A new validation method for X-ray mammogram registration algorithms using a projection model of breast X-ray compression

Establishing spatial correspondence between features visible in X-ray mammograms obtained at different times has great potential to aid assessment and quantitation of change in the breast indicative of malignancy. The literature contains numerous nonrigid registration algorithms developed for this purpose, but existing approaches are flawed by the assumption of inappropriate 2-D transformation models and quantitative estimation of registration accuracy is limited. In this paper, we describe a novel validation method which simulates plausible mammographic compressions of the breast using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived finite element model. By projecting the resulting known 3-D displacements into 2-D and generating pseudo-mammograms from these same compressed magnetic resonance (MR) volumes, we can generate convincing images with known 2-D displacements with which to validate a registration algorithm. We illustrate this approach by computing the accuracy for two conventional nonrigid 2-D registration algorithms applied to mammographic test images generated from three patient MR datasets. We show that the accuracy of these algorithms is close to the best achievable using a 2-D one-to-one correspondence model but that new algorithms incorporating more representative transformation models are required to achieve sufficiently accurate registrations for this application.     

基于L型阵的二维Root-MUSIC波达方向估计算法

提出一种适用于L型阵列的基于Root-MUSIC的二维DOA估计算法。该算法先利用L型阵列的两个相互垂直的线阵独立的估计波达方向,然后利用该L阵构造二维MUSIC谱峰搜索表达式实现先前两个独立线阵计算出来角度的配对。本算法不仅具有MUSIC算法高分辨率的优点,还有运算量小、方法简单的特点。     

Dielectric waveguides in two-dimensional photonic bandgap materials

We investigate the performance and guiding properties of waveguides fabricated in a finite two-dimensional (2-D) photonic bandgap (PBG) structure. Confinement in the direction perpendicular to the plane of periodicity is achieved by fabricating the 2-D PBG structure in a high dielectric layer enclosed by two lower dielectric layers. Simulations using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method are performed to investigate the energy transport in such waveguides. Good qualitative agreement is found with the experimental observations     

Smart tooling for assembly of thin flexible systems

Emerging electronic assemblies are demanding lower cost, lighter weight, miniaturized packages mounted on thin flexible circuit boards and/or flex circuits. However, the compliant nature of the flex substrates poses new processing technology challenges for standard surface mount assembly equipment. A particular challenge is fixture tooling. The flexible substrate experiences significant transverse displacements under perpendicular assembly and/or fixturing forces during solder paste printing and component placement processes. The transverse displacements result in misregistration of the component leads and substrate bond pads, leading to severe assembly process defects. The solder reflow process further complicates the issue due to the thermo-mechanical warpage induced. Conventional assembly equipment utilizes dedicated tooling designed to handle rigid circuit board assemblies. As electronic assemblies move toward very fine pitch surface mount packages, chip scale packages, and flip chip attachment assembled to thin flexible double-sided circuit boards, reengineered and specialized dedicated tooling for fixturing flexible substrates in standard assembly equipment are becoming extremely important. This paper focuses on developing analysis methodologies and theories for implementing machine dedicated Smart Tooling. The primary goals being to determine the impact of fixturing on assembly process quality and to determine optimum fixturing configurations for thin flexible circuit board assemblies based on circuit design data. A mathematical model to describe both transverse and perpendicular displacements of flex substrates is developed, and its closed form solution for transverse displacements is obtained. Fixturing configurations based on a perimeter support technique of flex substrates is analyzed to minimize transverse displacements     

太赫兹单频雷达的二维成像仿真

当目标相对雷达存在二维转动时,即使采用单频雷达也可获得目标的二维图像。特别是在目标围绕2根垂直于雷达视线的正交转轴旋转时,成像投影平面垂直于雷达视线,获得视角类似于光学照相机的成像结果。分析了单频雷达二维成像的原理,并利用图形电磁计算软件(GRECO)模拟1.5 THz单频雷达的坦克模型回波,通过二维快速傅里叶变换(FFT)进行二维方位向压缩,获得目标的侧视图像。     

A high-performance multichannel dual-gate poly-Si TFT fabricated by excimer laser irradiation on a floating a-Si thin film

