中小型啤酒厂生产过程中的微生物质量保证研究

啤酒酿造是利用微生物(啤酒酵母)进行的纯种发酵，所以必须抑制和杜绝杂菌的污染和生长繁殖。微生物污染主要由于压缩空气、水源、种酵母、设备管道、容器及配管卫生等引起。其菌种主要是乳酸菌、四联球菌、果胶杆菌、巨球菌4类。中小型啤酒厂应建立麦汁冷却工序、酵母扩培系统、发酵工序等工序和生产环节的微生物控制监测管理系统，对工艺过程及设备进行彻底清洗、灭菌，达到生产绝对无菌，提高啤酒质量。(孙悟)     

啤酒发酵过程中有害菌对双乙酰含量影响的分析

双乙酰是影响啤酒风味的重要因素.啤酒发酵过程中双乙酰含量先升高后下降.该文通过对啤酒发酵过程中有害菌对啤酒中双乙酰的影响,深入了解双乙酰含量的变化趋势.从生产的各个环节入手进行微生物的管理和控制,以保证啤酒的微生物安全,进而稳定啤酒的质量和风味.     

The Control of Microbial Spoilage of Beer*

Controlling microbial spoilage of beer is best achieved by elimination of sources of contamination. However it must be realised that the brewing process is not aseptic and the occasional chance contaminant will often be encountered. The effects of such events can be minimised by reducing the susceptibility of beer to spoilage and by the use of techniques capable of rapidly determining low numbers of contaminant organisms before any harm is done. A number of rapid methods have been available to the brewing industry for some years but all are hampered by a lack of sensitivity. Consequently, a number of techniques for concentrating micro-organisms prior to testing have been investigated. The most effective was membrane filtration modified by the use of top-pressure and relatively high temperatures. On the spoilability front, studies of the role of beer components such as dissolved carbon dioxide and phenolic compounds have been carried out. These materials reduce the susceptibility of beers to spoilage.     

Rapid and quantitative detection of the microbial spoilage of muscle foods: current status and future trends

The requirement for real-time monitoring in the modern and highly automated food processing environment has stimulated research into rapid microbiological testing. This review will concentrate on the search for a rapid detection system for the microbial spoilage of meats that has been ongoing since at least the 1970s. The metabolic processes and bacteria involved within the microbial spoilage of muscle foods will be outlined prior to a detailed overview of the current methods employed in the industry to quantify levels of spoilage organisms. Despite these detailed microbiological studies there is still a requirement within the food industry for new techniques which would ideally be accurate, non-destructive and give answers in real-time and a range of novel analytical technologies which are currently being developed for the rapid assessment of microbial spoilage in muscle foods will be examined.     

The Control of Selected Micro‐Organisms During the Malting Process

The micro‐organisms associated with malt have an important influence on quality parameters. Although it was not possible to eliminate the growth of micro‐organisms entirely during the malting process, it was possible to control particular groups by applying some simple procedures. A three steep schedule was associated with increased fungal growth which was not observed when a two steep schedule was used. Fungal proliferation could also be reduced by the use of hop beta‐acids. The use of sodium hypochlorite, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and hop beta‐acids reduced or eliminated E. coli. The most effective means of controlling total micro‐flora was an alternate acid/alkaline wash. There was no evidence that a correlation existed between growth site and microbial loading for the years studied. Furthermore, whilst many of the barley associated micro‐organisms were able to secrete brewing related enzymes, the activities of these were too low to have any significant effect during mashing.     

啤酒腐败菌的检测方法

啤酒酿造过程中,啤酒腐败菌的检测一直采用传统的培养基检测。随着啤酒工业的迅猛发展,寻求一种快速、简便的检测方法是必然的要求。目前快速检测方法的研究主要表现在三个方面:(1)ATP生物发光检测方法,该方法已经应用于一些食品行业的公共卫生检测和微生物质量控制,而在啤酒工业,它适用于清酒和成品啤酒的微生物在线检测,最大优点是快速、简单和高灵敏度。(2)免疫学的检测方法适用于啤酒酿造过程的各个阶段的样品,其专一、简便、易于自动化的特点预示其有较好的发展前景,但需要降低单克隆抗体的制备成本。(3)基于核酸的分子生物学检测方法有PCR及其衍生技术,它们的优点是专一性强,灵敏度高,适于应急生产中出现的突发事件,但缺点是检测费用高,另外不能区分死菌和活菌。     

