Hybrid solutions for improving passive filter performance in highpower applications

This paper presents a new control scheme for a parallel hybrid active filter system intended for harmonic compensation of large nonlinear loads up to 50 MVA, to meet IEEE 519 recommended harmonic standards. The active filter is small rated, 2%-3% of load kilovoltampere rating. The control scheme is based on the concept of synthesizing a dynamically variable inductance, and its usefulness is demonstrated for an active filtering application. A synchronous reference frame (SRF) controller implements the dynamically varying negative or positive inductance by generating active filter inverter voltage commands. This variable inductance controller parallel hybrid active filter system can selectively synthesize multiple “active inductances” at dominant harmonic frequencies without affecting passive filter impedances at all other frequencies. This controller also provides a “current limiting” function to prevent passive filter overloading under ambient harmonic loads and/or supply voltage distortions. Three implementation variations of a parallel hybrid active filter system are presented. This paper also proposes the use of power factor correction capacitors as low cost passive filters for a parallel hybrid active filter system, which are controlled to provide either single or multiple tuned harmonic sinks and to increase cost effectiveness for high power applications. Simulation results validate the proposed variable inductance controller operation for mistuned passive filters     

An optimal design of single tuned filter in distribution systems

This paper proposes an optimal design of single tuned shunt passive filter for the Underground Ramsis Metro Substation (URMS) using linear programming technique as a conventional technique and fuzzy linear programming (FLP) technique as a modern technique. The optimal filter parameters are obtained to overcome the harmonics generated in the voltage and current waveforms, due to the non-linear characteristics of the rectifiers, which distort the voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling (PCC). The harmonic levels are analyzed at different loading conditions using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) on MATLAB optimization program. The proposed optimal design of harmonic filter is based on minimizing the cost of the filter parameters and its losses. Both techniques are applied on the system under study. From the results, the THD levels of the line current and the bus voltage are reduced to be within the standard limits. A comparison between the optimal design filters is carried out using the LP and FLP techniques. However, the lowest cost of filter is obtained using the FLP technique.     

Effective utilization of cables and transformers using passive filters for non-linear loads

In the literature, it is well known that transformers and cables have excessive losses or overheating under non-sinusoidal current conditions. Accordingly, they have reduced current carrying capabilities (or loading capabilities) for that kind of conditions. This paper aims to employ passive filters for the effective utilization of the cables and transformers in the non-sinusoidal systems. Consequently, an optimal passive filter design approach is provided to maximize the power factor expression, which takes into account frequency-dependent line losses, under non-sinusoidal background voltage and line current conditions. The individual and total harmonic distortion limits placed in IEEE standard 519 are taken into account as constraints for the proposed approach. Besides, keeping the load’s displacement power factor at an adequate range is desired by the proposed approach. The proposed approach and the traditional optimal passive filter design approach, which aims to maximize the classical power factor expression, are comparatively evaluated for an industrial power system with a group of linear and non-linear loads, overhead transmission lines, cables and a transformer. Numerical results show that the proposed one has a considerable advantage in the improvement of the total supply line loss and the transformer’s loading capability under non-sinusoidal conditions when compared to the traditional one. On the other hand, for the simulated system cases, both approaches lead to almost the same current carrying capability value of the cables.     

Application issues of active power filters

In this article, common nonlinear loads have been characterized into two types of harmonic sources, current-source type of harmonic source and voltage-source type of harmonic source. Compensation characteristics of both parallel active filters and series active filters have been discussed analytically and experimentally for these two types of harmonic sources. The corresponding required operation conditions, features, application issues, and adaptive harmonic sources of both filters have been presented. The fact that the traditional active filter, the parallel active filter, is not a panacea to harmonic compensation, and that one cannot use it blindly, has been clearly addressed. The parallel active filter will increase harmonic current and may cause overcurrent of the load when the load is a harmonic voltage source. Instead, it has been verified that the series active filter is better suited for compensation of a harmonic voltage source such as a diode rectifier with smoothing DC capacitor. The conclusions of this article also imply that when a parallel active filter is installed in a power system network such as at a point of common coupling, the network impedance and main harmonic sources downstream from the installation point should be investigated in order to get good performance and to minimize influence to the loads downstream. In some cases, a combined system of parallel active filter and series active filter may be necessary by utilizing the harmonic isolation function of the series active filters. No doubt active filters are superior to passive filters if used in their niche applications     

