Continuous Dyeing of Piece Goods Using Radio-frequency Heating. Part 2-Migration Induced During Dyeing

Reactive dyes on open-width cotton fabric migrate during drying using r.f energy. This migration, contrary to expectations, is greater than that obtained when using conventional hot-air drying. The extent of dye migration is reduced by an increase in the electrolyte concentration of the dye pad liquor. A possible explanation for r.f.-induced dye migration is proposed.     

Approaches to the Batchwise Dyeing of Polyester—Cellulose Blends in Woven and Knitted Piece Goods

One- and two-bath dyeing procedures for polyester-cellulosic fabrics are compared, mainly from the practical dyers' viewpoint. Particular attention is paid to the ease of control of dyeing, coupled with economic factors. Dye selection and laboratory control are also discussed.     

Transition Temperatures of Acrilan in Relation to Dyeing Properties

The transition temperatures of Acrilan film have been determined by observing the viscoelastic behaviour in air and solutions. Two transition temperatures are observed in water, the higher being at 84°C. This is of importance in the dyeing of Acrilan fibres, and correlates more closely with dyeing properties than does the Tg observed at 56°C. Relationships between the transition temperatures and dyeing behaviour in the presence and absence of a dyeing assistant are discussed.     

Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane with Pt Catalysts Using Microwave Dielectric Heating

Microwave heating was applied to the catalytic reforming reaction of methane with carbon dioxide over platinum catalysts. It was found that CO₂ and CH₄ conversions and the product selectivity (H₂/CO) were generally higher under microwave conditions than that obtained with conventional heating at the same measured temperature. The effect of microwave heating was attributed to the formation of hot spots with higher temperature than that measured in the bulk catalyst bed.     

Heating/Drying Using Particulate Medium : A Review Part II. Equipment

This paper presentS an overview of particulate medium dryers developed to evaluate the drying of grains using heated particulate media. Components of particulate medium heating and drying equipments as well as the devices employed to conduct the materials through the machine are described. How these components accomplish the basic processes involved in conduction/particulate medium heating is also explained.

To characterize the performance of these dryers based on criteria developed for farm level dryers was not possible because of the different methods employed by researchers and the various conditions the equipment were subjected to. So in order to assess the operating characteristics of each design. the dryers were compared based on their ability to remove moisture and their thermal and drying efficiency. Comparison was made on the methods utilised by each design to accomplish heating of the medium, mixing the medium with grain, the separation of the medium from grain, and the means of recirculating the medium.

Several studies conducted to evaluate the different parameters which influence drying using heated particulates are discussed. The granular media used in heating the grain and the corresponding types of grains used in the tests are also presented.     

Heating/Drying Using Particulate Medium : A Review Part II. Equipment

ABSTRACT

This paper presentS an overview of particulate medium dryers developed to evaluate the drying of grains using heated particulate media. Components of particulate medium heating and drying equipments as well as the devices employed to conduct the materials through the machine are described. How these components accomplish the basic processes involved in conduction/particulate medium heating is also explained.

To characterize the performance of these dryers based on criteria developed for farm level dryers was not possible because of the different methods employed by researchers and the various conditions the equipment were subjected to. So in order to assess the operating characteristics of each design. the dryers were compared based on their ability to remove moisture and their thermal and drying efficiency. Comparison was made on the methods utilised by each design to accomplish heating of the medium, mixing the medium with grain, the separation of the medium from grain, and the means of recirculating the medium.

Several studies conducted to evaluate the different parameters which influence drying using heated particulates are discussed. The granular media used in heating the grain and the corresponding types of grains used in the tests are also presented.     

Dyeing studies with hydroxyanthraquinones extracted from Indian madder. Part 1: Dyeing of nylon with purpurin†

Purpurin (1,2,4‐trihydroxyanthraquinone) is the major colorant present in the roots of Indian madder (Rubia cordifolia). Its structure is similar to that of disperse dyes. To gain an understanding of the dyefibre interactions involved, kinetic and thermodynamic studies have been conducted with purpurin on nylon fibre. Dyeing corresponds to the Nernst isotherm as linear isotherms were obtained. The dye is found to be sensitive to pH and high temperature. The rate of dye uptake, diffusion coefficient, standard affinity, heat of dyeing and entropy have been calculated and discussed.     

