice cylindrical shells made of a regular system of triangular cells. Such structures are preliminarily designed with the aid of closed-form solutions specifying the minimum mass and the corresponding optimal design variables under a set of formulated constraint equations. These equations address the main failure mechanisms that can be typically experienced by the structure due to axial compressive loads, namely, the global buckling of the shell, the local buckling of helical ribs, and the material failure of helical ribs. However, the local buckling of helical ribs is normally based on a simplified and qualitative approach. Thus, the scope of the present work is to improve the prediction of this failure mode by means of a rather accurate modelling which accounts for the interaction of intersecting hoop and helical ribs, the influence of the number of hoop sections of the shell, and the effect of the prebuckling tensile force in hoop ribs. The proposed model - that has been verified with the aid of finite-element analysis - lastly suggests the possibility to improve the preliminary design solution with respect to the fully analytical approach.     

基于变环肋间距的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料格栅加筋截顶圆锥壳体稳定性

研究均布外压作用下具有非均匀特征的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料格栅加筋（AGS）圆锥壳体构型优化。首先,充分考虑复合材料格栅圆锥壳体中格栅非均匀分布造成结构小端材料利用不充分问题,提出变环肋铺设间距的优化分布方式,使格栅在截顶圆锥壳体结构上小端疏大端密。之后,基于考虑格栅非均匀分布及变环肋间距铺设特征的等效刚度模型,并采用最小势能原理得到环肋铺设优化后的AGS圆锥壳体临界载荷值解析式。针对典型锥壳的有限元验证表明解析算法的误差在1%左右,证实了本文提出的分析方法的可靠性和有效性。最后,通过对环肋间距优化圆锥壳体的参数分析,发现优化环肋分布方式可以使AGS锥壳结构的外压稳定性大幅上升。本文研究内容为碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料AGS圆锥壳体的优化设计提供了一种具有较高承载力的构型,并为此类结构的计算提供了解析算法。     

Parameterized Finite Element Modeling and Buckling Analysis of Six Typical Composite Grid Cylindrical Shells

Six typical composite grid cylindrical shells are constructed by superimposing three basic types of ribs. Then buckling behavior and structural efficiency of these shells are analyzed under axial compression, pure bending, torsion and transverse bending by finite element (FE) models. The FE models are created by a parametrical FE modeling approach that defines FE models with original natural twisted geometry and orients cross-sections of beam elements exactly. And the approach is parameterized and coded by Patran Command Language (PCL). The demonstrations of FE modeling indicate the program enables efficient generation of FE models and facilitates parametric studies and design of grid shells. Using the program, the effects of helical angles on the buckling behavior of six typical grid cylindrical shells are determined. The results of these studies indicate that the triangle grid and rotated triangle grid cylindrical shell are more efficient than others under axial compression and pure bending, whereas under torsion and transverse bending, the hexagon grid cylindrical shell is most efficient. Additionally, buckling mode shapes are compared and provide an understanding of composite grid cylindrical shells that is useful in preliminary design of such structures.     

Design and analysis of the composite lattice frame of a spacecraft solar array

A novel design of the composite structural lattice frame for the spacecraft solar arrays is presented in the paper. The frame is composed of two flat lattice composite plates assembled into the three-dimensional panel using frame-like connectors. Design, fabrication, modelling and modal analysis of the panel solar arrays based on the proposed technology are discussed. The lattice panels are modelled as three-dimensional frame structures composed of beam elements subjected to the tension/compression, bending and torsion using the specialised finite-element model generator/design modeller. Results of the calculations of the frequencies and vibration forms for the lattice panels with various types of supports imitating the ways the panels can be attached to the spacecraft body, deployment must, and adjacent solar panels are presented and discussed. The lattice frame design for maximum fundamental frequency is performed subject to constraints imposed on the geometrical parameters of the solar panel.     