A new excimer laser annealing (ELA) process that uses a floating amorphous-Silicon (a-Si) thin film with a multichannel structure is proposed for high-performance poly-Si thin-film transistors (TFTs). The proposed ELA method produces two-dimensional (2-D) grain growth, which can result in a high-quality grain structure. The dual-gate structure was employed to eliminate the grain boundaries perpendicular to the current flow in the channel. A multichannel structure was adapted in order to arrange the grain boundary to be parallel to the current flow. The proposed poly-Si TFT exhibits high-performance electrical characteristics, which are a high mobility of 504 cm/sup 2//Vsec and a low subthreshold slope of 0.337 V/dec.     

Left ventricular deformation recovery from cine MRI using an incompressible model

This paper presents a method for 3-D deformation recovery of the left ventricular (LV) wall from anatomical cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The method is based on a deformable model that is incompressible, a desired property since the myocardium has been shown to be nearly incompressible. The LV wall needs to be segmented in an initial frame after which the method automatically determines the deformation everywhere in the LV wall throughout the cardiac cycle. Two studies were conducted to validate the method. In the first study, the deformation recovered from a 3-D anatomical cine MRI of a healthy volunteer was compared against the manual segmentation of the LV wall and against the corresponding 3-D tagged cine MRI. The average volume agreement between the model and the manual segmentation had a false positive rate of 3%, false negative rate of 3%, and true positive rate of 93%. The average distance between the model and manually determined intersections of perpendicular tag planes was 1.6 mm (1.1 pixel). Another set of 3-D anatomical and tagged MRI scans was taken of the same volunteer four months later. The method was applied to the second set and the recovered deformation was very similar to the one obtained from the first set. In the second study, the method was applied to 3-D anatomical cine MRI scans of three patients with ventricular dyssynchrony and three age-matched healthy volunteers. The LV wall deformations recovered for the three normals agreed well and the recovered strains were similar to those reported by other researchers for normal subjects. Strains and displacements of the three patients were clearly smaller than those of the three normals indicating reduced cardiac function. The deformation recovered for the three normals and the three patients was validated against manual segmentation and corresponding tag cine MRI scans and the agreement was similar to that of the first validation study.     

Image Encryption Based on a 1-D Joint Transform Correlator

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移动卫星通信终端天线极化跟踪研究

针对移动通信终端天线的极化失配损失问题,利用两个正交线极化天线结合相应的馈电网络实现了任意方向的线极化波,用于移动状态下的天线极化跟踪。提出了通过控制两个正交线极化天线的相位差来接收任意线极化波的方法,并给出了相位差与极化角的关系。当两个正交线极化天线增益及其对应通道间的幅度和相位均相同时,接收到的信号强度随相位差的变化而作余弦,且当相位差ψ为2θ-π2时,信号强度有最大值。基于该方法进行理论仿真,并得到了极化跟踪曲线,与测试结果相比,吻合良好。将该方法应用到卫星通信移动终端,在运动过程中信号稳定,未出现明显极化失配现象,验证了该算法的有效性。     

Local image registration by adaptive filtering.

We propose a new adaptive filtering framework for local image registration, which compensates for the effect of local distortions/displacements without explicitly estimating a distortion/displacement field. To this effect, we formulate local image registration as a two-dimensional (2-D) system identification problem with spatially varying system parameters. We utilize a 2-D adaptive filtering framework to identify the locally varying system parameters, where a new block adaptive filtering scheme is introduced. We discuss the conditions under which the adaptive filter coefficients conform to a local displacement vector at each pixel. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed 2-D adaptive filtering framework is very successful in modeling and compensation of both local distortions, such as Stirmark attacks, and local motion, such as in the presence of a parallax field. In particular, we show that the proposed method can provide image registration to: a) enable reliable detection of watermarks following a Stirmark attack in nonblind detection scenarios, b) compensate for lens distortions, and c) align multiview images with nonparametric local motion.     

