Numerical simulation of concrete encased steel composite columns

This paper investigates the behaviour of pin-ended axially loaded concrete encased steel composite columns. A nonlinear 3-D finite element model was developed to analyse the inelastic behaviour of steel, concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars as well as the effect of concrete confinement of the concrete encased steel composite columns. The interface between the steel section and concrete, the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars, and the reinforcement bars and concrete were also considered that allowed the bond behaviour to be modeled and the different components to retain their profile during the deformation of the column. Furthermore, the initial overall (out-of-straightness) geometric imperfection was carefully incorporated in the model. The finite element model has been validated against published experimental results. The main objective of the study was to understand the structural response and modes of failure of the columns and to assess the composite column strengths against current design codes. The study covered slender, non-slender, stub and long concrete encased steel composite columns. The concrete strengths varied from normal to high strength (20-110 MPa). The steel section yield stresses also varied from normal to high strength (275-690 MPa). Furthermore, the variables that influence the composite column behaviour and strength comprising different slenderness ratios, concrete strength and steel yield stress were investigated in a parametric study. It is shown that the increase in structural steel strength has a small effect on the composite column strength for the columns having higher relative slenderness ratios due to the flexural buckling failure mode. The composite column strengths obtained from the finite element analysis were compared with the design strengths calculated using the American Institute for Steel Construction AISC and Eurocode 4 for composite columns. Generally, it is shown that the EC 4 accurately predicted the design strength for the concrete encased steel composite columns having a concrete cylinder strength of 30 MPa and structural steel yield stresses of 275 and 460 MPa, which are in the limits of the code, which otherwise, was generally conservative. The AISC predictions were quite conservative for all the concrete encased steel composite columns.     

外包混凝土组合钢柱的偏心受压分析

给出了偏心受压下外包混凝土组合钢柱的3维非线性模型。该组合柱两端铰接,沿主要轴线方向施加一个偏心力。此偏心率的范围在柱截面总高度的0.125～0.375之间。该模型考虑钢、混凝土、纵向和横向钢筋的非弹性性能,以及组合柱中混凝土的约束作用。考虑了钢与混凝土之间、纵向与横向钢筋之间、钢筋与混凝土之间交界面粘结力,以及不同材料对组合柱抵抗变形所起的作用。该模型考虑了初始几何缺陷。已有的试验数据证明了模型的有效性。混凝土强度等级为30～110MPa。钢截面的屈服应力为275～690MPa。通过改变偏心率、柱的尺寸、结构钢尺寸与屈服应力值和混凝土强度,以确定其对偏心受压下组合柱性能的影响。结果显示,结构钢屈服应力的增加对组合柱强度的影响较大,尤其当柱的偏心率为0.125D时。当柱的偏心率为0.375D且混凝强度低于70MPa时,结构钢屈服强度的变化对柱强度影响较大。将数值分析所得组合柱的强度与设计规范Eurocode4的计算结果进行比较。结果表明,Eurocode4准确地计算出偏心组合柱强度,但是估算的弯矩过大。     

Nonlinear behaviour of eccentrically loaded FR concrete-filled stainless steel tubular columns

This paper investigates the nonlinear behaviour of eccentrically loaded fibre reinforced (FR) concrete-filled stainless steel tubular composite columns. A nonlinear 3-D finite element model for the axially loaded composite columns, recently reported by the author, was extended to study the structural performance of the eccentrically loaded composite columns. The columns were pin-ended subjected to an eccentric load acting along one axis. The model accounted for the inelastic behaviour of the composite column components, effect of FR concrete confinement and interface between the stainless steel section and concrete. The measured initial local and overall geometric imperfections were carefully incorporated in the model. The finite element model has been validated against tests previously reported by the author. Furthermore, the variables that influence the eccentrically loaded composite column behaviour and strength comprising different eccentricities, different column slenderness and different concrete strengths were investigated in an extensive parametric study comprising 72 columns. The composite column strengths and moment resistances predicted from the finite element analysis were compared with the design composite column strengths and moment resistances calculated using the Eurocode 4. The study has shown that finite element modelling could effectively assess the accuracy of the design rules in current codes of practice.     

