云南省3种特色单花种蜂蜜理化指标检测与分析

针对云南省3种大宗特色单花种蜂蜜（苕子蜜、澳洲坚果蜜、橡胶蜜）,采集样品共45份,对其常规理化指标进行检测,包括淀粉酶活性、羟甲基糠醛、水分、酸度、糖组分（果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖）等。系统分析和评价3种蜂蜜的理化指标特性,并与现有标准或文献进行了比对,利用主成分分析法对蜂蜜理化指标与其植物来源的关系进行简单分析。结果表明,苕子蜜、澳洲坚果蜜和橡胶蜜的各项指标均符合我国国家和行业标准,且各蜜种蜂蜜又有各自独特特征,其中新兴的澳洲坚果蜜具备生产成熟蜜的特征。主成分分析共提取出4个主成分,其中系数绝对值最大的参数为水分、葡萄糖、酶值和麦芽糖。     

HS-GC-IMS结合化学计量学分析6种野生蜂蜜的挥发性风味成分

为明确云南6种主要野生蜂蜜的挥发性物质种类以及区分它们之间挥发性化合物成分的差异，采用顶空气相离子迁移谱技术(HS-GC-IMS)对江城野生大挂蜜、野生黑蜜、野生崖蜜、野生小挂蜜、野生树洞蜜和澜沧野生大挂蜜的特征风味成分进行分析。通过LAV软件构建不同品种蜂蜜挥发性风味指纹图谱，比较云南省主要品种野生蜂蜜的特征风味物质差异，确定其特征风味化合物及相对含量。结果表明，6种蜜蜂样品所含的风味物质均具有一定差异，江城野生大挂蜜和野生小挂蜜差异较大，野生黑蜜和野生树洞蜜差异次之，野生崖蜜、野生小挂蜜、野生树洞蜜和澜沧野生大挂蜜相似度较高。共检出80种挥发性物质，定性检出65种，包括醛类24种、醇类22种、酮类6种、酯类7种、呋喃3种、吡嗪类1种、酸类1种、醚类1种。筛选出20种特征挥发性标志物(VIP>1)，包括1-庚醇、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、2-甲基丙酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、己醛、环己酮、芳樟醇、丁醛、二丙基二硫醚、香茅醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、氧化芳樟醇、2-己醇、2-戊基呋喃、1-庚醇、(E)-2-庚烯醛、苯乙醛、苯甲醇、异丁醇和2-呋喃甲醇。主成分分析和聚类分析显示不同品种的蜂蜜得到明显区分，表明HS-GC-IMS技术可用于野生蜂蜜的鉴别。     

荞麦蜜中挥发性成分测定及其与成熟度的相关性分析

建立蜂蜜中挥发性成分测定的顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法,并对不同成熟度荞麦蜜中挥发性成分进行测定。对固相微萃取条件(萃取纤维、萃取温度、萃取时间)和气相色谱-质谱条件(色谱柱、升温程序)进行优化。在优化测定条件下,14个荞麦蜜共检测出168种挥发性成分,主要包括醇类、酯类、醛类、酸类、酮类等。结果表明,不同成熟度荞麦蜜挥发性成分存在显著差异,成熟度低的荞麦蜜中酯类、醇类含量较多,成熟度高的荞麦蜜中醛类、酸类含量较多。     

玉米窝头挥发性成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取―气质联用法(HS–SPME–GC–MS)分析玉米窝头的主要挥发性成分组成。检出的挥发性成分主要包括烃类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、酯类和少量其他类物质。在检出的挥发性成分中壬醛、2,4–壬二烯醛、癸醛、香叶基丙酮和2–戊基呋喃相对含量较高,可能是玉米窝头风味的主要贡献物质。     

