Quasi-static and fatigue performance of a cellular FRP bridge deck adhesively bonded to steel girders

This paper describes the quasi-static and fatigue performance of hybrid bridge girders composed of cellular FRP bridge decks and steel girders. The FRP bridge deck is connected adhesively to the steel girders and acts as the top chord of the hybrid section. Compared to a reference steel girder, the stiffness and quasi-static load-carrying capacity of the hybrid girders were considerably increased due to composite action between the FRP decks and the steel girders. Failure due to quasi-static loading occurred in the FRP decks during yielding of the bottom steel flanges. The adhesive bond between the FRP decks and the steel girders showed no signs of damage due to fatigue loading. The results of the investigation showed that the well-established design method for steel–concrete composite girders with shear stud connections can essentially be used for the design of such FRP-steel girders. The principal modifications necessary for design are proposed.     

A systematic analysis and design approach for single-span FRP deck/stringer bridges

There is a concern with worldwide deterioration of highway bridges, particularly reinforced concrete. The advantages of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites over conventional materials motivate their use in highway bridges for rehabilitation and replacement of structures. In this paper, a systematic approach for analysis and design of all FRP deck/stringer bridges is presented. The analyses of structural components cover: (1) constituent materials and ply properties, (2) laminated panel engineering properties, (3) stringer stiffness properties, and (4) apparent stiffnesses for composite cellular decks and their equivalent orthotropic material properties. To verify the accuracy of orthotropic material properties, an actual deck is experimentally tested and analyzed by a finite element model. For design analysis of FRP deck/stringer bridge systems, an approximate series solution for orthotropic plates, including first-order shear deformation, is applied to develop simplified design equations, which account for load distribution factors under various loading cases. An FRP deck fabricated by bonding side-by-side box beams is transversely attached to FRP wide-flange beams and tested as a deck/stringer bridge system. The bridge systems are tested under static loads for various load conditions, and the experimental results are correlated with those by an approximate series solution and a finite element model. The present simplified design analysis procedures can be used to develop new efficient FRP sections and to design FRP highway bridge decks and deck/stringer systems, as shown by an illustrative design example.     

Load and resistance factor design of fiber reinforced polymer composite bridge deck

The majority of our bridges were constructed with conventional civil engineering materials of steel and concrete in a typical slab on girder or truss construction. Reinforced concrete bridge decks have approximately 40% life of the steel girders that support these structures. In order to support the use of alternative materials to replace deteriorating concrete decks, this paper outlines the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Fiber Reinforced Polymer composite (FRP) panel highway bridge deck. The deck would be of a sandwich construction where 152.4 mm × 152.4 mm × 9.5 mm square pultruded glass FRP (GFRP) tubes are joined and sandwiched between two 9.5 mm GFRP plates. The deck would be designed by Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and LRFD to support AASHTO design truckload HL-93. There are currently no US standards and specifications for the design of FRP pultruded shapes including a deck panel therefore international codes and references related to FRP profiles will be examined and AASHTO-LRFD specifications will be used as the basis for the final design. Overall, years of research and laboratory and field tests have proven FRP decks to be a viable alternative to conventional concrete deck. Therefore, conceptualizing the design of FRP bridge decks using basic structural analysis and mechanics would increase awareness and engineering confidence in the use of this innovative material.     

斜交多肋T梁桥空间计算的有限单元法

将斜交多肋T梁桥的桥面板视为斜形板梁,肋板视为普通板梁,并在构造其位移模式时考虑了T梁桥面板剪滞效应和局部弯曲的影响,然后根据斜交多肋T梁截面位移参数的变形协调关系来组拼其单元刚度矩阵,由此提出了斜交多肋T梁桥空间计算的斜形板梁有限单元法。     

钢主梁拱桥组合桥面系力学性能分析

钢-混凝土组合结构桥面系近几年开始在拱桥结构中使用,拱桥中组合桥面系受力复杂,其力学性能受钢与混凝土是否连接、是否张拉系杆以及混凝土的浇注顺序等影响。该文采用空间有限元模型,开展了钢主梁拱桥组合桥面系的力学性能研究。研究表明:在钢主梁拱桥结构中混凝土桥面板与钢主梁是否结合对桥面系的整体受力影响甚微,只对桥面系局部位置的混凝土桥面板应力分布有所影响;拱桥中是否安装系杆对桥面系的受力影响较大,而且桥面系的受力与系杆张拉力有密切关系;对于组合桥面系的拱桥采用一次浇筑混凝土桥面板施工方法的桥面系受力要明显优于采用分段浇筑混凝土桥面板的方法。     