Interface Contributions to Localized Heating of Dielectric Thin Films

Measurements of the thermal conductivity of thin dielectric films in the last ten years have established that thin film thermal conductivity may be much lower than that of the corresponding bulk solid, by as much as two orders of magnitude, and that significant interfacial thermal resistance may be present along the film/substrate interface. We review such measurements of thin film thermal conductivity and interfacial thermal resistance, and use the heat conduction equation to determine their implications for the localized heating of thermally anisotropic thin films bonded to substrates. It is found that for surface heating an equivalent isotropic film can be established and that the presence of large interfacial thermal resistance leads to a strong dependence of film thermal conductivity on film thickness, especially for thin films. A microscopic model of the film/substrate interface is used to establish the dependence of the interfacial thermal resistance on porosity along the interface.     

The Development of a Generalised Equation to Determine Affinity. Part 1-Theoretical Derivation and Application to Dyeing Cellulose with Anionic Dyes

The more recent developments in the theoretical treatment of the dyeing of cellulosic materials with anionic dyes are described, and the usefulness of the derived equation in interpreting the effects of electrolytes and pH is illustrated.     

微波介电热效应在化学合成中的应用

介绍微波介电热效应原理及其在化学合成中的应用.利用微波介电热效应不仅能加快化学反应速度,缩短反应时间,而且还能合成出一些新的化合物.     

Continuous salt precipitation and separation from supercritical water. Part 1: Type 1 salts

The precipitation and separation performance of various binary type 1 salt-water mixtures was systematically studied for the first time in a continuously operated laboratory plant. The aim was to find a field of operation for the salt separator where salts can be separated with high efficiency. Experiments with aqueous solutions of the salts NaNO₃, KNO₃, Ca(NO₃)₂, K₂CO₃, KHCO₃, (NH₄)₂CO₃, K₃PO₄, K₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, NaCl, KCl, NH₄Cl and (NH₄)₂SO₄ were carried out at 30 ± 0.5 MPa varying the salt separator temperature from sub-critical to supercritical. For most of these salts separation efficiencies ranging from 80 to 97% were obtained. For the nitrates the separation efficiency increased in the order NaNO₃ < KNO₃ < Ca(NO₃)₂, whereas for potassium salts the separation efficiency of the phosphates was significantly higher than that of KNO₃. Considerable hydrolysis of the phosphate and the hydrogen phosphate salts in supercritical water was found, although this had no negative influence on the phosphate separation efficiency. It was found that the ammonium salts decompose in supercritical water, probably to ammonia and the corresponding mineral acids, leading to reduced separation of the ammonia due to its high solubility in supercritical water.     

Heating/Drying Using Particulate Medium : A Review Part I. General and Heat transfer parameters

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an Overview of particulate medium drying and heat treating of cereal grains. While the conventional air drying of grains is well documented, studies on the drying of grains using heated granular medium do not appear to exist. The scientific study of the different aspects of drying with a heated granular medium began in the early 1970's. Progress on the utilization of particle-to-particle heat transfer was slow as evidenced by the fact that there is no commercial dryer using the method as of today.

The first section of this paper deals with conduction heating and how it led to the use of granular medium in heating the grain. Starting with the earliest work on conduction heating reported by Kelly ( 1939), the developments in the heating of grain using granular media is discussed. For decades since Kelly's report, work in the subject area dealt mostly with the theoretical aspects of solid-to-solid heat transfer. Thus, in the succeeding section of the paper, heat transfer parameters and mechanisms involved in the process are thoroughly investigated.     

Heating/Drying Using Particulate Medium : A Review Part I. General and Heat transfer parameters

This paper presents an Overview of particulate medium drying and heat treating of cereal grains. While the conventional air drying of grains is well documented, studies on the drying of grains using heated granular medium do not appear to exist. The scientific study of the different aspects of drying with a heated granular medium began in the early 1970's. Progress on the utilization of particle-to-particle heat transfer was slow as evidenced by the fact that there is no commercial dryer using the method as of today.