HRBF500钢筋混凝土偏心受压柱承载力的试验研究

通过对9根HRBF500钢筋混凝土偏心受压柱和1根HRB400钢筋混凝土偏心受压柱的试验,分析了荷载-钢筋应变、混凝土应变曲线以及破坏形态的特点。在试验和理论分析的基础上,提出HRBF500钢筋在混凝土柱中的强度设计取值为450 MPa和受压承载力计算公式的建议。     

Investigation of concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures

This paper presents a nonlinear 3-D finite element model investigating the behaviour of concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures. The composite columns were pin-ended axially loaded columns having different cross-sectional dimensions, different structural steel sections, different coarse aggregates and different load ratios during fire. The nonlinear material properties of steel, concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars as well as the effect of concrete confinement at ambient and elevated temperatures were considered in the finite element models. The interface between the steel section and concrete, the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars, and the reinforcement bars and concrete were also considered allowing the bond behaviour to be modelled and the different components to retain its profile during the deformation of the column. The initial overall (out-of-straightness) geometric imperfection was carefully included in the model. The finite element model has been validated against published tests conducted at elevated temperatures. The time–temperature relationships, deformed shapes at failure, time–axial displacement relationships, failure modes and fire resistances of the columns were evaluated by the finite element model. It has been shown that the finite element model can accurately predict the behaviour of the columns at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the variables that influence the fire resistance and behaviour of the composite columns comprising different load ratios during fire, different coarse aggregates and different slenderness ratios were investigated in parametric studies. It is shown that the fire resistance of the columns generally increases with the decrease in the column slenderness ratio as well as the increase in the structural steel ratio. It is also shown that the time–axial displacement relationship is considerably affected by the coarse aggregate. The fire resistances of the composite columns obtained from the finite element analyses were compared with the design values obtained from the Eurocode 4 for composite columns at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the EC4 is conservative for all the concrete encased steel composite columns, except for the columns having a load ratio of 0.5 as well as the columns having a slenderness ratio of 0.69 and a load ratio of 0.4.     

Performance of axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures

The structural performance of axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures is investigated in this study. An efficient nonlinear 3-D finite element model was presented for the analysis of the pin-ended axially loaded columns. The restraint ratios varied from 20% to 100% of the axial stiffness of the composite columns at ambient temperature. The finite element model was verified against published test results on axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures. The columns investigated had different cross-sectional dimensions, different coarse aggregates and different load ratios during fire. The nonlinear material properties of steel, concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars as well as the effect of concrete confinement at ambient and elevated temperatures were considered in the finite element model. The interface between the steel section and concrete, the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars, and the reinforcement bars and concrete were also considered allowing the bond behaviour to be modelled and the different components to retain its profile during the deformation of the column. The initial overall geometric imperfection was carefully included in the model. The time-temperature relationships, deformed shapes at failure, time-axial displacement relationships, failure modes and fire resistances of the columns were evaluated by the finite element model and compared well against test results. Furthermore, the variables that influence the fire resistance and behaviour of the axially restrained composite columns comprising different axial restraint ratios, different load ratios during fire, different coarse aggregates and different slenderness ratios were investigated in a parametric study. It is shown that axially restrained composite columns behave differently in fire compared to the unrestrained columns since the typical “runaway” failure was not predicted from the finite element analysis. The fire resistances of the composite columns obtained from the finite element analysis were compared with the design values obtained from the Eurocode 4 for composite columns at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the EC4 is generally conservative for all the axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns, except for some columns with higher load and slenderness ratios.     