基于最小二乘估计的InISAR空间目标三维成像方法

InISAR系统能够在短观测时间内实现对目标的3维成像,在目标识别和分类中有广泛应用。但是ISAR成像平面不仅取决于目标相对雷达的空间位置,还和目标的运动情况有关。针对空间平稳运动目标,该文利用互相垂直的L型基线构成双通道InISAR系统,对各天线接收到的回波分别采用各自的参考距离进行聚焦处理,采用传统的距离-多普勒算法得到目标散射点2维像,通过提取各散射点的干涉相位和多普勒信息,采用最小二乘方法对目标的有效转动角速度大小和方向进行估计,进而估计出散射点的3维位置,实现目标3维成像。仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Color Texture Segmentation Based on the Modal Energy of Deformable Surfaces

This paper presents a new approach for the segmentation of color textured images, which is based on a novel energy function. The proposed energy function, which expresses the local smoothness of an image area, is derived by exploiting an intermediate step of modal analysis that is utilized in order to describe and analyze the deformations of a 3-D deformable surface model. The external forces that attract the 3-D deformable surface model combine the intensity of the image pixels with the spatial information of local image regions. The proposed image segmentation algorithm has two steps. First, a color quantization scheme, which is based on the node displacements of the deformable surface model, is utilized in order to decrease the number of colors in the image. Then, the proposed energy function is used as a criterion for a region growing algorithm. The final segmentation of the image is derived by a region merge approach. The proposed method was applied to the Berkeley segmentation database. The obtained results show good segmentation robustness, when compared to other state of the art image segmentation algorithms.     

Analysis of an MMI-Based Six-Port Circulator by Using 3-D Magneto-Optical Beam Propagation Method

An MMI-based six-port circulator is analyzed by 3-D magneto-optical (MO) beam propagation method (BPM). Since opposite nonreciprocal 4pi/3-phase shifts are introduced into the two sided interferometric arms of 3 times 3 mirror-image MMI coupler, light travels through this device in a nonreciprocal fashion and obeys the sequential order. After using the Ce:YIG/SOI bonding waveguide to construct the proposed circulator, the 3-D MO BPM formula are validated for the first time to simulate nonreciprocal device with external magnetization perpendicular to the light propagation direction. Simulation shows that this device features in easy fabrication, good operation bandwidth, ability to reduce the port count number.     

基于双一维靶标的摄像机标定方法

针对大视场摄像机的标定,提出一种基于双一维靶标的摄像机标定方法。两个一维靶标任意放置在摄像机视场内,摄像机从多角度拍摄靶标图像;利用一维靶标特征点共线的特性进行图像畸变校正;计算两个一维靶标所在空间直线在图像中的消影点,得到在空间中的夹角关于摄像机内参数矩阵的表达式,利用其所成角度恒定这一约束求解摄像机内部参数;采用非线性优化方法,求解摄像机内、外参数在最大似然准则下的最优解。仿真试验结果表明,当噪声水平小于0.5 pixel时,摄像机内部参数的相对误差均小于0.3%。实物试验结果表明,视场范围为1 200 mm×800 mm时,该方法的标定精度优于0.1 mm。     

ECG data compression using cut and align beats approach and 2-D transforms

A new electrocardiogram (ECG) data compression method is presented which employs a two dimensional (2-D) transform. This 2-D transform method utilizes the fact that ECG signals generally show two types of redundancies--between adjacent heartbeats and between adjacent samples. A heartbeat data sequence is cut and beat-aligned to form a 2-D data array. Any 2-D compression method can then be applied. Transform coding using the 2-D discrete cosine transform (DCT) [2-D DCT] is employed here as an example. Using selections from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia and Medtronic databases, results are presented that illustrate substantial improvement in compression ratio over one-dimensional methods for comparable percent root-mean-square difference (PRD).     