变分原理分析连续箱梁开裂后的剪力滞效应

变分原理通常适用于箱形截面梁剪力滞效应弹性分析,基于换算截面法和解肢法,运用变分原理推导了钢筋混凝土连续箱梁均布荷载作用的剪力滞系数计算公式,考虑了混凝土开裂对连续箱梁剪力滞效应的影响,并与试验结果和规范方法进行了对比。分析表明混凝土开裂将引起连续箱梁剪力滞效应分布规律发生变化,且混凝土开裂对跨中截面翼缘有效分布宽度系数的影响较小,对中间支座截面的影响较大。本文方法力学概念明确,是其弹性分析适用范围的拓展,可广泛应用于连续箱梁开裂后的剪力滞效应分析。     

Analysis and design of fiber reinforced plastic composite deck-and-stringer bridges

A comprehensive study on analysis and design of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite deck-and-stringer bridges is presented. The FRP decks considered consist of contiguous thin-walled box sections and are fabricated by bonding side-by-side pultruded thin-walled box beams, which are placed transversely over FRP composite stringers. In this study, we review the modeling and experimental verification of FRP structural beams, including micro/macro-mechanics predictions of ply and laminate properties, beam bending response, shear-lag effect, and local and global buckling behaviors. A simplified design analysis procedure for cellular FRP bridge decks is developed based on a first-order shear deformation macro-flexibility (SDMF) orthotropic plate solution. The present approach can allow the designers to analyze, design and optimize material architectures and shapes of FRP beams, as well as various bridge deck configurations, before their implementation in the field. Experimental studies of cellular FRP bridge decks are conducted to obtain stiffness coefficients, and an example of a cellular FRP deck on optimized winged-box FRP stringers under actual track-loading is presented to illustrate the analytical method. The experimental-analytical approach presented in this study is used to propose simplified engineering design equations for new and replacement highway FRP deck-and-stringer bridges.     

考虑剪力滞后效应结合梁的长期性能计算

目前结构施工仿真计算多采用平面杆系有限元模型,而桥面板剪力滞后效应会使平面杆系模型分析结果产生误差.该文考虑混凝土的长期性能,引入翘曲位移形状函数与强度函数,描述结合梁剪力滞后效应.利用最小势能原理,以整体竖向挠度和翘曲强度函数为未知函数,推导出结合梁微段平衡微分方程及边界条件方程,引入“附加弯矩”描述剪力滞后效应对结构变形的影响;可根据具体结构形式的边界条件,得到结合梁模型变形的解析解.通过算例验证了模型和解析解的正确性,并分析了结合梁剪力滞后效应的时效性.考虑承受均布荷载的固端梁,采用现行规范有效宽度计算的结果介于弹性与粘弹性结果之间.利用该文计算方法,可以减小剪力滞后效应对杆系模型计算结果带来的误差.     

钢-超高性能混凝土组合箱梁弹性弯曲性能试验研究及解析解

钢-超高性能混凝土(Ultrahigh performance concrete,以下简称UHPC)组合箱型桥面系在大跨径桥梁建设中具有良好的应用前景。以实际桥梁工程为背景,设计两个大比例钢-UHPC组合箱梁模型试验,主要研究弹性状态下的组合箱梁的弯曲受力行为,重点测试试件加载过程中挠度、应变分布等;建立同时考虑剪力滞后、滑移效应以及钢腹板剪切变形的组合箱梁分析模型,并推导得出解析解。研究结果表明:集中荷载作用下钢-UHPC组合箱梁的剪力滞效应显著,UHPC板跨中截面纵向压应变的最大值与最小值之比约为5~7;UHPC板厚越大,钢-UHPC组合箱梁的刚度越大,相同荷载下,UHPC板和钢梁应变越小;该文同时考虑剪力滞后、滑移效应以及钢腹板剪切变形的解析解与试验结果基本吻合,相比于不考虑钢腹板剪切变形的模型结果具有明显改善。     

平行双箱梁桥面颤振稳定性试验研究

在建的佛山平胜大桥和设计中的青岛海湾桥红岛航道桥方案分别是具有平行双箱梁的独塔自锚式悬索桥和独塔斜拉桥，对两座桥梁的单、双桥面弹性悬挂节段模型风洞试验结果表明双桥面之间存在不可忽略的气动干扰效应，从而使桥梁在单、双桥面状态时的颤振临界风速不同。以平胜桥主梁节段模型为基础的一系列风洞试验研究表明，平行双箱梁桥面主梁的颤振临界风速与两桥面之间的距离有关系，双桥面的颤振临界风速随两桥面之间距离D值的增大而增加。与单桥面状态相比较，平行双箱梁桥面的颤振导数也有相应的变化，且这种变化和两桥面之间的距离D也有关系。     