高阶无源滤波器对比分析

利用回路电流法推导了现有的LCL、LLCL、LCCL、LLCCL、L(LCL)_2型滤波器逆变器侧电压到电网侧电流的传递函数。对于这5种高阶无源滤波器,在幅频域下,从谐波抑制效果和谐振特性两方面分别进行深入研究。利用R_d和R_d-C_d阻尼法对高阶滤波器可能存在的谐振点进行谐振抑制,针对含有双并联谐振支路的高阶无源滤波器进行不同支路阻尼效果对比分析,并确定最佳阻尼支路。通过仿真对理论分析的正确性进行验证,表明L(LCL)_2型滤波器谐波抑制效果最佳,同时可以缩小器件尺寸并降低器件的成本造价。     

并联有源滤波器控制策略研究

有源滤波器(APF)是消除电网中非线性负载产生的电流谐波的有效手段,本文分别对并联APF和并联混合APF的控制策略进行了研究。针对某一类非线性负载,提出了一种在单一同步坐标系下的复合控制器,包含PI和重复控制器。该复合控制器结合了PI和重复控制器的优点,能够消除稳态误差和改善系统鲁棒性。本文详细研究了复合控制器的设计方法,对控制系统稳定性进行了分析。所提控制方法在三相并联有源滤波器系统进行了验证,实验结果证明了所提出的混合控制器具有优异的性能。将有源滤波器(APF)和无源滤波装置(PF)结合起来构成混合有源滤波器(HAPF)是当今的发展趋势,既弥补了无源滤波装置的固有缺陷,又能充分发挥有源滤波器的优势。本文对无变压器型混合并联有源滤波器的设计原则进行了研究,提出了具体的设计方法以及电感值和直流母线电压之间的关系。同时,分别给出了HAPF进行补偿负载电流谐波和阻尼电网电压谐波放大这两种不同应用时的控制策略,对其滤波和阻尼特性进行了详细的分析。为了改善HAPF性能,在控制策略中引入了广义积分控制器。实验结果证明了混合并联滤波装置的优异性能。     

A DSP-based active power filter for low voltage distribution systems

The use of nonlinear loads, which inject undesired harmonic currents into low voltage distribution systems, is increasing rapidly. Active power filters are being considered as a potential candidate for solving harmonic problems in order to meet harmonic standards and guidelines. A new digital signal processor (DSP)-based control method for a single-phase active power filter (APF) is presented in this paper. Compared to conventional analog-based methods, the DSP-based solution provides a flexible and cheaper method to control the APF. The proposed scheme employs a carrier-based control that requires less feedback information compared to other reported solutions. Only one current sensor is used to sense the nonlinear load current and two voltage sensors to sense the input supply voltage and the dc bus voltage. The proposed method provides both harmonic elimination and power factor correction. The PSpice simulation and experiments using the DSP-based prototype are made to verify the feasibility of the method.     

Indirect current control of active filter for harmonic elimination with novel observer-based noise reduction scheme

Active power filters have been developed recently to solve the harmonics disturbance problems on power system networks. The direct current control scheme is generally used to control the harmonic compensating current directly for current source active power filters. To improve the characteristics of harmonic elimination, the voltage regulation scheme is proposed which regulates the filter capacitor voltage at the input side. Hence the voltage regulation scheme is an indirect current control technique for making sinusoidal line current. To implement this proposed scheme, the electronic differentiator should be used. By using the conventional differentiator, high frequency noise is generated in the controller. This deteriorates both the accuracy and reliability of the controller. To reduce this noise, a novel observer-based noise reduction scheme is proposed for our active filter system. The observer-based algorithm and characteristics of indirect current-controlled active filters are investigated through simulations and experiments.     