复合材料层合扁锥壳的冲击屈曲

研究了计及横向剪切的对称铺设正交异性复合材料层合扁锥壳在三角脉冲载荷作用下的非线性动力屈曲问题；通过在复合材料层合扁锥壳非线性稳定性的基本方程中增加横向转动惯量项并引入三角脉冲冲击力，得到了层合扁锥壳的冲击控制方程，采用Galerkin方法得到以顶点挠度表达的冲击响应方程，并用Runge—Kutta方法进行数值求解，应用B—R准则确定冲击屈曲的临界荷载；讨论了壳体几何参数、物理参数和边界条件对复合材料层合扁锥壳冲击屈曲的影响。     

复合材料圆柱壳的轴压屈曲失效试验

为了研究高径比大于1的复合材料圆柱壳的轴压屈曲性能及其失效模式,对2组单向纤维圆柱壳和3组外侧环裹环向纤维圆柱壳进行了轴压试验,观察了试件的受力过程和破坏形态,获得了荷载-位移曲线和荷载-应变曲线,利用有限元模型分析了单向纤维圆柱壳两种屈曲形式的破坏机制,对比分析了两种铺层试件的轴压性能。结果表明:单向纤维复合材料圆柱壳出现先纵向劈裂后板壳屈曲和先柱壳屈曲后纵向劈裂的两种破坏模式;外侧环向纤维可改善圆柱壳的轴压性能,屈曲发展有一定的阶段性并表现出延性特征,破坏形式和承载力均较为稳定。     

Nonlinear buckling analysis of hygrothermoelastic composite shell panels using finite element method

Hygrothermal stresses due to the change in environmental condition may induce buckling and dynamic instability in the composite shell structures. In the present investigation, the hygrothermoelastic buckling behavior of laminated composite shells are numerically simulated using geometrically nonlinear finite element method. The orthogonal curvilinear coordinate is used for modeling a general doubly curved deep or shallow shell surface. The geometrically nonlinear finite element formulation is based on general nonlinear strain–displacement relations in the orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The present theory can be applicable to thin and moderately thick shells. The mechanical linear and nonlinear stiffnesses, and the nonmechanical nonlinear geometric stiffness matrices and the hygrothermal load vector are presented. It is also observed that during the present numerical solution of nonlinear equilibrium equation, in order to construct the nonlinear stiffness matrices for the first load step, the initial deformation can be assumed as zero or any computer generated small random number or the properly scaled fundamental buckling mode shape. To verify the present formulations and finite element code, the present results are compared well with those available in the open literature. Parametric studies such as thickness ratio and shallowness ratio on buckling are performed for spherical, truncated conical and cylindrical composite shell panels. The buckling behavior and deflection shapes are characterized by multiple wrinkles along unreinforced direction at higher moisture concentrations or temperature rise.     

复合载荷作用变刚度复合材料回转壳屈曲优化

通过曲线纤维轨迹设计,变刚度复合材料回转壳将拥有比常刚度（直线纤维）回转壳更好的抗屈曲稳定性,为此,研究了复合载荷作用下曲线纤维铺层形式和几何参数对变刚度复合材料回转壳屈曲性能的影响规律。首先根据回转壳横截面圆弧变化改进曲线纤维角度线性描述方法,建立了变刚度复合材料回转壳的参数化有限元模型;其次,结合序列二次响应面方法和回转壳屈曲优化模型,搭建了复合材料回转壳曲线纤维轨迹优化的设计流程;最后,以准各向同性铺层复合材料回转壳为比较基准,对弯扭载荷作用变刚度圆柱壳和轴压、弯矩和扭矩分别作用变刚度椭圆柱壳在不同铺层方式、不同几何参数下的屈曲性能进行了优化比较。结果表明:弯扭载荷作用下,变刚度圆柱壳的屈曲性能随弯矩载荷占比增加而提高,且均好于准各向同性圆柱壳,但扭矩载荷占优时,优化常刚度圆柱壳的屈曲性能更具有优势;不同载荷作用下,具有较小截面方向比的变刚度椭圆柱壳屈曲性能要明显好于对应的准各向同性椭圆柱壳,且横截面越接近圆形,曲线纤维对椭圆柱壳屈曲性能的改善越弱。      

具有夹层的正交异性复合材料圆锥壳体的非线性轴对称屈曲分析

研究均布载荷作用下边缘可移夹支具有正交异性复合材料表层和软夹心的夹层圆锥壳非线性轴对称屈曲问题.利用变分原理导出具有正交各向异性表层夹层圆锥壳在均匀外压作用下的非线性轴对称屈曲问题的基本方程,采用修正迭代法[8]求得了可移夹支边界条件下壳体临界屈曲载荷的解析表达式,对几种典型的纤维增强复合材料表层夹层圆锥壳给出了数值结果和图表,讨论了几何参数和物理参数对临界屈曲载荷的影响。     