基于电子鼻、GC-MS和GC-IMS技术分析老香黄发酵期间的挥发性成分变化

利用电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱联用（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS）和气相离子迁移谱（Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry,GC-IMS）技术分析老香黄发酵期间的挥发性成分变化,并结合相对风味活度值（Relative odor activity value,ROAV）对老香黄挥发性组分的气味贡献程度进行评价。结果表明,电子鼻PCA有效区分了不同发酵时间的样品,老香黄发酵6个月后挥发性组分开始发生较大变化。GC-MS共鉴定出46种挥发性物质,包括萜烯类、醇类、醛类、酚类、酯类、醚类、杂环化合物和其它共8个种类。α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、萜品油烯、柠檬烯、异松油烯、1-石竹烯、巴伦西亚橘烯、芳樟醇、α-松油醇、糠醛、麦芽酚、茴香脑、2, 4-二甲基苯乙烯是发酵期间含量较高且相对稳定的14个共有成分。GC-IMS定性检出38 种已知挥发性成分,包括萜烯类、醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、酚类、酸类、杂环类和其它共9个类别。ROAV表明老香黄的主体香气为柑橘香、木青气息、药草香和焦甜香,对老香黄风味贡献程度最大的5个物质分别是香茅醛、壬醛、异松油烯、反式-β-罗勒烯和柠檬烯。发酵丰富了老香黄的挥发性成分种类,其中反式-橙花叔醇、庚醛、糠醛、己醛、异戊醛、3-羟基-2-丁酮、2-乙基呋喃、呋喃甲醇、2-乙酰基呋喃等挥发性成分是发酵过程中产生的。     

紫穗槐蜂蜜理化指标及挥发性成分测定与分析

为研究中国特色紫穗槐蜂蜜的品质特性,采用现有标准方法对紫穗槐蜜的理化指标(水分、酸度、淀粉酶值、5-羟甲基糠醛、还原糖、蔗糖)进行测定。采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱技术对紫穗槐蜜的挥发性成分进行测定。通过对理化指标和挥发性成分进行分析,结果表明,8批紫穗槐蜂蜜样品水分含量为15.5%～17.8%,酸度为14.8～25.8 mL/kg,淀粉酶值为27.2～70.6 mL/(g·h),5-羟甲基糠醛含量不超过28.7 mg/kg,还原糖含量为65.9%～71.1%,蔗糖含量不超过2.42%,各项指标均符合国家和行业标准要求。紫穗槐蜂蜜中共发现挥发性物质78种,主要包括醛类、醇类、酸类、萜烯类、芳香类等,含量较高的物质为苯乙醇、苯乙醛、壬醛等。综合而言,紫穗槐蜂蜜具有酶值高、挥发性成分丰富的特点。     

热榨和冷榨胡麻油挥发性物质与关键风味物质组成的分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对比了冷榨和热榨胡麻油中挥发性物质的组成,并结合相对气味活度值法,分析了胡麻油中关键风味物质。结果表明:胡麻油中挥发性物质有醛类、醇类、杂环类、酮类、烷烃类、酸类和酯类,含量最高的是醛类物质,主要是己醛和反式-2,4-庚二烯醛;冷榨和热榨胡麻油醛类物质分别占挥发性物质总含量的40.79%和68.53%,两种胡麻油共有的关键风味物质有壬醛、己醛、反-2-辛烯醛和反式-2,4-庚二烯醛;冷榨和热榨胡麻油挥发性物质中对总体风味贡献最大的分别是壬醛和反式-2,4-癸二烯醛;热榨胡麻油的关键风味物质中还有2,5-二甲基吡嗪和2-戊基呋喃,这两种物质是热榨胡麻油特有的烤香味的来源。     