A new approach to harmonic compensation in power systems-a combinedsystem of shunt passive and series active filters

A novel approach to compensating for harmonics in power systems is presented. It is a combined system of a shunt passive filter and a small rated series active filter. The compensation principle is described, and some filtering characteristics are discussed in detail. Excellent practicability and validity to compensate for harmonics in power systems are demonstrated experimentally. Although the source harmonic voltage was only 1%, the source harmonic current reached about 10% before the series active filter was started. After it was started, no harmonic current flowed into the shunt passive filter. In addition, no harmonic voltage appeared at the terminals of the shunt passive filter, because the source harmonic voltage was applied to the series active filter. The total loss of the series active filter was less than 40 W. It is concluded that the combined system is far superior in efficiency to conventional shunt active filters     

新型谐振式混合有源滤波器的研究

为减小有源滤波器的容量,提出了一种新型混合有源滤波器的拓扑结构。其基本思想是:根据分流原理,适当控制有源部分来等效增大系统支路的谐波阻抗,提高无源滤波器的滤波效果;将有源部分与基波谐振电路并联来减小有源部分容量;合理地配置注入支路的参数,以保证滤波器具有较好的滤波能力和一定的无功补偿能力。仿真和实验结果证明了所提出的混合有源滤波器的可行性和正确性,所提出的拓扑结构消耗的有效材料少,体积小,占地面积小。     

分次补偿方式的并联型混合电力滤波器研制

介绍了由有源电力滤波器和无源滤波器并联构成混合滤波系统的工作原理，分析了有源和无源滤波器并联补偿谐波时谐波电流分配的问题，提出采用分次补偿的控制策略，并对系统控制策略的软件方法和控制电路的硬件实现进行了阐述。在此基础上研制了一台250kVA／380V并联混合型电力滤波器装置。该装置已应用于治理中频炉负载的工业现场。仿真和现场应用结果表明，采用该控制方法，可以在保证良好的补偿特性的同时，有效减少有源滤波器部分的容量，从而降低了整个装置的成本，更加适用于治理中大容量谐波负载的场合。     

低互感高品质因素无源滤波器的优化设计分析

为降低无源滤波器中三相电抗器互感对单调谐滤波器滤波效果的影响,通过理论分析表明,将其严格按照水平三角方式排列摆放,可有效抑制相间电抗器互感;采用考虑无源滤波器性能和系统总成本的多目标模糊优化方法设计无源滤波器参数,能将多个优化目标转换为单目标的优化求解问题,设计出具有低互感高品质因素的无源滤波器,混合型滤波器系统。新方案投入运行后,取得了较好的现场效果。     

中压配电网大容量新型混合有源滤波器

针对中压配电网谐波治理问题，提出了一种大容量混合型有源滤波器。它由无源滤波器、基波谐振支路、隔离变压器及有源滤波器等组成。其中，无源滤波器承受大部分电网电压，基波谐振支路分流无功电流，它使有源滤波器的工作电压和电流大大降低；有源逆变器采用基于二极管中点箝位式(NPC)三电平结构，它使有源滤波器的工作电压大大提高。文中简述了该混合型滤波器的工作原理，分析了基波谐振支路在参数变化失谐时，对滤波性能的影响。仿真结果证实了新型混合有源滤波器的可行性和有效性。     

一种新的有源滤波器控制方法研究

有源滤波器的滤波效果很大程度上取决于其控制性能,为了使逆变器的输出能迅速、准确地跟随参考信号的变化,提出了一种单独注入式有源滤波器控制方法。该法将负载谐波电流分成不同频率段的谐波电流信号,这些电流信号通过相应的谐波相位补偿器补偿无源部分相位偏差,再将各频段的谐波电流控制信号累加算得有源电力滤波器的PWM控制信号。仿真结果表明:该法控制的有源滤波器控制器滤波效果好、实时性强。     

一种低压谐波抑制的新方法

介绍一种新的谐波抑制装置—通用滤波器UHF(UniversalHarmonicFilter)或线性滤波器(Lineator),它是无源滤波器领域里新的进展。它采用带有小容量滤波电容器的T型电抗器反极性接入电源与负荷之间。使得经过绕组中的反串互感减少了供电系统与非线性负荷之间的电压降落,同时,在谐波条件下供电系统支路形成一个高阻抗。这样,就使大部分谐波电流流入滤波器支路,而流入系统的谐波电流大大减少。使用SIMULINK,对装有UHF的三相六脉波整流器装置的工作特性进行数字仿真并与单调谐滤波器相比较,分析结果表明采用UHF对谐波有更好的抑制效果。     