Buckling of a composite cantilever circular cylindrical shell subjected to uniform external lateral pressure

In this paper a solution is presented for a buckling problem formulated for the cantilever circular cylindrical composite shell subjected to uniform external lateral pressure. The edge of the shell is fully clamped at one end of the cylinder and is free at the open section of the other end. An analytical formula for critical pressure has been derived using the generalised Galerkin method. The approach is illustrated by the buckling analyses of composite, orthotropic and isotropic shells. The results are verified using the finite-element method. It has been shown that the analytical solution provides an accurate estimate of the critical load and does not involve any computationally expensive procedures. This is particularly useful in the design optimisation of composite structures.     

Anisogrid composite lattice structures - Development and aerospace applications

The paper is an overview of the recent Russian experience in development and applications of Anisogrid (Anisotropic Grid) composite lattice structures. Anisogrid structures have the form of cylindrical (in general, not circular) or conical shells and consist of a dense system of unidirectional composite helical, circumferential and axial ribs made by continuous filament winding [1] and [2].High weight and cost efficiency of Anisogrid structures is provided by high specific (with respect to density) strength and stiffness of unidirectional ribs used as the basic load-carrying elements of the structure and by automatic winding process resulting in low-cost integral structures. Anisogrid structures proposed about 30 years ago are under serial production in Central Research Institute of Special Machinery (CRISM) which develops lattice interstages, payload attach fittings (adapters) and spacecraft structures for Russian space programs. By now, about 40 successful launches have been undertaken with Anisogrid composite lattice structures.The paper provides the information about fabrication processes, design and analysis methods, mechanical properties of the basic structural elements and application of Anisogrid composite design concept to aerospace structures.     

温度-机械混合载荷作用下先进复合材料格栅加筋截顶圆锥壳体的屈曲分析

基于均匀化原理,推导了考虑沿格栅加筋圆锥壳体随母线变化的等效刚度阵和等效热膨胀系数,并采用前屈曲薄膜理论给出了在温度和均布外压载荷作用下格栅加筋圆锥截顶壳体稳定性分析的总势能表达式。基于最小势能原理得到了该壳体总体失稳的临界载荷值解析表达式,对典型复合材料格栅加筋截顶圆锥壳体的稳定性计算结果与有限元法所得结果相比较,验证了本文中方法的适用性。基于文中提出的方法,通过对不同温度条件下具有不同顶锥角复合材料格栅加筋截顶圆锥壳体热-力屈曲分析结果的讨论,指出温度对复合材料格栅加筋截顶圆锥壳体稳定性的影响程度将随其顶锥角增加而增大。     

格栅非均匀分布效应对复合材料格栅加筋圆锥壳体稳定性的影响

研究格栅非均匀分布效应对先进复合材料格栅加筋圆锥壳体稳定性的影响。首先,基于格栅间距沿母线方向的变化特征和等效平铺模型推导了格栅加筋圆锥壳体的等效刚度阵。其次,采用Donnell 型扁壳理论推导了在均布外压作用下格栅加筋圆锥壳体稳定性分析的总势能表达式,利用最小势能原理得到了该壳体总体稳定性的临界载荷值,所得计算结果与实验结果十分吻合。最后,通过典型数例参数讨论,说明格栅非均匀分布效应对先进复合材料格栅加筋圆锥壳体稳定性的影响将随底锥角增大而显著。该文将为先进复合材料格栅加筋圆锥壳体的参数优化设计提供一种高效和可靠的分析方法。     

锥壳的环向剪切屈曲

应用精确的锥壳屈曲分支方程,研究圆锥亮在环向分布剪切力作用下的扭转稳定性,通过分支点屈曲模态的构造和Galerkin变分法的运用,建立相应特征方程,求得铰支与夹支圆锥壳较为理想的全锥度环向剪切屈曲临界值。     

Design of efficient stiffened shells of revolution

A method to produce efficient piecewise uniform stiffened shells of revolution is presented. The approach uses a first order differential equation formulation for the shell prebuckling and buckling analyses and the necessary conditions for an optimum design are derived by a variational approach. A variety of local yielding and buckling constraints and the general buckling constraint are included in the design process. The local constraints are treated by means of an interior penalty function and the general buckling load is treated by means of an exterior penalty function. This allows the general buckling constraint to be included in the design process only when it is violated. The self adjoint nature of the prebuckling and buckling formulations is used to reduce the computational effort. Results for four conical shells and one spherical shell are given.     