Experimental investigation of eccentrically loaded fibre reinforced concrete-filled stainless steel tubular columns

This paper presents an experimental investigation of axially and eccentrically loaded plain and fibre reinforced (FR) concrete-filled stainless steel circular tubular columns. The composite columns were pin-ended subjected to axial and eccentric loads. The stainless steel tubes were relatively slender having a diameter-to-plate thickness ratio of 50. The composite columns had different lengths varied from 3D to 12D. The column ultimate loads, load–axial shortening relationships, load–strain relationships, load–mid-height lateral deflection relationships and failure modes of the concrete-filled stainless steel circular tubular columns were measured from the tests. The study has shown that FR concrete-filled stainless steel tubular columns offer a considerable increase in column ductility compared with plain concrete-filled tubular columns. The test ultimate loads were compared with the design ultimate loads calculated using the Eurocode 4 for composite columns. Generally, it has been shown that the EC4 accurately predicted the ultimate loads of axially loaded concrete-filled stainless steel circular tubular columns, but were quite conservative for predicting the ultimate loads of the eccentrically loaded columns. It has also been shown that the conservatism of the EC4 predictions is increased as the eccentricity is increased. The test results provide useful information regarding the behaviour of FR concrete-filled stainless steel columns.     

带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱偏压试验研究

在钢板中部设置具有约束钢板外凸变形作用的水平拉杆,是改善异形钢管混凝土柱力学性能的有效方法。通过8个带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土偏压短柱试件的试验研究,分析了不同约束拉杆设置、偏心率以及荷载角下带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱的偏压性能。试验结果表明：约束拉杆延迟了钢管局部屈曲的发生,有助于L形钢管混凝土偏压短柱的承载力和延性的提高;临近或达到极限承载力后近力侧拉杆和钢管对核心混凝土的约束作用明显;偏心受压下该柱的截面应变符合平截面假定。基于带约束拉杆L形钢管内核心混凝土的等效单轴本构关系,利用纤维模型法对试件偏压极限承载力进行计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。利用该数值方法对带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱的偏压性能进行参数研究。分析结果表明：钢材屈服强度、含钢率越大,N/N_u-M/M_u相关曲线向内收拢;混凝土强度和拉杆约束系数越大,N/N_u-M/M_u相关曲线向外凸出。图12表4参11     

钢管超高强混凝土长柱及偏压柱的性能与极限承载能力的研究

本文报导了钢管超高强混凝土长柱和偏压柱的试验研究工作。长柱试验研究结果表明,钢管超高强混凝土长柱的承载能力和极限纵向变形率随长细比Ｌｅ／ Ｄ的增大而下降,在所研究的 Ｌｅ／ Ｄ范围内,所有的钢管超高强混凝土长柱都有一定的延性,但延性随Ｌｅ／Ｄ的增大而降低。普通钢管混凝土长柱的承载能力考虑长细比影响的折减系数计算公式也适用于钢管超高强混凝土长柱。偏压柱试验研究结果表明,在偏心率为０．２２～０．６５范围内,加载后所有偏压柱试件横向无明显的外形变化。在相同的长细比下,随着偏心率的增加,试件的承载能力降低,极限纵向变形率降低,但总体来说,偏压短柱的纵向变形率比轴压短柱的极限应变要大一些。在相同的偏心率下,长细比越大,试件的承载能力和纵向变形率也越低。钢管超高强混凝土耐偏压能力等于或优于普通钢管混凝土偏压柱。经过适当修正的普通钢管混凝土偏心率折减系数可以用于钢管超高强混凝土偏压柱承载能力计算。     

Behaviour of normal and high strength concrete-filled compact steel tube circular stub columns

This paper presents the behaviour and design of axially loaded concrete-filled steel tube circular stub columns. The study was conducted over a wide range of concrete cube strengths ranging from 30 to 110 MPa. The external diameter of the steel tube-to-plate thickness (D/t) ratio ranged from 15 to 80 covering compact steel tube sections. An accurate finite element model was developed to carry out the analysis. Accurate nonlinear material models for confined concrete and steel tubes were used. The column strengths and load-axial shortening curves were evaluated. The results obtained from the finite element analysis were verified against experimental results. An extensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concrete strengths and cross-section geometries on the strength and behaviour of concrete-filled compact steel tube circular stub columns. The column strengths predicted from the finite element analysis were compared with the design strengths calculated using the American, Australian and European specifications. Based on the results of the parametric study, it is found that the design strengths given by the American Specifications and Australian Standards are conservative, while those of the European Code are generally unconservative. Reliability analysis was performed to evaluate the current composite column design rules.     

