7A04铝合金在海洋大气环境中初期腐蚀的电化学特性

通过盐雾腐蚀试验模拟研究7A04铝合金在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀初期规律,采用电化学交流阻抗测试和扫描Kelvin探针技术,研究7A04铝合金在初期腐蚀过程中的电化学行为.结果表明:Cl-对铝合金腐蚀有显著的加速作用,盐雾试验初期表面出现点蚀坑;随盐雾时间增长,点蚀相互连接并扩展,电化学反应阻抗下降.扫描开尔文探针测试结果表明:随腐蚀的不断进行,金属表面阴极区和阳极区不断发生变化,呈现局部腐蚀的特征,表面电位也随时间逐渐升高,阴极区和阳极区逐渐变得明显,腐蚀反应处于不断加速过程.     

基于扫描Kelvin探针和FT-IR的7B04-T74铝合金/涂层体系丝状腐蚀研究

对7B04-T74铝合金进行硫酸或铬酸阳极氧化后再喷涂底漆或底漆+面漆,从而制备4类试样,而后开展标准丝状腐蚀试验,利用扫描Kelvin探针(SKP)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)技术对7B04-T74铝合金/涂层体系的腐蚀行为和机理进行研究。光学显微镜观察发现4类试样上腐蚀丝的数量较少,且长度不超过3 mm,表明4类试样均具有较好的耐蚀性。SKP测试结果表明,4类试样跨划痕区域的伏打电位随试验时间的变化规律相似,划痕处与周围的涂层-金属界面之间的电位差引起丝状腐蚀的发生,腐蚀机理为阳极破坏;单个腐蚀丝的伏打电位值朝着头部降低,朝着尾部升高,头部和尾部之间的电位差促进腐蚀丝的传播。FT-IR分析显示丝状腐蚀产物的成分主要为Al(OH)_3、Al_2O_3和AlCl_3及其部分水解产物,发生的电化学反应类似于7B04-T74铝合金在氯离子作用下的点蚀过程。对比分析结果表明,2种阳极氧化方式对丝状腐蚀的影响差异性较小。     

海洋环境下7B04铝合金腐蚀损伤演化规律研究

根据某海域的环境数据编制了当量加速腐蚀试验谱,实验室条件下腐蚀约8 d与海洋环境下腐蚀1 a相当,对7B04铝合金材料进行了不同当量腐蚀年限的盐雾腐蚀试验;采用三维显微镜对腐蚀损伤进行观察和测量,采用腐蚀深度、截面积和无量纲参数等参数作为腐蚀损伤的表征量,分析了不同腐蚀时间的腐蚀坑的微观形貌特征,研究了各表征量的分布特性及随腐蚀时间的变化规律。     

7B04铝合金疲劳断裂性能研究

研究了新型的7B04铝合金预拉伸厚板不同热处理状态的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展性能变化,试验结果表明,该合金T7451状态的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展性能明显优于T651状态的性能。     

基于岸基与远洋移动平台的7B04铝合金腐蚀行为比较研究

目的 研究动态海洋大气环境与静态海洋大气环境对7B04铝合金腐蚀行为的影响.方法 采用7B04铝合金,分别在远洋船舶移动平台和万宁站海洋平台开展1年户外大气暴露试验,利用腐蚀形貌、腐蚀失重、力学性能表征7B04铝合金在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀规律和行为.结果 经过1年的户外大气暴露试验,在动态和静态两种海洋大气环境作用下,7B04铝合金的腐蚀类型均为点蚀,且远洋船舶移动平台7B04铝合金的腐蚀程度更严重.在远洋船舶移动平台开展动态自然环境试验的7B04铝合金腐蚀速率为67.4μm/a,在万宁站海洋平台开展静态自然环境试验的7B04铝合金腐蚀速率为16.6403μm/a,远洋船舶移动平台7B04铝合金的腐蚀速率约为万宁站海洋平台的4倍.远洋船舶移动平台试验7B04铝合金的拉伸强度、规定塑性延伸强度和断后伸长率保留率分别为91％、87.5％和54.3％.结论 7B04铝合金在远洋船舶移动平台和万宁站海洋平台的腐蚀类型均为点蚀,远洋船舶移动平台的动态海洋大气腐蚀性强于静态海洋大气,且对7B04铝合金力学性能的降低主要体现在断后伸长率方面,可显著加速7B04铝合金的腐蚀.     