Structural limits of FRP-balsa sandwich decks in bridge construction

The span limits of two glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bridge concepts involving GFRP-balsa sandwich plates are discussed. The sandwich plates were either used directly as slab bridges or as decks of a hybrid sandwich-steel girder bridges. In the latter case, the potential of the sandwich decks to replace reinforced concrete (RC) decks was also evaluated. Taking the limits of manufacturing into account (800 mm slab thickness), maximum bridge spans of approximately 19 m can be reached with FRP-balsa sandwich slab bridges, if a carbon-FRP (CFRP) arch is integrated into the balsa core. Above this limit, hybrid sandwich-steel girder bridges can be used up to spans of 30 m. RC deck replacement requires timber and steel plate inserts into the balsa core above the steel girders. GFRP-balsa sandwich slabs or decks exhibit full composite action between lower and upper face sheets. Stress concentrations occur at the joints between balsa core and timber inserts which however can effectively be reduced by changing from butt to scarf joints.     

Structural Assessment of Externally Strengthened Bridge Deck Panels

Deteriorated concrete bridge decks are strengthened with external bonding technique using either steel plate or various FRPs to enhance the decreased load carrying capacity and serviceability. But the failure characteristics of bridge decks strengthened with various materials can be changed according to mechanical properties of strengthening materials or strengthening scheme as well as the strengthening amount. In this paper, strengthening effect of deck strengthened with carbon fiber sheets, glass fiber sheets or steel plates is compared. And the theoretical load carrying capacity are evaluated using yield line theory and punching shear model properly modified for the strengthened RC member. The panels strengthened with sheet type FRP materials failed more often in a ductile mode, indicating that the failure developed after the rebar yielded.     

Flexural fatigue analysis of a CFRP form reinforced concrete bridge deck

Concrete bridge decks reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite panels have recently been used where the FRP panels also serve as the permanent formwork for concrete. Comparing to their short-term behavior, their long-term performance especially under repeated traffic loads (fatigue) has not yet been widely known. This paper presents a fatigue analysis tool developed for a new steel-free concrete bridge deck reinforced with carbon FRP stay-in-place form. The developed model takes into account the cyclic creep of concrete in compression, the reduction in flexural stiffness due to fatigue tensile cracking and the reduction in modulus of rupture under cyclic loading. Comparisons with experimental data show reasonable agreement where a full-size 2-span deck specimen was subjected to millions of fatigue cycles. The parametric study recommends reducing the amount of FRP reinforcement and concrete strength of the current design, and lower loading rate may introduce more stiffness degradation in the system.     

分离式公铁双层桥面相互气动干扰及对列车走行性的影响

横向风作用下公铁两用双层桥的上、下桥面间存在相互的气动干扰,为研究公铁两用组合桥间隔高度对列车走行性的影响,针对某分离式公铁两用混凝土箱梁桥,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）数值模拟和风-车-桥耦合振动研究的方法,分析了上、下桥面间隔高度对列车气动特性和车辆动力响应的影响。分析结果表明,公铁两用组合桥间隔高度对列车的气动特性和动力响应影响显著,间隔高度减小,列车升力系数和竖向加速度显著增大,轮重减载率也随之增大。公铁两用组合桥的设计应考虑间隔高度对列车的影响,以选择合理的间隔高度。     

钢-混凝土组合梁负弯矩区有效翼缘宽度的研究

根据等效跨度的概念,采用能量变分法,考虑翼板开裂及钢梁与混凝土板之间相对滑移的影响,推导了反向集中荷载作用下截面应力的解析解,计算了组合梁负弯矩区的有效翼缘宽度,将计算结果与试验结果进行了对比,并分析了组合梁负弯矩区混凝土开裂对剪力滞效应和有效翼缘宽度的影响。分析表明:混凝土开裂使组合梁负弯矩区剪力滞系数较开裂前减小,有效翼缘宽度较开裂前增大,但开裂区域长度对开裂部位的剪力滞系数和有效翼缘宽度无影响,故有效翼缘宽度可在负弯矩区等效跨度范围内按完全开裂的等截面梁进行计算,但在连续组合梁中,等效跨度应充分考虑实际反弯点的位置,完全按规范取定值在某些工况下会引起较大误差。     