绍兴黄酒淋饭酒母酿制过程生物化学成份变化研究

为了对绍兴黄酒淋饭酒母酿制过程中微生物和化学成分的变化规律进行研究,通过对酒精、还原糖、总酸、挥发酸、pH值、酵母数、球菌数和杆菌数等生化指标的定期观察、检测,总结出了淋饭酒母酿制过程中微生物和化学成分的变化规律,得知淋饭酒母中优良微生物来源于酒药和麦曲,同时阐述了乳酸杆菌和乳酸球菌在淋饭酒母制作过程中的重要作用,是保障淋饭酒母制作正常顺利进行的关键菌,在淋饭酒母中正常和有益的乳酸杆菌有6种左右,以植物乳杆菌居多。     

微生物代谢组学及其在白酒酿造中的应用研究进展

微生物代谢组学是代谢组学的重要研究领域。该文主要对微生物代谢组学在微生物分类、代谢物分析鉴定、发酵工艺等领域的研究内容进行了总结,对其研究过程及应用的技术手段、在白酒酿造中对分析风味物质、优化酿造工艺的应用及存在的主要问题进行了综述,并对其发展趋势做出展望。研究微生物代谢组学及其在白酒酿造中的应用,为探究白酒风味形成机制、优化酿造工艺、提高原料利用率等提供了新的方法,有利于进一步揭示中国传统白酒的生产原理,提升白酒品质。     

Review: soil biological properties as indicators of soil quality in Australian viticulture

Any reduction in soil quality as a consequence of production practices, through processes, such as erosion, salinisation, sodicity, acidity and structural decline, threatens the long‐term sustainability of winegrape production. Monitoring of soil quality is thus needed to identify when degradation is occurring in order to allow management intervention. This review examines the suite of biological indicators available for this purpose and the potential for their adoption as part of a minimum dataset by industry. Physical and chemical indicators are discussed in a companion paper. Many groups of organisms and various biological processes have been used as indicators of soil quality in research programs. There is a lack of consensus, however, on which are the key indicators for extensive monitoring programs, and little information is available on threshold values to aid data interpretation. At present, only soil organic carbon (together with labile carbon), potentially mineralisable nitrogen and microbial biomass can be recommended for measuring the biological aspects of soil quality in Australian viticulture. Although newer molecular methods have been developed to elucidate the community structure and genetic profiles of groups in the soil biota, and thus supplement measurements of microbial biomass, these methods are not readily available through commercial laboratories. Moreover, with the exception of tests for some pathogenic organisms, these measurements have not yet been linked to soil functions influencing grapevine growth and nutrition and so are not suitable for routine monitoring of vineyard soil quality.     

基因组学及其在白酒酿造基础研究领域中的应用

中国白酒酿造属于典型的多菌种固态发酵模式,因特殊的开放式酿造工艺使得参与发酵的微生物种类极其复杂,然而传统分离培养技术限制了对复杂微生物体系的深入研究。基因组学以其通量高、规模大等特点为解析复杂多样的生物体基因组提供了技术手段,能够实现对传统白酒固态发酵微生物及其表达调控的研究,最终揭示微生物与功能代谢物之间的内在关联性。本文主要综述了基因组学关键技术及其在白酒酿造基础研究中的多方面应用,总结多组学联合技术在白酒酿造基础研究中的应用现状,为实现高产优质、现代化酿造白酒的研究提供参考。     

酿酒工艺与产品风格质量的关系

文章根据酿酒就是培养微生物获取代谢产物-酒精与香味物质的原理,从"酿酒工艺不同,微生物种类不同,代谢产物不同,主香成分不同,香型不同,产品风格质量不同"几个方面,论述了酿酒工艺与产品风格质量之间的关系.提出了酿酒工艺是培养微生物的手段,获取其代谢产物酒精与香味物质才是酿酒目的的观点.指出:只有在坚持传统酿酒工艺的基础上不断改进传统酿酒工艺,才能使"手段"(酿酒工艺)更科学,更先进,更合理,更完善,更高明,才能获取更多代谢产物(酒精和香味物质),达到优质高产的"目的".     

Microbiological Analyses of Dry and Slurry Yeasts for Brewing

Classical microbiological methods in association with molecular methods (DNA amplification, Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) were used. These methods, developed to rapidly analyze microbial communities on the basis of sequence‐specific separation of DNA amplicons, allowed the detection of DNA differences in the amplicons tested and the identification of the strains analyzed by the comparison of unknown sequences with sequences of known species. TGGE allowed the comparison of the different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used in brewing while DGGE allowed the identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in beer. These methods are a reliable tool for fast comparison of strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae collected from different craft breweries where they were used as starters to check the presence of possible yeast contaminants in the brewing process and for rapid LAB identification.     