Influence of ultra-high strength infill in slender concrete-filled steel tubular columns

This paper describes 24 tests conducted on slender circular tubular columns filled with normal, high, and ultra-high strength concrete for plain, bar reinforced and steel fiber reinforced columns. These were reinforced and subjected to both concentric and eccentric axial load. It is a continuation of a previous research paper (Portoles et al., 2011 [1]), which presented test results on eccentrically loaded plain concrete columns. The test parameters are nominal strength of concrete (30, 90 and 130 MPa), eccentricity e (0, 20 and 50 mm) and type of reinforcement. A comparison with the corresponding empty tubular columns is performed, as the aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of each type of infill and establish the best option for practical application. For the limited cases analyzed the results show that the addition of high or ultra-high strength infill is more useful for concentric loaded cases than for eccentric loaded ones, where it seems that the best design option is the utilization of bar reinforced concrete filling rather than steel fiber to reinforce CFST columns. The experimental ultimate load of each test was compared with the design loads from Eurocode 4, accurate for the eccentrically loaded tests.     

GFRP筋混凝土短柱偏压性能试验研究

进行了3组玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）筋混凝土短柱偏心受压破坏试验,对GFRP筋混凝土偏心受压柱的破坏形态、侧向挠度、内部筋体应变与混凝土表面的应变等试验结果进行了分析。结果表明:GFRP筋混凝土柱的破坏形式为受压破坏,随着初始偏心距的减小,GFRP筋混凝土柱的承载力有增大趋势;GFRP筋作为受压筋与混凝土的协同作用良好,且试件加载时的初始偏心距越小,混凝土与GFRP筋的协同作用越好;GFRP筋有较好的抗压性能,作为受力筋应用到混凝土受压构件中有很大的优越性。     

薄壁圆钢管再生混合中长柱的轴压与偏压试验研究

通过36根薄壁圆钢管再生混合中长柱的轴压与偏压试验,考察废弃混凝土混合比、钢管壁厚、荷载偏心距等因素对试件受压性能的影响。基于新、旧混凝土的组合强度,根据国内外钢管混凝土结构设计标准,对试件的受压承载力进行计算对比。试验和分析结果发现:①采用25%或40%的废弃混凝土替换新混凝土后,钢管再生混合中长柱的受压承载力分别比全现浇钢管混凝土中长柱降低5.77%～9.71%和10.65%～15.63%,但前者的初始刚度、屈服性能和延性特征与后者基本相当;②为使钢管再生混合中长柱的计算受压承载力具有与全现浇钢管混凝土中长柱相近的安全性,可对前者计算结果乘以调整系数0.95;③总体来看,设计标准DBJ 13-51-2003和ANSI/AISC 360-05对轴压试件受压承载力的预测结果相对较好,JCJ 01-89对偏压试件受压承载力的预测结果相对较好。研究表明,薄壁圆钢管柱内放置废弃混凝土块体是废弃混凝土循环利用的一条有效途径。     

钢骨-钢管自密实高强混凝土偏压柱力学性能试验研究

为研究钢骨-钢管混凝土组合柱在偏心荷载下的力学性能,进行了13根组合柱的偏心受压试验,研究了钢骨-钢管自密实高强混凝土偏压柱的荷载-变形关系曲线、宏观变形特征和破坏形态,分析了偏心率、长细比、套箍系数和配骨指标对偏压组合柱力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:内置钢骨能延缓甚至阻止核心混凝土中剪切斜裂缝的开展,可有效提高偏压组合柱的极限承载力和延性;在整个加载过程中,钢骨-钢管自密实高强混凝土偏压柱中截面纵向应变沿截面高度的变化基本符合平截面假设,且偏压长柱的侧向挠曲线基本符合正弦半波曲线;钢骨-钢管自密实高强混凝土偏压柱的极限承载力随偏心率和长细比的增大而急剧下降,随着配骨指标的增大而提高。     