制油工艺对澳洲坚果油营养品质及挥发性风味成分的影响

研究压榨法和水剂法2种制油工艺对澳洲坚果油品质及挥发性风味成分的影响,分别比较2种制油工艺对澳洲坚果油甘油三酯组成、甾醇组成、脂肪酸组成、挥发性风味成分、生育酚及矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明:制油工艺对澳洲坚果油的脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯组成和生育酚含量没有显著影响,澳洲坚果油中脂肪酸主要为油酸、棕榈-烯酸、棕榈酸,占86%以上;甘油三酯共检出18种,其中OOO、POS、POO占53%以上;水剂法制得的澳洲坚果油中甾醇含量较高,为1 439.79 mg/kg;压榨法制得的澳洲坚果油中矿质元素含量较高,挥发性风味物质成分较多,共分离出41种,主要包括烯类、醛类、酚类、醇类、酯类、烃类和酮类共7类化合物,其中相对含量较高的是烯类化合物和醇类化合物,占总挥发性成分的82.1%,是构成压榨澳洲坚果油的主要风味物质。     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析石花白酒风味特征

为研究石花典型白酒在挥发性风味成分种类及相对含量之间的特征差异,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（GC-IMS）技术对白酒中的挥发性风味成分进行分析,并绘制风味指纹图谱对白酒的香型和品种进行分析对比,通过主成分分析（PCA）对白酒进行分类鉴别。结果表明,石花白酒中共检出18种挥发性风味物质,其中酯类5种、醛类6种、酮类3种、醇类2种、酸类1种和呋喃类1种。通过指纹图谱对比特征风味成分,可以清楚区分不同香型、不同品种的白酒;通过主成分分析（PCA）,能够基于挥发性风味物质对石花白酒样品进行分类鉴别。     

不同蜜源蜂蜜挥发性成分差异分析

为考察不同蜜源蜂蜜挥发性成分差异,采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱与质谱联用技术对8种不同蜜源蜂蜜成分进行鉴定分析。结果表明:8种蜂蜜的挥发物中共鉴定59种挥发性化合物,椴树蜜中有30种,荆花蜜中有21种,荆条蜜中有16种,苕子蜜中有18种,洋槐蜜中有24种,野山花蜜中有27种,野酸枣蜜中有24种,枣花蜜中有32种。聚类分析结果表明,不同蜜源的蜂蜜相似度不大,通过主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)结果表明,壬醛和生物碱乙酸甲酯作为潜在特征标记物,可以区分不同蜜源的蜂蜜,为鉴定不同蜜源蜂蜜奠定基础。     

矿质元素含量结合化学计量学对云南3种单花种蜂蜜的花源鉴别研究

为了鉴别云南地区3种单花种蜂蜜的花源,利用火焰原子吸收光谱法（F-AAS）和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GF-AAS）测定了云南地区3种特色春蜂蜜（苕子蜂蜜、橡胶蜂蜜和石榴蜂蜜）中K、Na、Zn、Mn、Mg、As、Fe、Cr、Ni、Ca、Cu、Pb和Cd的含量。比较发现,3种蜂蜜间的矿质元素含量差异较明显。以矿质元素含量为变量,应用PCA、PLS-DA和BP-ANN,对3种蜂蜜进行分析。PCA将13个变量降为三个主成分,三个主要组件解释了66.39%的总方差,并初步实现了不同蜂蜜的分类。在上述结果的基础上,从每种蜂蜜中随机选取30个样品,分别构建PLS-DA和BP-ANN蜂蜜鉴别模型。PLS-DA模型的训练和交叉验证分类的总正确率分别为96.7%和92.2%;BP-ANN模型的训练和交叉验证分类的总正确率分别为100%和95.6%。与PLS-DA相比,BP-ANN模型的性能较好。应用训练后的BP-ANN模型,对余下的35个蜂蜜样品进行测试,橡胶蜂蜜和石榴蜂蜜的预测精度达到100%,而苕子蜂蜜因一个样品被错误的划分到石榴蜂蜜,预测精度为90%。利用F-AAS、GF-AAS测定矿质元素含量结合化学计量学可以实现云南地区3种单花种蜂蜜的花源鉴别。      