AZ91D镁合金电偶腐蚀的扫描Kelvin探针研究

利用扫描Kelvin探针技术(SKP)研究AZ91D镁合金与316L不锈钢偶接件在盐雾试验中电偶腐蚀规律。通过在中性盐雾试验不同周期的表面腐蚀形貌的观察和伏打电位分布图的测量结果分析表明,AZ91D镁合金电偶腐蚀效应与偶接阴阳极的伏打电位差密切相关,AZ91D镁合金与316L不锈钢偶接件存在较大的电位差(约为–1.28V),其电偶腐蚀效应非常显著。在盐雾试验初始阶段,腐蚀主要发生在偶接界面AZ91D镁合金一侧,该腐蚀区域的伏打电位增加幅度较大,而316L不锈钢受到保护没有发生明显腐蚀。随着盐雾试验时间的延长,AZ91D镁合金腐蚀加快,腐蚀产物覆盖区域不断扩大,24h盐雾试验后,偶接件的平均伏打单位差由原始的–1.29V增加到–1.53V,AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应加大。由于AZ91D镁合金在盐雾中生成的腐蚀产物对基体具有一定的保护作用,当腐蚀产物不断增加并覆盖表面,偶接件的电位差减小导致AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应降低。     

时效制度对7B04铝合金组织和性能的影响

通过力学性能检测、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察,研究了不同时效制度、不同变形系数对7B04铝合金组织和性能的影响.结果表明:变形系数为12.5的合金其性能优于变形系数为6.5的合金;合金的断裂属晶内韧窝断裂与沿晶断裂的混合型断裂,合金的K IC主要受其δ值的影响并与其δ值有相似的变化趋势;合金的完全时效制度为130℃,16 h或140℃,15 h,在此制度下,合金的σb,σ0.2,δ和K IC分别为645.5 MPa,603.0 MPa,11.4%和36.1 MPa·mi/2.     

扫描Kelvin探针表面电位特征参数在有机涂层劣化研究中的应用

为了研究扫描Kelvin探针表面电位技术在有机涂层劣化研究中的应用并选择合理的评价特征参数,结合使用电化学阻抗谱EIS和扫描Kelvin探针(SKP)技术研究了有机涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的劣化过程,分析了有机涂层劣化过程中扫描Kelvin探针表面电位分布数特征参数Vmin、Vmax-Vmin的变化规律,并首次提出了表面电位梯度最大值gradmax这个特征参数。结果证明,扫描Kelvin探针特征参数gradmax、Vmin,Vmax-Vmin和电化学阻抗谱具有很好的相关性,扫描Kelvin探针特征参数能够很好地用来评价有机涂层劣化,表面电位梯度最大值gradmax可以用来研究有机涂层下金属腐蚀发生的趋势和速度。     

7B04铝合金的时效沉淀析出及强化行为

利用差示量热法(DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)、常规力学性能测试等手段研究了7B04铝合金时效沉淀析出及强化行为。结果表明:该材料存在显著的自然时效现象,大量的GPⅠ区沉淀析出是自然时效强化的主要原因;合金在120℃进行人工时效的初期析出大量GP区,使材料的强度迅速提高,时效8 h后,其横向极限抗拉强度即可达到570 MPa,时效22 h时可达强度峰值点,此时GP区(包括GPⅠ和GPⅡ区)和η′相是主要强化相;峰值时效后继续延长时效时间,材料的强度无明显降低,极限抗拉强度保持在590 MPa左右。     

Microstructural evolution of aluminum alloy 7B04 thick plate by various thermal treatments

The microstructure of an AA 7B04 alloy in the form of plate was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and TEM analysis technologies. Tensile properties and electrical conductivity of AA 7B04 under various heat treatment conditions were also presented. The results reveal that peak-aged microstructure contains GP zones and η＇ precipitates predominantly. After retrogressing and reaging（RRA）, the η＇ and η precipitates disperse in the alloy matrix, and the η precipitates distribute coarsely and sparsely, decorating the grain boundaries, together with precipitate free zones（PFZs） around them. It is also shown that selecting of suitable heat treatments can provide optimal precipitates in matrix and at grain boundaries, which gives rise to a combination of high strength and stress corrosion cracking（SCC） resistance in such materials.     

Effect of processing way and aging treatment on properties and microstructures of 7B04 aluminum alloy

The influence of forging and aging treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of large size prestretched thick plate of 7B04 aluminium alloy was investigated through tensile test, corrosion test, transmission electronic microcopy（TEM） and energy dispersive spectrum（EDS） analysis. The results show that the properties of plate performed extra forging （FSR technology） are much higher than those of plate without forging （CSR technology）. T7451 temper is preferred to resisting corrosion than T651 temper due to a wide PFZ and discontinuous grain boundary precipitates.     

