超声水处理装置设计

空调系统循环冷却水的结垢以及菌藻问题亟待解决,设计了超声循环冷却水处理装置,并对超声场阻垢,杀菌方面进行了实验研究,试验结果显示,超声场能够增大Ca2+和C032-在水中的溶解度,进而抑制CaCO3晶体在水中的吸出,并溶解已经形成的老垢;超声场能够杀灭细菌.超声水处理是一种切实可行的水处理方法.     

油田污水处理杀菌技术应用探讨

将油田采出水回注是一种提高原油产量经济、有效的方法。由于废水中含有大量有害的硫酸盐还原菌，它不仅腐蚀设备，而且还会造成土壤和环境危害为此，采用杀菌装置进行杀菌，能够解决了滤后水硫酸盐还原菌指标的达标问题。通过杀菌装置进行杀菌处理，可以使油田污水达到注入水水质标准。     

中央空调水处理技术现状与发展

中央空调系统的水处理是空调运行维护的一个重要环节.由于空调水系统管路的复杂性,使水处理系统的腐蚀、结垢和菌藻滋生三大问题成了影响空调稳定运行的主要因素.文章论述了当前中央空调水处理方面存在的问题,详细介绍了水处理技术的现状,并重点介绍了未来水处理技术的发展趋势.     

D-氨基酸驱散生物膜的行为与作用机理研究

为了明确D-氨基酸增强杀菌剂的生物膜驱散效果及杀菌机理，采用不同D-氨基酸与传统杀菌剂三丁基正十四烷基氯化膦(TTPC)、四羟甲基硫酸磷(THPS)以及抗菌肽组成复配杀菌剂，通过失重实验、电化学测试、表面分析等手段研究了复配杀菌剂对碳钢表面上的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁氧化菌(IOB)、SRB+IOB混合菌的杀菌缓蚀效果，明确了D-氨基酸驱散生物膜的行为与作用机理。结果表明：SRB和IOB发生协同作用，在碳钢试样表面形成致密的生物膜，其不仅提供了适合SRB生长的厌氧环境，还对SRB起到一定的保护作用，导致SRB+IOB混合菌造成的腐蚀最为严重，而D-氨基酸释放出的生物膜分散信号因子可改变细菌细胞壁肽聚糖成分以及调节细胞基因表达方式，通过其与细菌蛋白质结合来抑制生物膜形成，并使已有生物膜主动从碳钢表面分散脱落，破坏SRB与IOB所构成的氧浓差环境，在很大程度上抑制了因细菌所产生的胞外聚合物(EPS)导致的金属腐蚀加剧，进而使得杀菌剂能更好地杀灭生物膜下的细菌，对混合菌生物膜中SRB和IOB的杀菌率分别高达100%、82.60%,表明D-氨基酸通过驱散生物膜行为对杀菌剂起到了很好的杀菌增强...     

一个测定微波杀菌致死速率的方法

微波加热杀菌研究需要解决的课题之一是对象菌的死亡速率的测定方法。本文提出了线性升温条件下Ｄ值（杀死９０％的对象菌所需时间）的计算方法。将大肠杆菌悬置液静置于２４５０ＭＨｚ微波场内加热，在一定的温升条件下测定不同时刻的残菌数。同时进行了水浴杀菌对照实验。得出大肠杆菌微波加热杀菌的Ｄ值的表达式ＤＭ（ｔ）和水浴加热杀菌的Ｄ值的表达式ＤＷ（ｔ）。在６０℃以下ＤＭ＜ＤＷ；在６０℃以上ＤＭ≈ＤＷ。     

管流式电化学氧化灭藻方法研究

进行了通过电化学氧化杀灭水中水华鱼腥藻的实验,研究了实验过程中pH值、电导率、溶解性有机物(DOC)和细胞密度的变化,以及电流强度和作用时间对杀藻率的影响。结果表明,水处理过程中pH值略有下降,电导率下降较大,而DOC略有上升。若电流强度为40mA,水处理240min后几乎没有杀藻效果,若电流为100mA,水处理150min后杀藻率可达100％。若电流为200～400mA,60min后杀藻率即达到100％。用钌钛电极作为阳极的电化学氧化具有很好的杀藻效果,经杀藻处理后,水中的藻细胞失去了活性,6天内不会继续生长繁殖。     

清洗农药器

由设计师Yeonjin Jo设计的一款像洗衣球一样的清洗农药器，它通过电解技术，可以清除水果蔬菜上的农药并杀菌，使得食物安全且卫生。     

离子静电水处理器在电厂循环水系统的应用

离子静电水处理器通过高压静电场直接作用于循环冷却水,具有防垢除垢、杀菌灭藻、缓蚀防腐作用,可以取代循环冷却水的化学处理法,效果显著,环保,是循环水处理的物理处理法。本文通过阐述离子静电水处理器在循环冷却水处理中的作用及工作原理,展望循环水处理技术的发展趋势。     