纯生啤酒生产过程中的工艺控制

纯生啤酒生产的关键是纯种酿造和后期对微生物污染的有效控制。对此必须对生产工艺、设备、人员及生产环境等各方面严格把关、严格控制。主要控制有：添加酵母过程微生物污染、原料微生物污染、酿造设备及仪器微生物污染的控制；后期过滤过程的微生物污染的控制；清酒的微生物控制；灌装车间的洗瓶机、验瓶机、灌装封盖机、瓶装输送线的微生物控制等。(孙悟)     

红曲黄酒传统酿造过程挥发性风味组分及微生物菌群多样性分析

为探究红曲黄酒传统酿造过程中的挥发性风味组分及菌群结构动态变化规律,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析模型,系统比较传统酿造初期、中期和末期3 个时期酒醅样中的挥发性风味成分,同时运用二代高通量测序技术解析传统酿造过程不同时期的微生物菌群结构。结果表明：红曲黄酒传统酿造过程挥发性风味组分及菌群结构变化显著,优势菌群-挥发性风味组分的Spearman相关性分析发现：红曲黄酒中的挥发性风味物质大多与传统酿造中、末期中的优势菌群呈正相关。研究结果阐明红曲黄酒传统酿造过程中香气组分形成与微生物菌群之间的关系,确定与关键香气组分形成密切相关的微生物类型,为红曲黄酒中功能微生物的分离筛选和发酵调控提供基础数据。     

我国传统白酒酿造与工业酒精发酵的比较分析

该文介绍了中国传统白酒酿造与工业酒精发酵的工艺和特点,从生产原料、预处理方法、发酵工艺、相关微生物以及酒精蒸馏技术等五方面对传统白酒酿造与工业酒精发酵进行了比较和分析,旨在为微生物菌剂开发、固态发酵、酶工业、生物催化、生物群落代谢等领域的研究提供参考和依据,进而改善当前的工业实践,推动传统酿酒和酒精工业的发展。     

传统食醋酿造过程中微生物群落的多样性及功能研究进展

采用传统酿造工艺的传统食醋,不仅具有独特的风味,而且是一种健康的功能食品.传统食醋的酿造过程靠经验控制,酿造微生物经过自发地在生产原料中富集,形成了复杂的群落结构.传统酿造工艺经过上千年的改良和传承,酿造微生物不断地发生着驯化,逐渐形成了相对稳定的菌群结构,不同的微生物群落结构可能是造成不同食醋风味迥异的原因.近年来,各国科研人员对食醋的传统酿造工艺机制展示出了浓厚的兴趣,本文综述了国内外在传统食醋酿造过程中的微生物群落的多样性和功能方面的研究进展.     

纯生啤酒生产过程中的卫生控制要求

纯生啤酒是不经巴氏灭菌、采用无菌酿造和无菌包装技术生产的啤酒。论述了纯生啤酒生产过程中无菌气体、酿造用水、发酵系统、过滤系统、包装系统等的卫生控制要求与微生物检测要求     

微生物分析技术及其在酱香型白酒中的应用进展

随着生物技术的进步,各种微生物分析技术逐步应用于酱香型白酒酿酒微生物研究中,人们逐渐认识到酿酒微生物的多样性及其贡献。该文对近20年微生物分析技术在酱香型白酒研究中的应用情况进行了综述,并对酱香型白酒微生物研究提出了展望,旨在推动酱香白酒行业的技术升级和高质量发展。     

酱油的风味物质

酱油是一种大众调味品,传统的酱油酿造工艺是复合微生物菌群共生、多种生物酶共发酵的复杂过程,由此产生酱油特有的颜色、香气、味道,同时,在酿造过程中产生了许多生理活性物质。酱油的滋味由鲜、酸、甜、苦、咸等组成,酱油的香味主要来源于酮类、醇类、酯类、酚类、醛类等物质。该综述从分子层面阐述了酱油的呈味物质及风味物质,探讨了这些呈味物质的来源,并对这些香味物质的鉴定检测及它们所产生的生理活性进行简略阐述,旨在深入了解酱油酿造的生化反应过程和工艺机理,对于改善酱油的风味和提高酱油品质具有重要的意义。     

The Use and Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Malting and Brewing with Their Relationships to Antifungal Activity,Mycotoxins and Gushing: A Review

Several metabolic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) serve special functions, which directly or indirectly have impact on processes such as improved quality and safety and flavour development in the malting and brewing industry. LAB are widely distributed in nature and in spontaneous fermentations, often they are found to be the dominating microflora resulting in both the inhibition of spoilage bacteria and organisms. This review describes the applications of LAB in malting and brewing. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that may be present in cereals. Several of these mycotoxins have been associated with human and animal diseases and are known to survive the brewing process. LAB have been shown to restrict the growth of the most important toxigenic fungi thereby reducing the formation of these harmful toxins. The occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals is discussed and their effect in beer is reviewed. The main features of this review are: (I) LAB starter cultures in malting and brewing (II) production of acid malt; (III) biological acidification of mash and wort in brewing; (IV) bacteriocins produced by LAB in brewing; (V) LAB and anti‐fungal activity; (VI) mycotoxins in cereals.