The first section of this paper deals with conduction heating and how it led to the use of granular medium in heating the grain. Starting with the earliest work on conduction heating reported by Kelly ( 1939), the developments in the heating of grain using granular media is discussed. For decades since Kelly's report, work in the subject area dealt mostly with the theoretical aspects of solid-to-solid heat transfer. Thus, in the succeeding section of the paper, heat transfer parameters and mechanisms involved in the process are thoroughly investigated.     

Colour Measurement and Colour Tolerance in Relation to Automation and Instrumentation in Textile Dyeing

An important problem associated with the introduction of automation in the dyehouse is that of the establishment and acceptance of numerically defined colour-tolerance limits. This is dependent not only on agreement between supplier and consumer but also on the availability of instruments that can measure colour differences with sufficient accuracy. The manner in which these differences can be used to provide feed-back information to modify dye formulations to give a more exact colour match is demonstrated. Alternatively, similar information can be fed forward to allocate material automatically into slightly ‘off-shade’ but still acceptable colour lots. Attention is drawn to the need to differentiate between colour differences caused by process variables and those attributable to dye formulation. It is suggested that a greater awareness of sources of colour variation and associated costs in the dyeing process is needed to enable the requirements and value of instrumentation and automation to be assessed.     

Introduction of Instrumentation to the Continuous Dyeing of Polyester—Cotton Blends

Uniform, constant dyeing conditions are the main criteria for successful, continuous dyeing. The following paper describes possible means of ensuring these favourable conditions by the introduction of automation and the type of equipment available to do so. In all cases, the type of automation discussed is a monitoring device, measuring and recording the process variables continuously. The reading, in some cases, is fed to a control unit to enable uniform, constant conditions to prevail.     

On the Role of Water in Dielectric Heating with Radio Waves

Beside the classical mechanism of orientation polarization which is sufficient to explain dielectric heating of aqueous liquids, a number of additional aspects have to be considered when humid solids are heated by microwaves or radio waves. The large relative dielectric constant of water can lead to shielding and, therefore, attenuation of the electrical field in humid matrices. The shielding effect is influenced by the geometric arrangement of compartments with varying humidity. On the other hand, the large dielectric loss of water results in an effective heating. As shown by modeling of appropriate experiments, the dielectric loss factor is significantly changed for water which is in intimate contact with surfaces. The dielectric loss factor is much larger for water in the surface layers compared with the bulk phase. For some solids dielectric heating is based on a completely different mechanism which is also influenced by water. The dominant mechanism leading to dielectric heating of zeolites is the migration of cations within the zeolite framework. Water has a strong effect on the dielectric loss factor, most likely by hydration or modifying the electrostatic interactions of cations with the lattice.     

Grading textile fastness. Part 1; Using a digital camera system

This paper describes an imaging system based upon a digital camera for assessing the fastness of textile materials to staining and colour-change. Large sets of samples were assessed by a panel of professional assessors and these results were used to evaluate the inter-observer and between-laboratory variations, and the instrumental method against the visual results. In addition, the measured results from a camera imaging system and a spectrophotometer are compared. The results show excellent agreement between the two instrumental methods. The agreement is even better than the inter-observer and between-laboratory agreements. It was also found that the present ISO standard formula gave a very poor prediction to the visual results for staining fastness. After a simple correction, the formula fits the data much better. In conclusion, applying a digital camera system plus a revised ISO formula can provide an accurate and rapid method for assessing textile fastness.     

利用AspenFiredHeater提高加热炉效率

介绍山东京博石油化工有限公司2015年至2016年期间对加热炉效率的优化,利用AspenFiredHeater加热炉设计软件,对本厂主要装置加热炉运行热效率进行校核,与同行业设备运行效率进行对比,从而对本厂加热炉提出相应的优化改造方案,提高加热炉运行效率,降低运行成本。