苕子蜜总酚酸和总黄酮含量测定及抗氧化活性的研究

以市售5 个样本苕子蜜为研究对象,在测定其总酚酸及总黄酮含量的基础上,研究苕子蜜对DPPH 自由基的清除作用,并测定苕子蜜的还原力。结果表明：5 个样本苕子蜜总酚酸含量在9.323～21.982mg/100g 之间,总黄酮含量在0.842～2.295mg/100g 之间。各样本苕子蜜均有一定的抗氧化活性,呈现量效关系。总酚酸含量、还原能力与抗氧化能力三者成正相关,表明蜂蜜的抗氧化活性可能与其所含的总酚酸有关。总黄酮和总酚酸含量与还原能力、抗氧化能力之间无明显相关性。     

中蜂与意蜂荔枝蜜挥发性成分的测定与对比分析

采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME)-气相色谱质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术对我国不同产地采集的中蜂和意蜂荔枝蜜的挥发性成分进行检测,并分析和评价中蜂和意蜂荔枝蜜挥发性成分的差异。在优化后的试验条件下,荔枝蜜样品中共检测出98种挥发性物质,主要包括萜烯类、醇类、醛类、芳香类等,其中含量最高的是芳樟醇氧化物。对比研究发现,正庚醇、正壬醇、乙酸苯乙酯、丁香醇仅在中蜂荔枝蜜中被检出,而癸醛、环氧芳樟醇氧化物和某未知色谱峰(RT:27.98)仅在意蜂荔枝蜜中被检出,这几种差异性成分可以有效区分中蜂和意蜂荔枝蜜。     

基于电子鼻及气相色谱-质谱联用技术对川西高原4 种蜂蜜挥发性成分分析

为分析川西高原不同蜜源蜂蜜挥发性物质种类及成分的差异,采用电子鼻、顶空固相微萃取（headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME）与气相色谱-质谱联用（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）技术对川西高原油菜蜂蜜、当归药花蜜、白刺花蜜和山花蜜4?种蜂蜜挥发性成分的响应值进行主成分分析、线性判别分析以及成分定性定量分析。结果表明：电子鼻检测到油菜蜂蜜、当归药花蜜、白刺花蜜、山花蜜的挥发性成分差异明显;HS-SPME-GC-MS分别检测出40、51、39?种和46?种挥发性成分,主要为醇类、酯类、酮类、醛类、烃类等化合物。4?种蜂蜜中共有挥发性成分有7?种,特有挥发性成分分别有22、27、26?种和19?种。电子鼻联合GC-MS分析可以成功区分不同来源蜂蜜样品的挥发性成分。     

蜂蜜品种鉴别方法的研究进展

本研究利用氨基酸分析仪对我国3个不同品种单花蜜洋槐蜜、椴树蜜和油菜蜜,共计110个蜂蜜样品中17种氨基酸含量进行分析,并基于氨基酸含量结合统计分析方法进行蜂蜜种类鉴别分析。结果表明,油菜蜜中水解氨基酸含量高于椴树蜜和洋槐蜜,16种氨基酸含量在三个蜂蜜品种间存在差异。主成分分析（principle component analysis,PCA）结果表明不同植物源蜂蜜具有聚类趋势,偏最小二乘法判别分析（Partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）结果表明油菜蜜可以和洋槐蜜和椴树蜜区分开来。线性判别分析（Linear discriminant analysis,LDA）结果表明3种蜂蜜整体判别率为92.7%,油菜蜜的判别率为92.3%。本研究为油菜蜜、洋槐蜜和椴树蜜分类鉴别提供数据支撑和参考依据。     

Floral classification of Yucatan Peninsula honeys by PCA & HS‐SPME/GC–MS of volatile compounds

In the current work, we focus on the application of principal component analysis (PCA) to differentiate the floral origin of three types of honeys of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico [Tahonal (Viguiera dentata Blake, var. heliantoides), Dzidzilché (Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfen) and Haabín (Piscidia piscipula L.)], by using the volatile compounds of the honey obtained by HS‐SPME/GC–MS with PDMS/DVB fibres. About 70 peaks were detected in each honey sample, many of them were found with similar retention times in the analysed honeys. The PCA with three factors (nearly 68% of the total variance) discriminates between the three types of honeys, which leads us to conclude that it is possible to successfully differentiate samples from different unifloral honeys according to their volatile composition.     