A hierarchical statistical modeling approach for the unsupervised 3-D biplanar reconstruction of the scoliotic spine

This paper presents a new and accurate three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction technique for the scoliotic spine from a pair of planar and conventional (postero-anterior with normal incidence and lateral) calibrated radiographic images. The proposed model uses a priori hierarchical global knowledge, both on the geometric structure of the whole spine and of each vertebra. More precisely, it relies on the specification of two 3-D statistical templates. The first, a rough geometric template on which rigid admissible deformations are defined, is used to ensure a crude registration of the whole spine. An accurate 3-D reconstruction is then performed for each vertebra by a second template on which nonlinear admissible global, as well as local deformations, are defined. Global deformations are modeled using a statistical modal analysis of the pathological deformations observed on a representative scoliotic vertebra population. Local deformations are represented by a first-order Markov process. This unsupervised coarse-to-fine 3-D reconstruction procedure leads to two separate minimization procedures efficiently solved in our application with evolutionary stochastic optimization algorithms. In this context, we compare the results obtained with a classical genetic algorithm (GA) and a recent Exploration Selection (ES) technique. This latter optimization method with the proposed 3-D reconstruction model, is tested on several pairs of biplanar radiographic images with scoliotic deformities. The experiments reported in this paper demonstrate that the discussed method is comparable in terms of accuracy with the classical computed-tomography-scan technique while being unsupervised and while requiring only two radiographic images and a lower amount of radiation for the patient.     

Robust nonrigid registration to capture brain shift from intraoperative MRI

We present a new algorithm to register 3-D preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images to intraoperative MR images of the brain which have undergone brain shift. This algorithm relies on a robust estimation of the deformation from a sparse noisy set of measured displacements. We propose a new framework to compute the displacement field in an iterative process, allowing the solution to gradually move from an approximation formulation (minimizing the sum of a regularization term and a data error term) to an interpolation formulation (least square minimization of the data error term). An outlier rejection step is introduced in this gradual registration process using a weighted least trimmed squares approach, aiming at improving the robustness of the algorithm. We use a patient-specific model discretized with the finite element method in order to ensure a realistic mechanical behavior of the brain tissue. To meet the clinical time constraint, we parallelized the slowest step of the algorithm so that we can perform a full 3-D image registration in 35 s (including the image update time) on a heterogeneous cluster of 15 personal computers. The algorithm has been tested on six cases of brain tumor resection, presenting a brain shift of up to 14 mm. The results show a good ability to recover large displacements, and a limited decrease of accuracy near the tumor resection cavity.     

Computer-assisted planning and navigation for corrective distal radius osteotomy, based on pre- and intraoperative imaging

Malunion after a distal radius fracture is very common and if symptomatic, is treated with a so-called corrective osteotomy. In a traditional distal radius osteotomy, the radius is cut at the fracture site and a wedge is inserted in the osteotomy gap to correct the distal radius pose. The standard procedure uses two orthogonal radiographs to estimate the two inclination angles and the dimensions of the wedge to be inserted into the osteotomy gap. However, optimal correction in 3-Dspace requires restoring three angles and three displacements. This paper introduces a new technique that uses preoperative planning based on 3-D images. Intraoperative 3-D imaging is also used after inserting pins with marker tools in the proximal and distal part of the radius and before the osteotomy. Positioning tools are developed to correct the distal radius pose in six degrees of freedom by navigating the pins. The method is accurate ( d 1.2 mm, ? 0.9°, m TRE = 1.7 mm), highly reproducible (SE (d) < 1.0 mm, SE (?) ≤ 1.4°, SE (m) (TRE) = 0.7 mm), and allows intraoperative evaluation of the end result. Small incisions for pin placement and for the osteotomy render the method minimally invasive.     

数字激光散斑的L型梯度位移检测法

利用数字激光散斑图像测量物体的形变和微小位移是一种新兴的非接触测量方法,为提高这种测量方法的速度及精度,提出一种针对数字散斑图像的L型梯度位移检测法.该方法将现有的梯度算法扩展到二维空间并做变形,对散斑图像进行梯度运算,测量出位移.大量实验证明,上述算法可行,能够精确测出微小位移,且运算速度较快.     

时域散射问题中近场－远场转换的新途径

本文针对散射问题中时域近场一远场转换问题，探讨了两种新的算法．其一是采用Ｓｔｒａｔｔｏｎ－Ｃｈｕ散射场的积分表示式，由表面感应流直接求时域散射远场．其二是采用拉氏变换和卷积的方法，导出求解３－Ｄ和２－Ｄ时域散射远场形式上统一的公式．文中以规则形体为计算实例，验证了算法的可行性．