Fire behavior of eccentrically loaded slender high strength concrete-filled tubular columns

This paper describes a series of 24 fire tests conducted on slender circular hollow section columns filled with normal and high strength concrete, subjected to eccentric axial load. It is a continuation of a previous research paper (Romero et al., 2011 [1]), where test results on centrally loaded columns were presented. The test parameters covered in this fire testing program were the nominal strength of concrete (30 and 90 MPa), the infilling type (plain, bar-reinforced and steel fiber reinforced concrete), the axial load level (20% and 40%) and the load eccentricity (20 and 50 mm). The columns were tested under fixed-pinned boundary conditions, with a relative slenderness at room temperature higher than 0.5 for all the specimens. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of eccentricity in combination with the type of concrete infill. The results show that the addition of steel fibers does not improve the fire resistance of slender columns under eccentric loads, as compared to columns filled with plain concrete. However, the addition of reinforcing bars increases the fire resistance of the columns in this situation. Filling the steel hollow section columns with concrete increases their fire resistance, the increase in load bearing capacity being more noticeable for columns filled with high strength concrete. A comparison with the current simple calculation model in Eurocode 4 Part 1.2 shows that, although the method is safe for eccentrically loaded columns, it produces a high error in the predictions for columns filled with plain or steel fiber reinforced concrete.     

Evaluation of passive confinement in CFT columns

This paper presents the experimental results of 32 axially loaded concrete-filled steel tubular columns (CFT). The load was introduced only on the concrete core by means of two high strength steel cylinders placed at the column ends to evaluate the passive confinement provided by the steel tube. The columns were filled with structural concretes with compressive strengths of 30, 60, 80 and 100 MPa. The outer diameter (D) of the column was 114.3 mm, and the length/diameter (L/D) ratios considered were 3, 5, 7 and 10. The wall thicknesses of the tubes (t) were 3.35 mm and 6.0 mm, resulting in diameter/thickness (D/t) ratios of 34 and 19, respectively. The force vs. axial strain curves obtained from the tests showed, in general, a good post-peak behavior of the CFT columns, even for those columns filled with high strength concrete. Three analytical models of confinement for short concrete-filled columns found in the literature were used to predict the axial capacity of the columns tested. To apply these models to slender columns, a correction factor was introduced to penalize the calculated results, giving good agreement with the experimental values. Additional results of 63 CFT columns tested by other researchers were also compared to the predictions of the modified analytical models and presented satisfactory results.     

Eccentric load behavior of L-shaped CFT stub columns with binding bars

This paper is concerned with the eccentric load behavior of L-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) stub columns with binding bars. Eight specimens with binding bars and one without binding bars were tested to examine the effects of horizontal spacing and diameter of binding bars, load eccentricity ratio, and load angle on the failure modes, bearing capacity and ductility of L-shaped CFT stub columns. Experimental results demonstrate that the local buckling of the steel tube can be postponed by setting binding bars, and the bearing capacity and curvature ductility of the L-shaped CFT stub columns are at most 1.04 and 3.31 times those without binding bars, respectively, and the plane section assumption can also be satisfied. Based on a modified stress–strain relationship of confined concrete, the fiber element analysis is applied to predict the bearing capacity of the specimens, and the predicted results agree well with the experimental ones. Then the parametric studies using the proposed theoretical model are carried out to further study the fundamental behavior of eccentrically loaded L-shaped CFT stub columns with various steel yield strengths, sectional steel ratios, cube strengths of concrete, confinement coefficients of binding bars, sectional aspect ratios and load angles. Finally, simplified interaction formulas are put forward to predict the M_x/M_x′–M_y/M_y′ curves for the L-shaped CFT stub columns with or without binding bars subjected to biaxial eccentric load, and the theoretical results predicted by the simplified formulas agree well with those predicted by the fiber element analysis program.     