UV-B辐射对南极冰藻中抗辐射物质的诱导作用

在人工UV－B辐照下培养5种南极冰藻，其中包括三种硅藻：H1硅藻（diatom H1),H2硅藻（diatom H2),H3硅藻（diatom H3)，两种绿藻：L1绿藻（Pyramimonas sp.)，L4绿藻（Chlorophyceae)。研究了UV－B辐射对南极冰藻中抗辐射物质的诱导作用。这些物质被认为具有抵抗UV－B辐射损害而提供保护的作用。结果表明，（1）UV－B辐射诱导产生大量的胞内多糖和胞外多糖物质，胞外多糖附着藻体；（2）UV－B辐射诱导产生新的水溶性色素类物质；（3）UV－B辐射诱导产生新的脂溶性色素类物质，不同种类冰藻产生的新色素的最大吸收峰不同，这些结果使我们初步认识了南极冰藻对南极强辐射环境的适应机理，并为进一步利用UV－B辐射培养南极冰藻产生抗辐射．抗肿瘤、清除自由基等新型活性物质提供依据。     

汾河中下游藻类植物区系组成和群落类型

对汾河中下游藻类植物的群落结构进行调查研究，共鉴定出藻类植物298种，隶属于8门，42科，96属。其中蓝藻门10科20属45种，绿藻门15科41属104种，硅藻门11科27属127种，裸藻门1科3属15种，隐藻门1科1属2种，甲藻门1科1属1种，黄藻门2科2属3种，金藻门1科1属1种。优势种类多为硅藻门、蓝藻门和绿藻门种类。藻类植物群落主要有6类，包括颤藻一席藻群落、小环藻群落、舟形藻群落、菱形藻群落、栅藻一空星藻群落、刚毛藻一水绵群落。     

Eddy currents in anisotropic composites applied to pulsed machinery

Pulsed electrical machines such as the compensated pulsed alternator (compulsator) are increasingly being considered for mobile applications. Size and weight reduction in these machines is therefore very important. Composite materials, such as carbon fiber and glass fiber epoxy composites, with high strength and low density are a natural choice for the various structural components of these electrical machines. The carbon fiber-epoxy composite (CFC) is particularly useful because of its high strength and modulus. However, this composite (CFC) is electrically conductive with greatly different electrical conductivities along the fibers and transverse to the fibers. When these materials are used in pulsed machines, it is important that the designer be cognizant of the conductivity and treat the anisotropy adequately. This paper illustrates how the eddy current distribution can be determined in carbon fiber composites in light of the anisotropy     

面向医疗器械企业灭菌工艺的不同容量平行机批调度

针对医疗器械企业灭菌工艺生产过程的调度问题,提出面向灭菌工艺的不同容量平行机批调度方法,建立以最小化总延迟时长、最小化总加工能耗和最大化灭菌柜装载率为目标的不同容量平行机批调度模型。并针对模型的求解提出一种改进的NSGA-III算法(Improved NSGA-III,INSGA-III)。为了获得更高质量的批调度解,采用EDT+MLC启发式规则生成INSGA-III初始种群,并设计一种局部搜索策略以改进算法迭代后期的搜索能力。最后,通过算例仿真与传统调度方法进行对比分析,验证了该模型和算法的有效性和可行性。结果表明,该模型和算法较传统调度方法有明显的优势,可为医疗企业实际生产调度提供新思路。     

Minimizing the makespan for the two-machine scheduling problem with a single server: Two algorithms for very large instances

This article considers the problem of scheduling a given set of n jobs on two identical parallel machines with a single server. Each job must be processed on one of the machines. Before processing, the server has to set up the relevant machine. The objective is to minimize the makespan. For this unary NP-hard problem, two fast constructive algorithms with a complexity of O(n²) are presented. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated for instances with up to 10,000 jobs. Computational results indicate that the algorithms have an excellent performance for very large instances so that the obtained objective function values are very close to a lower bound, and in many cases even an optimal solution is achieved. Superiority over all existing algorithms is obtained by sequencing the jobs on the two machines so that the machine idle time and the server waiting time are minimized. In doing so, the characteristics of an optimal solution resulting from its relevant lower bound are taken into account.     

Design of a fast compton spectrometer for measuring megavoltage bremsstrahlung spectra

Measurements of bremsstrahlung X-ray spectra produced by high energy electron linacs (such as those found in many cancer therapy centers) pose special problems. These machines typically operate at very low duty factors, have very high photon fluences, and produce X-rays of energy too high to be measured accurately with a single detector. A compton pair spectrometer utilizing fast plastic scintillators and nanosecond timing techniques suitable for these measurements is described.     