聚氨酯-钢板夹层正交异性桥面板试验研究

通过2个不同纵向加劲肋间距的聚氨酯-钢板夹层结构正交异性三跨连续桥面板的钢箱梁模型试验,结合有限元计算分析方法建立多种加劲肋间距桥面板的钢箱梁计算模型进行计算对比,研究该种桥面板的受力性能,试验模型按实桥同种材料的箱梁缩小1/4制作,按汽车荷载在跨中及支点截面产生最大弯矩时测试截面各关键点的纵向、横向应变和挠度。结果表明:桥面板各点应变试验值与计算值基本吻合;采用聚氨酯-钢板夹层结构正交异性桥面板可大幅削减局部应力集中峰值,从而可大幅减少加劲肋数量,减少程度主要取决于夹层板厚度;板面有些部位要同时承受两个正交方向的反号应力;相应截面中间加劲肋底部纵向应力最大;夹层桥面板的应力和挠度随着芯层厚度减小,增幅加大。     

Modeling and characterization of fiber-reinforced plastic honeycomb sandwich panels for highway bridge applications

Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite decks have been increasingly used in highway bridge applications, both in new construction and rehabilitation and replacement of existing bridge decks. Recent applications have demonstrated that FRP honeycomb panels can be effectively and economically used for highway bridge deck systems. This paper is concerned with design modeling and experimental characterization of a FRP honeycomb panel with sinusoidal core geometry in the plane and extending vertically between face laminates. The analyses of the honeycomb structure and components include: (1) constituent materials and ply properties, (2) face laminates and core wall engineering properties, (3) equivalent core material properties, and (4) apparent stiffness properties for the honeycomb panel and its equivalent orthotropic material properties. A homogenization process is used to obtain the equivalent core material properties for the honeycomb geometry with sinusoidal waves. To verify the accuracy of the analytical solution, several honeycomb sandwich beams with sinusoidal core waves either in the longitudinal or transverse directions are tested in bending. Also, a deck panel is tested under both symmetric and asymmetric patch loading. Finite element (FE) models of the test samples using layered shell elements are further used to correlate results with analytical predictions and experimental values. A brief summary is given of the present and future use of the FRP honeycomb panel for bridge decks. The present simplified analysis procedure can be used in design applications and optimization of efficient honeycomb structures.     

Load response due to local and global indeterminacies of FRP-deck bridges

In a cellular FRP deck-on-beam bridge, the deck’s load response is influenced by the cellular frame’s local indeterminacy and by the global indeterminacy due to multiple beams at each support. Thus, the stiffness distributions for both levels of indeterminacy are important. This paper reports concentrated load tests and FE analyses (FEA) of an 8 m long bridge comprising cellular FRP decking bonded to and spanning across three pretensioned concrete beams. Another specimen comprising a rigidly supported, narrow width of decking where only local strains developed under load and which enabled strain measurements near the loads on external and internal surfaces of the deck, is also presented. Loads were applied via steel plates and elastomeric pads. Pressure-sensitive films enabled deduction of pad-to-deck contact zones. The FEA used contact elements at pad–deck interfaces, solid elements for the deck and beams, and included deck material and geometry anisotropies. The bridge’s test data show a 25% asymmetry of the deck’s local longitudinal strains and rapid transverse attenuation of these strains away from the loads. The FE results – including the strain asymmetry when FRP moduli are locally altered – are comparable to the experimental data. This suggests that FEA can reliably represent indeterminacy effects for these complex structures.     

CFRP拉索预应力超高性能混凝土斜拉桥力学性能分析

为了探讨碳纤维复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)和超高性能活性粉末混凝土(reactive powder concrete,RPC)在超大跨度斜拉桥中应用的可行性,以主跨1 008 m的大跨度钢主梁斜拉桥设计方案为例,采用拉索的等强度原则将原桥钢索替换成CFRP索,考虑截面刚度、截面应力和局部稳定等要求,将原桥钢主梁替换成RPC主梁,拟订了一座等跨度的CFRP拉索、RPC主梁斜拉桥方案。采用有限元法分别对两种方案结构的静力特性、动力特性、稳定性能以及抗风性能等进行了分析与比较。结果表明:从结构受力性能角度而言,采用超高性能混凝土主梁和CFRP拉索构成千米级跨度混凝土斜拉桥的结构体系是可行的。     

Flexural behavior of prestressed FRP tubular bridge deck

An experimental and analytical study was undertaken to assess the flexural behavior of a new fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) deck system. The deck consists of a series of pultruted FRP tubes, post-tensioned in between each two stringers. Seven pure compression tests and eleven flexural tests were carried out to investigate the effect of tube size, bonding condition, post-tensioning, and supporting conditions. Finite element modeling of compression and flexural specimens was carried out to determine the effect of tube interface friction, bond and geometry restraints. The study showed feasibility of the new deck system for bridges with closely spaced stringers, where lack of two-way panel action is not a primary concern. Failure modes were also identified for these types of deck systems. Longer span decks generally failed in bending, whereas shorter span decks suffered from local shear failure at the corner of the tubes. Prestressing provided redundancy and reserved strength to the deck system.