驱油用烷基苯工业化生产研究

通过进行小批量的驱油用烷基苯生产试验,制定出了切实可行的生产方案,并顺利完成工业化试验和增产试验,驱油用烷基苯产量达到1.6万t/a,试验产品经测试在大庆三厂油水条件下能够达到10-3mN/m的超低界面张力,能够满足大庆三元复合驱强碱体系矿场试验的需求.     

Characterization of acrylamide polymers for enhanced oil recovery

Four different copolymers, of acrylamide and acrylic acid, acrylamide and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid, N,N‐dimethylacrylamide and acrylic acid, and N,N‐dimethylacrylamide and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid (sodium salts), were prepared. The copolymers were characterized by their intrinsic viscosities and monomer ratios and with IR, ¹H‐NMR, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. No crystallinity was observed by differential thermal analysis, and this was well supported by XRD. All the polymers showed low decomposition temperatures. A number of decomposition temperatures were observed in differential thermogravimetry thermograms because of the elimination of gases such as CO₂, SO₂, CO, and NH₃. The replacement of the acrylate group with a sulfonate group produced polymers that were more compatible with brine, whereas the replacement of acrylamide with a more hydrophobic group such as N,N‐dimethylacrylamide produced a more shear‐resistant polymer. A N,N‐dimethylacrylamide‐co‐sodium‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonate copolymer was better with respect to thermal stability when the polymer solution was aged at 120°C for a period of 1 month. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1869–1878, 2003     

驱油用水溶性聚合物的研究进展

聚合驱油主要是向注水中加入聚合物,提高水的粘度,减弱水相的粘性指进现象,达到提高原油采收率的目的。本文介绍了聚合驱的驱油机理、三次采油中常用的水溶性聚合物以及新型水溶性聚合物研究进展。     

Pelargonic acid in enhanced oil recovery

Oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as erucic and oleic acids, results in the formation of dibasic fatty acids, such as brassylic and azelaic acids. Dibasic acids find many industrial applications. Pelargonic acid is the co-product of the process. Expanded use of dibasic acids would require an expansion in the existing and possibly new uses for pelargonic acid and its derivatives. In this study, the potential for using pelargonic acid in enhanced oil recovery is investigated. Experimental results are presented for the enhanced oil recovery by waterflooding with the aid of a surfactant.In situ formation of surfactant at the oil-water interface vs. the formation of surfactant in the floodwater prior to injection is examined.     

化学驱油进展

目前,全球石油产量约8 500万桶/天,即超过300亿桶/年。OPEC（石油输出国组织）估计,到2030年,发展中国家的需求将使全球产量提高到1.07亿桶/天。 从给出的一些统计值表明,表面活性剂研究者和生产商有千载难逢的好机会：多数现有的油井只能采出30%的油气,化学驱是可用的、为数不多的二次和三次开采增加石油产量的方法。     

Thermoviscosifying polymer used for enhanced oil recovery: rheological behaviors and core flooding test

Polymer flooding represents one of the most efficient processes to enhance oil recovery, but the poor thermostability and salt tolerance of the currently used water-soluble polymers impeded their use in high temperature and salinity oil reservoirs. Thermoviscosifying polymers (TVPs) whose viscosity increases upon increasing temperature and salinity may overcome the deficiencies of most water-soluble polymers. A novel TVP was studied in comparison with traditional partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) in synthetic brine regarding their rheological behaviors and core flooding experiments under simulated high temperature and salinity oil reservoir conditions (T: 85 °C, and total salinity: 32,868 mg/L, [Ca²⁺] + [Mg²⁺]: 873 mg/L). It was found that with increasing temperature, both apparent viscosity and elastic modulus of the TVP polymer solution increase, while those of the HPAM solutions decrease. Such a difference is attributed to their microstructures formed in aqueous solution, which were observed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Core flow tests at equal conditions showed an oil recovery factor of 13.5 % for the TVP solution versus only 2.1 % for the HPAM solution.     