Analytical model for predicting axial capacity and behavior of concrete encased steel composite stub columns

The axial compressive capacity and force-deformation behavior of concrete encased steel stub columns were analytically investigated. An analytical model was developed for predicting the force-deformation response for composite stub columns with various structural steel sections and volumetric lateral reinforcement. Constitutive relationships were established for materials used in the composite cross section, which included unconfined concrete, partially and highly confined concrete, structural steel section, and longitudinal reinforcing bar. The axial capacity of composite stub columns can be determined from strengths contributed from each material component following the stress-strain relationship. Analytical results show that the axial load-carrying capacity and force-deformation behavior measured in the experiments can be accurately predicted. In addition to the lateral reinforcement, the structural steel section can provide a confinement effect on the concrete and enhance the axial capacity and post-peak strength.     

Performance of composite girders strengthened using carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminates

This paper highlights the structural performance of steel–concrete composite girders strengthened using advanced composite laminates. Nonlinear 3-D finite element models have been developed to investigate the flexural behaviour and load carrying capacity of the girders. The composite laminates comprised carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates and sheets as well as steel reinforced polymer (SRP) sheets. The elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the laminates varied from low to high 60–300 GPa and 700–3100 MPa, respectively. The nonlinear material properties of the strengthened composite girder components comprising concrete, structural steel beam, reinforcement bars, adhesive and composite laminates were incorporated in the finite element model. The interfaces between the composite girder components were also considered allowing the contact and bond behaviour to be modelled and the different components to retain its profile during the deformation of the strengthened composite girder. Furthermore, the load-slip characteristic of headed stud shear connectors was incorporated in the finite element models based on previous experimental and numerical investigations conducted by the author. The finite element models have been validated against published tests on composite girders strengthened using different advanced composite laminates and having different cross-section geometries, lengths, layers of laminates with different elastic moduli and ultimate tensile strengths, concrete strengths and structural steel strengths. The load carrying capacity of strengthened composite girders, load–vertical displacement behaviour and failure modes were predicted from the finite element analyses and compared against test results. Parametric studies were conducted to study the effects on the load carrying capacity and structural behaviour of strengthened composite girders owing to the change in the composite laminate elastic modulus, number of laminate layers, concrete strengths and structural steel strengths. The study has shown that the increase in the load carrying capacity and ductility of strengthened composite girders due to the increase in steel beam strength is significant with high strength concrete slab. Also, it has been shown that the increase in concrete strength offers a considerable increase in the initial stiffness of strengthened composite girders, while the increase in structural steel strength offers a considerable increase in the stiffness of strengthened composite girder in the post-yielding stage.     

偏心荷载作用下细长型高强钢管混凝土柱的防火性能

对受偏心轴向荷载作用、分别填充普通混凝土和高强混凝土的细长型圆钢管柱进行24组防火试验。此试验是对Romero等人在2011年所做的中心荷载柱的试验结果的进一步探讨。此防火试验中的试验参数涵盖了混凝土标准强度(30MPa和90MPa)、填充类型(普通混凝土、钢筋混凝土和钢纤钢筋混凝土)、轴向荷载水平(20%和40%)和荷载偏心(20mm和50mm)。在固定的边界条件下对室内温度下相对长细比高于其他样本0.5的柱进行试验。研究这种内填混凝土组合件偏心荷载的影响。试验结果显示,与填充普通混凝土的柱相比,添加钢纤维并不能提高细长型柱在偏心荷载下的防火性能。然而,在混凝土柱中添加钢筋则可以提高防火性能。在中空圆钢管中填充混凝土可以提高其防火性能,钢管高强混凝土柱在承载力方面有更明显的提升。与欧洲规范4-1-2中的简易计算模型相比较,尽管此方法可用于偏心荷载作用下的柱,但在预测内填普通混凝土柱和钢纤维钢筋混凝土柱时仍会产生较大的误差。