基于最佳偏调谐的无源滤波器优化设计

为保证滤波器失谐情况下仍具有最佳的滤波效益,提出一种基于最佳偏调谐的滤波器优化设计方法。该方法选取各滤波支路补偿容量作为优化变量,考虑无功功率平衡、谐波电压、谐波电流限制等,以母线电压畸变率最小为目标函数,建立含最佳偏谐率变量的优化模型。通过迭代求解,可得到各滤波支路最佳补偿容量和最佳调谐频率,保证失谐情况下滤波器具有最佳滤波效果。对具体工程实例计算表明,与传统经验优化方法相比,该方法设计的滤波器在失谐情况下具有更佳的滤波效果。     

Compensation characteristics of shunt active and series active power filters

Active power filters have been used in practice to suppress the harmonic interference in power systems. To compensate for harmonic currents of loads, active power filters usually are connected to power systems in parallel with the loads. These filters, which are called shunt active filters here, are very effective for loads that can be considered as current sources, such as thyristor rectifiers with large dc reactances. Many papers have covered the shunt active filters applied to these current-source loads, however, none has discussed characteristics of the shunt active filters when they are applied to voltage-source loads. On the other hand, since more and more diode rectifiers with capacitive dc filters have recently been used, harmonics generated by them have become an issue. The diode rectifier with capacitive dc filters behaves as a voltage source rather than a current source. When a shunt active filter is applied to such a diode rectifier, the current injected from the shunt active filter may flow into the diode rectifier. As a result, harmonics of the source current cannot be reduced effectively, and harmonic current flowing into the diode rectifier increases greatly. This paper presents the aforementioned problem of shunt active filters analytically and experimentally. Then a series active filter is proposed to suppress the harmonic current of the diode rectifiers. The features, operating conditions, and considerations of shunt active filters and series active filters are described analytically and demonstrated experimentally. Taking a diode rectifier with capacitive dc filter as a typical voltage-source load, compensation characteristics of shunt active filters and series active filters are discussed by experiment and simulation. The validity of the series active filters is illustrated experimentally.     

基于可控电抗器的单调谐滤波器

介绍了一种基于可控电抗器的单调谐滤波器,通过将普通的无源滤波器进行有源化的改造,改善传统无源滤波器易受参数影响而失谐的缺点,实现当系统其他参数变化时,可以通过调节电感值使滤波器在原来的频率处保持谐振状态,从而保持较好的滤波效果。对检测滤波支路n次谐波电压、电流同相位法和滤波后系统侧n次谐波电流幅值最小法2种闭环控制策略的可行性和特点进行了分析,并利用基于自寻最优的控制方法进行了7次单调谐滤波器的实验,结果证明了基于可控电抗器的单调谐滤波器具有良好的滤波效果和对系统参数变化的自调谐功能。     

The Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) as an effective tool to evaluate active power filters for harmonic compensation

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) ‘Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems’ sets limits for the current and voltage harmonic distortions at the point of common coupling in order to maintain an acceptable quality of electric power in the presence of nonlinear loads. Both the utility and its customers share a common responsibility since enforcement of the above practice by the utility would require that the affected customer use a suitable harmonic mitigating method. To this effect, this paper demonstrates how the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) may be used to investigate two harmonic mitigating methods, namely, the use of shunt passive power filters and the combination of a series active (APF) and shunt passive (PPF) power filters. Both methods reduce the harmonic currents injected into the distribution system; however, the combination of the series APF and shunt PPFs has a better compensation characteristic with a higher capital cost than only shunt PPFs. Before a final decision is reached, the cost of the higher harmonic losses throughout the distribution system when using only shunt PPFs must be taken into account.     

Optimal C-Type Filter Design to Maximize Transformer's Loading Capability under Non-sinusoidal Conditions

The main purpose of this article is to employ the C-type passive filters for maximization of the loading capability of transformers under non-sinusoidal conditions. For this aim, an optimal passive filter design approach is proposed regarding minimization of the harmonic loss factor (F_HL), which is defined in IEEE standard C57.110 to represent the loading capability of the transformers supplying non-sinusoidal load currents. With respect to IEEE standard 519, displacement power factor and individual harmonics & total harmonic distortions of the voltage and current are considered as constraints of the proposed optimal filter design approach. In addition, numerical results are presented to figure out that the proposed approach provides higher loading capability of the transformers under non-sinusoidal conditions when compared with the other two optimal filter design approaches based on minimization of the current total harmonic distortion and minimization of the voltage total harmonic distortion.