Characterization of cationic water-soluble polyacrylamides

Copolymers of poly(acrylamide-co-acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride or AM–CMA) and poly(acrylamide-co-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride or AM–CMA) prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization were characterized by different analytical techniques. The chemical composition of the copolymers was estimated by elemental analysis and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR spectroscopy and computer simulation were further used for investigating the polymers' sequence distribution. The poly(AM–CMA) copolymers are chemically more homogeneous than are the poly(AM–CMA). The configurational propagation of dyads and triads for the homopolymers obeys Bernouilli's statistics. For the copolymers, the chemical sequences distribution is governed by Markov's first-order statistics.     

Spontaneous emulsification aspect of enhanced oil recovery

Recent studies have suggested the possibility of spontaneous emulsification as a mechanism for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The discussions have, however, remained essentially qualitative. A study was therefore undertaken to estimate quantitatively the contribution of spontaneous emulsification as an EOR mechanism. The tests were conducted on several bulk liquid/liquid systems as well as by displacement experiments in unconsolidated synthetic sand packs. Spontaneous emulsification was found to be a mechanism for EOR: the estimated extra contribution to EOR due to this mechanism was found to be significant in laboratory scale displacement experiments. Tertiary recovery was always greater when spontaneous emulsification was evident than otherwise. Results of tests on bulk liquid/liquid systems indicate that the occurrence or absence of spontaneous emulsification can be correlated with the values of ‘partition parameter’. It may be concluded that higher oil recoveries may be achieved in chemical EOR processes where interface mass transfer (and the accompanying spontaneous emulsification) occurs. The evaluation of efficiency of residual oil mobilisation through the capillary number theory (with and without spontaneous emulsification) is also discussed. Displacement tests with spontaneously emulsifying systems showed that residual oil left behind a conventional waterflood was mobilised in a range of capillary numbers much less than that which applies to low-tension waterfloods.     

Mechanical stability of high‐molecular‐weight polyacrylamides and an (acrylamido tert‐butyl sulfonic acid)–acrylamide copolymer used in enhanced oil recovery

High‐molecular‐weight partially hydrolyzed and sulfonated polyacrylamides are widely used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Nonionic polyacrylamide and polyacrylamide‐based microgels are also used in water shut‐off treatments for gas and oil wells. A comparative study of the mechanical degradation for three linear polyacrylamides and a microgel is presented. Mechanical degradation is quantified from the loss of the viscosity of the polymer solution as it passes through a stainless steel capillary with a length of 10 cm and an internal diameter of 125 µm. The critical shear rate above which degradation increases exponentially was found to depend on the chemical structure of the polymer, molecular weight, and electrolyte strength. The nonionic polyacrylamide shows higher degradation and lower critical shear rate compared with a sulfonated polyacrylamide with similar molecular weight. Moreover, the nonionic polyacrylamide with a higher molecular weight results in lower mechanical degradation. The higher mechanical stability of the sulfonated polymer is attributed to the higher rigidity of its molecules in solution. On the other hand, the ability of the high‐molecular‐weight polymers to form transient, flow‐induced microgels boost their mechanical stability. This ability increases with the increase in the molecular weight of the polymer. Indeed, the microgel solution used in this study demonstrates exceptional mechanical stability. In general, mechanical stability of linear polymers used in chemical enhanced oil recovery can be enhanced by tailoring a polymer that has large side groups similar to the sulfonated polyacrylamide. Also, polyacrylamide‐based microgels can be applied if high mechanical stability is required. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40921.     

Modified acrylamide polymers for enhanced oil recovery

Copolymers of sodium acrylate and N-methyl-, N-isopropyl-, N-n-butyl-, and N-t-butylacrylamide were prepared. The viscosities of these copolymers in 0.01% and 2.00% NaCl and their resistances to shear were compared with those of several partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides. The poly(N-alkylacrylamide-co-sodium acrylate demonstrated somewhat better retention of viscosity in brine than did analagous partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides. N-alkyl substitution increased sensitivity to shear in low salt solutions.     