Composition of volatile compounds of honey of various floral origin and beebread collected in Lithuania

Honey is collected from various flowering plants and its composition, particularly volatile flavour compounds to some extent depends on the nectar source. Therefore, some volatile constituents may be indicators of honey origin. In this study the volatile profiles of 15 honey samples of different botanical origin and one beebread sample are characterised. Volatiles were collected by means of SPME and analysed by GC/MS. Botanical source of honey samples was established by the melissopalynological method: 11 of analysed samples were unifloral rape honeys, 1 clover, 1 caraway and 2 polyfloral. In total 93 compounds in honey and 32 in beebread were identified. They involve different classes of chemical compounds, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids, terpenes, hydrocarbons, benzene, and furan derivatives. Benzaldehyde and benzenacetaldehyde were the only compounds found in all 15 honey sample. Dimethyl sulphide, pentanenitrile, benzylnitrile were identified in 14 honeys; isobutane, octanoic and nonanoic acids in 13 samples; furfural, linalool and nonanal in 12 samples; octanal, lilac aldehyde C, hotrienol and decanal in 11 samples and finally 2-methylbutanenitrile in 10 honey volatile fractions. Remarkable variations were observed in the composition of volatiles in honey from different sources. In addition, volatile profiles of honey samples were analysed after 3 months of storage and it was found that the amount of headspace volatiles in the majority of samples decreased.     

Differentiation of monofloral citrus,rosemary, eucalyptus,lavender, thyme and heather honeys based on volatile composition and sensory descriptive analysis

The volatile profiles of 49 Spanish honey samples of different botanical origins were obtained by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and sensory analysis. Citrus honeys were characterised by higher amounts of linalool derivatives, limonyl alcohol, sinensal isomers, and α-4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-acetaldehyde, together with fresh fruit and citric aromas; eucalyptus honeys had hydroxyketones (acetoin, 5-hydroxy-2,7-dimethyl-4-octanone), p-cymene derivatives, 3-caren-2-ol and spathulenol, cheese and hay aromas; lavender honeys had hexanal, nerolidol oxide, coumarin, important concentrations of hexanol and hotrienol and sensorial attributes, including balsamic and aromatic herb aromas; finally, heather honeys were characterised by high contents of benzene and phenolic compounds and ripe fruit and spicy aromas. Some of these compounds and sensory attributes were only found in honeys from a specific floral source and could thus be of interest for use as markers of their botanical origin.     

Influence of grape variety,vine system and enological treatments on the colour stability of young red wines

Sixty six volatile compounds were detected in Spanish citrus honeys by GC–MS. Certain compounds appeared to be characteristic of this floral source, particularly high concentrations of terpenes and derivatives, such as linalool, (Z) (E)-linalool oxide, α-terpineol, terpineal and isomers of lilac aldehyde and lilac alcohol. Sinensal isomers are also proposed as new chemical markers for citrus honeys, since these compounds are present only in this floral source. OAV values suggested that these compounds contributed strongly to the characteristic aroma of citrus honeys.     

Analysis of volatile compounds of eucalyptus honey by solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has been used for the analysis of volatile compounds of eucalyptus honey. Different amounts of honey and dichloromethane were employed to optimize solid-phase extraction conditions. The best result was obtained with 20 g of honey eluted with 60 mL of dichloromethane. This method presented a good precision for volatile compounds usually found in honeys and allowed the quantification of 35 volatile compounds (terpenes and derivatives, furan and pyran compounds, ketones, benzene compounds, acids, and norisoprenoids) of eucalyptus honey.