Minimising interference for scheduling two parallel machines with a single server

In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling a set of jobs on two parallel machines with set-up times. The set-up has to be performed by a single server. The objective is to minimise the forced idle time. The problem of minimising the forced idle time (interference problem) is known to be unary NP-hard for the case of two machines and equal set-up and arbitrary processing times. We propose a mixed integer linear programming model, which describes a special class of schedules where the jobs from a list are scheduled alternatively on the machines, and a heuristic algorithm is tested on instances with up to 100,000 jobs. The computational results indicate that the algorithm has an excellent performance even for very large instances, where mostly an optimal solution is obtained within a very small computational time.     

On-line scheduling of multi-server batch operations

The batching of jobs in a manufacturing system is a very common policy in many industries. The main reasons for batching are the avoidance of setups and/or facilitation of material handling. Good examples of batch-wise production systems are the ovens that are found in the aircraft industry and in the manufacture of semiconductors. These systems often consist of multiple machines of different types for the range and volumes of products that have to be handled. Building on earlier research in the aircraft industry, where the process of hardening synthetic aircraft parts was studied, we propose a new heuristic for the dynamic scheduling of these types of systems. Our so-called look-ahead strategy bases its decision to schedule a job on a certain machine on the availability of information on a limited number of near future arrivals. The new control strategy distinguishes itself from existing heuristics by an integrated approach that involves all machines in the scheduling decision, instead of only considering idle machines. It is shown by an extensive series of simulation experiments that the new heuristic outperforms existing heuristics for most system configurations. Especially in the case of complex systems, where multiple products have to be handled by non-identical machines, the new heuristic proves its value as a practical scheduling tool. Important insight is obtained with regard to the relation between the system is configuration and its performance.     

The Value of Processing Flexibility in Multipurpose Machines

We study a scheduling problem in a multipurpose machine environment where every job can be processed by a subset of the machines operated in parallel, with the objective of minimizing makespan. We develop lower bounds, heuristic algorithms, and a branch-and-bound procedure. We perform an extensive computational experiment to assess how much flexibility is enough to render the multipurpose machine system equally efficient to an equivalent system of parallel identical machines. We find that very small amounts of flexibility appropriately distributed across processors provide nearly the same makespan performance as a system of fully flexible parallel machines.     

Hybrid intelligent water drops algorithm to unrelated parallel machines scheduling problem: a just-in-time approach

Minimising earliness and tardiness penalties as well as maximum completion time (makespan) simultaneously on unrelated parallel machines is tackled in this research. Jobs are sequence-dependent set-up times and due dates are distinct. Since the machines are unrelated, jobs processing time/cost on different machines may vary, i.e. each job could be processed at different processing times with regard to other machines. A mathematical model which minimises the mentioned objective is proposed which is solved optimally via lingo in small-sized cases. An intelligent water drop (IWD) algorithm, as a new swarm-based nature-inspired optimisation one, is also adopted to solve this multi-criteria problem. The IDW algorithm is inspired from natural rivers. A set of good paths among plenty of possible paths could be found via a natural river in its ways from the starting place (source) to the destination which results in eventually finding a very good path to their destination. A comprehensive computational and statistical analysis is conducted to analyse the algorithms’ performances. Experimental results reveal that the proposed hybrid IWD algorithm is a trustable and proficient one in finding very good solutions, since it is already proved that the IWD algorithm has the property of the convergence in value.     

Selecting machines and buffers in unreliable series-parallel production lines

This article formulates a new optimal design problem of a series-parallel manufacturing production line, where parallel machines and in-process buffers are included to achieve a greater production rate. The objective is to maximise production rate subject to a total cost constraint. Machines and buffers are chosen from a list of products available in the market. The buffers are characterised by their cost and size. The machines are characterised by their cost, failure rate, repair rate and processing time. To estimate series-parallel production line performance, an analytical decomposition-type approximation is proposed. Simulation results show that this approximate technique is very accurate. The optimal design problem is formulated as a combinatorial optimisation one where the decision variables are buffers and types of machines, as well as the number of parallel machines. To solve this problem, ant colony optimisation and simulated annealing are compared empirically through several test problems.     

Superconducting electrical motorsMoteurs électriques supraconducteurs

Superconductors have always been very promising materials because they offer the possibility of building lighter and more efficient electrical machines than by any other conventional solution. These characteristics make superconducting motors very attractive drives for embarked equipment with low weight requirements. The historical development of superconducting machines is quickly reviewed. The high critical temperature superconductors have renewed the works about superconducting machines. Different motor options are presented (fully superconducting machine and permanent magnet superconducting motor). For each, the choice of the superconductor (low or high critical temperature) is discussed, according to their performance and technological problems, especially about cryogenics. The different solutions are compared through a preliminary electromagnetic design for a 10 MW–100 rpm torque motor. We carry out a research and development program on the permanent magnet superconducting motors. After a first 15 kW–750 rpm successfully tested model a second 150 kW–400 rpm demonstrator is under development.