Overheating temperature of 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy

The microstructure and overheating characteristics of the direct chill semicontinuous casting ingot of 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy, and those after industrial homogenization treatment and multi-stage homogenization treatments, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX). The results show that the microstructure of direct chill semicontinuous casting ingot of the 7B04 alloy contains a large number of constituents in the form of dendritic networks that consist of nonequilibrium eutectic and Fe-containing phases. The nonequilibrium eutectic contains Al, Zn, Mg and Cu, and the Fe-containing phases include two kinds of phases, one containing Al, Fe, Mn and Cu, and the other having Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Si and Cu. The melting point of the nonequilibrium eutectic is 478 ℃ for the casting ingot of the 7B04 alloy which is usually considered as its overheating temperature. During industrial homogenization treatment processing at 470 ℃, the nonequilibrium eutectic dissolves into the matrix of this alloy partly, and the remainder transforms into Al2CuMg phase that cannot be dissolved into the matrix at that temperature completely. The melting point of the Al2CuMg phase which can dissolve into the matrix completely by slow heating is about 490 ℃. The overheating temperature of this high strength aluminum alloy can rise to 500-520 ℃. By means of special multi-stage homogenization, the temperature of the homogenization treatment of the ingot of the 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy can reach 500 ℃ without overheating.     

The influence of microstructure on the corrosion behaviour of AZ91D studied by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe

β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂, η-Al₈Mn₅ and an α-magnesium phase have been synthesized from pure components by controlled solidification procedures. These phases have been studied using different electrochemical techniques including the scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). From the results, it was possible to determine the nobility and the rate of the cathodic reaction of the different phases. Measurements have also been made on an AZ91D Mg-alloy using scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). The results show that the Volta potentials measured with the scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) on bulk intermetallics are comparable with those recorded with the SKPFM on the AZ91D alloy. It is shown that SKPFM provides information on the local nobility of the different intermetallic particles and phases on the submicron scale. Both the η-Al₈Mn₅ phase and the β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase in AZ91D showed a more noble potential than the α-magnesium phase. It is also shown that the aluminium-rich coring along the grain boundaries results in measurable changes in the Volta potential. Finally, the role of the β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase and the η-Al₈Mn₅ phase in the corrosion behaviour of AZ91D is discussed in term of local nobility, surface coverage of the cathode and the cathodic activity of the different phases.     

二级时效温度对7B04-T74铝合金薄板组织及性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、透射电镜组织分析手段和室温拉伸、电导率、剥落腐蚀、疲劳极限性能测试方法,研究了二级时效温度对7B04-T74合金2 mm厚薄板组织与性能的影响。结果表明:二级时效温度由165 ℃逐渐升高至175 ℃时,7B04-T74合金晶粒组织特征没有明显变化,晶内析出相数量减少且尺寸增加,晶界析出相粗大且断续分布;7B04-T74态铝合金薄板的室温拉伸抗拉强度、屈服强度明显降低,其伸长率无明显变化,电导率明显提升,剥落腐蚀级别无明显变化趋势。通过对比不同二级时效温度下7B04铝合金的组织与性能测试结果可知,7B04合金2 mm厚薄板由退火状态到T74状态的最优二级时效温度为173 ℃。     

Fatigue behaviour of pre-strain 7B04-T7451 aluminum alloy

The effect of minimum and the maximum stresses on the fatigue behaviour of a 30 mm thick plate of a 7B04-T7451 （Al-Zn-Mg-Cu） subjected to a tensile pre-strain level of 2% was investigated, including the fatigue crack growth （FCG） rate, microstructure observation, fractographic examination and fatigue S-N curve, etc. The results show that ＇the characteristics of fatigue facture can be observed obviously under high cycle fatigue condition, and the higher the stress amplitude, the wider the space between fatigue striations, the faster the rate of fatigue crack developing and going into the intermittent fracture and the greater the ratio of the intermittent fracture area to the whole fracture area.     

固溶处理对7B04铝合金组织和性能的影响

通过显微组织观察、拉伸力学性能测试、XRD衍射物相分析以及α(Al)基体点阵常数的测量等方法研究了固溶处理对7B04铝合金组织和性能的影响.结果表明:在410～470℃范围,随固溶温度升高和时间延长,由于粗大的平衡相逐渐回溶,合金的强度逐渐升高;进一步提高固溶温度或延长固溶时间,合金强度逐步降低.7B04铝合金的优选固溶处理制度为470℃×60 min.