An optimization of composite lattice cylinder using the approximate method

Recently, the approximate methods based on continuous models have been developed to perform structural analysis of composite lattice structures due to their relative simplicity and computational efficiency. This paper defines the modified effective stiffness considering the directionally dependent mechanical properties to an intersection of ribs and mode shape function of a composite lattice cylinder. It subsequently presents an approximate method based on the continuous model of conducting a buckling analysis of the composite lattice cylinder with various boundary conditions under uniform compression. This method considers the coupled buckling mode as well as the global and local buckling modes. The validity of the present method is verified by comparing the results of the finite element analysis. In addition, a parametric analysis is performed to investigate the effects of the design parameters on the critical load and buckling mode shape of the composite lattice cylinder based on the present method. Finally, we apply the present method to perform the optimization of a composite lattice cylinder for a high-speed vehicle to minimize the mass. Consequently, it is concluded that the present method is very suitable to optimization of composite lattice cylinders due to their relative simplicity and computational efficiency.     

Investigation on the Geometric Imperfections driven Local Buckling Onset in Composite Conical Shells

Buckling is a critical failure phenomenon for structures, and represents a threat for thin shells subjected to compressive forces. The global buckling load, for a conical structure, depends on the geometry and material properties of the shell, on the stacking sequence, on the type of applied load and on the initial geometric imperfections. Geometric imperfections, occurring inevitably during manufacturing and assembly of thin-walled composite structures, produce a reduction in the carrying load capability with respect to the design value. This is the reason why investigating these defects is of major concern in order to avoid over-conservative design structures. In this paper, the buckling behavior a conical structure with 45° semi-vertical angle is numerically investigated. The initial imperfections are taken into account by using different strategies. At first, the Single Perturbation Load Approach (SPLA), which accounts for defects in the form of a lateral load, normal to the surface, has been adopted. Then, the actual measured defects have been applied to the structure by using the Real Measured Mid-Surface Imperfections (MSI) approach. Investigations on cylindrical shells using the first strategy have already shown the occurrence of a particular phenomenon called “local snap-through”, which represents a preliminary loss of stiffness. In order to better understand this phenomenon for conical shells, both the aforementioned techniques have been used to provide an exhaustive overview of the imperfections sensitiveness in conical composite shells. This study is related to part of the work performed in the frame of the European Union (EU) project DESICOS.     

Buckling of the CCFF orthotropic rectangular plates under in-plane pure bending

Solution of the buckling problem for the CCFF orthotropic plate subjected to in-plane pure bending is presented. The two parallel clamped edges of the plate are loaded by linearly distributed in-plane loads statically equivalent to the in-plane bending moments. The problem is solved using method of lines for partial differential equations and Galerkin’s method. The buckling problems are solved for isotropic, orthotropic and multilayered CFRP composite plates with various aspect ratios. Results of calculations of critical loads are compared with those based on finite-element modelling and analyses. The comparisons demonstrate efficiency of the proposed approach to the buckling analysis of composite CCFF plates with various dimensional and stiffness parameters.     

考虑杆件失稳的网壳结构稳定分析方法

网壳结构在整体失稳之前可能存在杆件失稳, 但目前网壳稳定分析中大多没有考虑杆件失稳问题。该文通过引入杆件初始缺陷的方法研究杆件失稳对网壳结构整体稳定性的影响。首先讨论了单根杆件的单元划分数量、缺陷形式和缺陷幅值的确定方法, 进而分析网壳结构单根杆件失稳后的内力变化及对网壳整体稳定性的影响。算例分析表明:网壳整体稳定分析中可通过对杆件施加初始缺陷有效地考虑杆件失稳的影响;对整体失稳前存在杆件失稳的网壳结构, 有必要引入杆件缺陷考虑杆件失稳的影响, 不考虑杆件失稳会过高估计结构的承载能力。最后提出了网壳结构稳定分析的合理计算流程, 与试验结果的比较表明该文方法合理、有效。