三次采油注聚物静态混合器研究进展

简述了油田三次采油过程中注聚合物的背景,总结了静态混合器的混合机理以及三次采油注聚合物静态混合器的研究现状,并对三次采油注聚物静态混合器的发展进行了展望。     

分光光度法测定三次采油中常用阴离子表面活性剂

确定了一种测定阴离子表面活性剂的方法——分光光度法。通过实验确定了此方法的最佳条件,最大吸收波长为630 nm,阳离子标准溶液（1.0×10-4 mol/L）加量为20 mL,缓冲指示剂的用量为10 mL,静置2 h,温度恒温控制在25℃。同时确定了阴离子表面活性剂的测量范围,应当控制其加量在阳离子表面活性剂加量的一半,工作曲线线性相关系数为0.999 72。并测定了其他常用阴离子表面活性剂的工作曲线,线性相关系数均超过了0.990 00,证明了这种方法应用的普遍性。     

重烷基苯磺酸盐在油田三次采油中的应用

简要介绍了油田三次采油的相关情况,系统介绍了重烷基苯磺酸盐在油田三元复合驱的应用及工业化生产过程,分析与探讨了重烷基苯磺酸盐工业化生产中的难点及在大庆油田的应用前景.     

三次采油用表面活性剂研究

介绍了常规的三次采油技术手段,如碱驱、聚合物驱、表面活性剂驱、三元复合驱和微生物驱等,并对各种技术手段的现状以及优缺点进行了总结。对三次采油技术将来的发展方向做了简要的讨论。     

应用石油磺酸盐提高原油采收率的研究进展

综述了国内外应用石油磺酸盐进行三次采油矿场试验的研究现状.介绍了合成石油磺酸盐的原料和工艺以及石油磺酸盐的精细结构.讨论了石油磺酸盐与其他表面活性剂复配体系的低表面张力特性以及在驱油过程中的沉积损耗和在油砂表面上的吸附损耗.指出改性石油磺酸盐和结构性能关系清晰的合成石油磺酸盐是今后的发展趋势.     

Adsorption of surfactant during chemical enhanced oil recovery

Surfactant is extensively used as chemicals during chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) process. Effectiveness of surfactant CEOR process depends on several parameters like formation of micro emulsion, ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT) and adsorption of surfactant. First two parameters enhance the effectiveness while the last parameter reduces the effectiveness. Micro emulsions are highly desirable for CEOR due to its low interfacial tension (IFT) value and higher viscosity. In this research the size of the emulsions were studied with particle size analyzer to study the liquid–liquid absorption process and the entrapment of oil drops inside surfactant drop. Initially, the average surfactant drop size was found to be 100 nm, after mixing the surfactant slug with reservoir crude, the size was increase up to 10 times. It signifies the formation of micro emulsion between surfactant and oil. Another attempt was done in this research to study the adsorption mechanism of surfactant on reservoir rock. The process of adsorption was studied by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm to understand the adsorption phenomena. In this study, it was found that the adsorption follows Freundlich isotherm and the adsorption phenomena was chemical for surfactant flooding process. In chemical adsorption phenomena, the rate of adsorption is high because, surfactant molecules are adsorbed layer after layer by the rock surface. Use of alkali along with surfactant reduces adsorption of surfactant since, alkali blocked the active clay sites before interacting with surfactant and hence the adsorption isotherm was found to be Langmuir and phenomena was physical adsorption.     

Flow behavior of enhanced oil recovery Alcoflood polymers

Flow behavior in terms of shear stress and viscosity versus shear rate is investigated for aqueous solutions of Alcoflood polymer materials. Rheostress RS100 is employed for operating, measuring, and analyzing this experimental investigation. Polymer concentration in the range of 100–10,000 ppm was covered. Fitting analysis is carried out for all the examined polymer solutions. Casson and Ostwald‐de‐Waele correlations can be employed for predicting flow behavior, depending upon polymer type. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2896–2904, 2002     

微生物采油技术及其应用

介绍了微生物采油技术方法、菌种和营养液选择、油藏筛选标准、作用机理及矿场应用。     

微生物驱油技术的应用研究进展

综述了微生物驱油技术提高原油采收率的研究进展,其优势有含水率下降和产油量增加、原油物性改善、残余油饱和度减小。但微生物驱油技术的应用中仍有一些问题亟待解决,如在微生物驱油与压裂等技术的结合、机理研究、监测等方面,对此提出了相应的建议。     

微生物驱油技术的应用研究进展

综述了微生物驱油技术提高原油采收率的研究进展,其优势有含水率下降和产油量增加、原油物性改善、残余油饱和度减小。但微生物驱油技术的应用中仍有一些问题亟待解决,如在微生物驱油与压裂等技术的结合、机理研究、监测等方面,对此提出了相应的建议。