Noninvasive Procedure for Improving Efficiency of Three-Phase Induction Motors

In developing countries, three-phase squirrel cage induction motors, even though with load equal to their name plate rating, may operate at low efficiencies. This may be because their winding parameters are not optimized for lower running cost. To ascertain the cause, it is necessary to know the stator winding data and compare it with the results of the design. If a deviation exists, the winding is improper. However, it may be possible to improve efficiency by rewinding the motor. We propose a noninvasive procedure to determine the following winding data: number of parallel circuits in a phase, number of turns per coil, and conductor area. The procedure includes a new iterative algorithm for determining these winding data. We discuss experimental investigations to validate the proposed procedure and to test its effectiveness in energy conservation. We outline the usefulness of the procedure for designers and the advantages it offers to service providers and educational institutions.     

不等开口纤维增强树脂复合材料缠绕壳体非测地线线型设计

线型设计是纤维增强树脂（FRP）复合材料缠绕壳体设计的一项重要研究内容,它对壳体FRP复合材料缠绕制品的质量起关键作用。本文针对不等开口极孔或不同形状封头的FRP复合材料压力容器壳体,基于非测地线缠绕方程,提出了一套非测地线缠绕线型设计方法,建立了根据已知缠绕线型和芯模转角来确定相应的切点数和纱片宽度的计算模型,开发出了一套FRP复合材料缠绕壳体仿真软件系统,对非测地线缠绕线型进行了计算机图像仿真与检验。结果表明:各个设计区间的仿真结果满足设计要求,没有出现缠绕角突变、纤维分布不规律和纤维在局部严重重叠等异常现象。该仿真软件系统可以为工程人员在实际壳体缠绕之前提供参考,缩短缠绕线型迭代试错周期,同时也为后续缠绕角及缠绕顺序等缠绕参数的优化奠定了基础。      

Inductive coupler for contactless power transmission

To provide power to a moving vehicle without using contacts, a transformer is presented, consisting of a fixed primary winding inductively coupled to a moving secondary winding. The primary winding along the whole trajectory of motion is configured such that its magnetic stray field and its self inductance are limited. This winding transfers power to the moving coupler containing the yoke and the secondary winding. The secondary winding is a resonant circuit, with a rectifier and the motor of the vehicle as load. To describe the energy transmission system, a numerical model is developed that combines an electrical circuit with a 2D nonlinear finite element model. This model is used for an optimisation of the design. For the optimised configuration, an experimental setup is built to validate the model by measurements. A sensitivity analysis is carried out concerning the primary current, the supply frequency, the position of the secondary winding relative to the primary winding and the number of vehicles coupled with the primary winding.     

纤维缠绕弧形管运动方程和线型设计

本文讨论了在计算机控制的纤维缠绕机上缠绕弧形管的运动规律,给出了测地线缠绕和非测地线稳定缠绕时丝嘴运动方程。文中还分析了弧形管缠绕线型,给出了相应公式。      

A novel switched reluctance motor with C-core stators

This paper presents a novel switched reluctance motor (SRM) design in which the stator is simply formed from C-cores. Unlike conventional SRMs, the windings of the new motor can be individually wound into the stator cores without complex winding equipment. Because of the inherent axial field distribution, this type of SRM requires a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element analysis (FEA) model for detailed flux analysis. This paper proposes an approximated two-dimensional FEA model to speed up computational time. In addition, since the proper current that ensures operation in the saturated region (to maximize torque and efficiency) is often hard to determine systemically, the paper proposes a simple method to determine the optimum operating current so that one can easily decide the rated current and also obtain the maximum motor efficiency. Finally, the paper compares some characteristics of a traditional SRM with those of the proposed SRM. The comparison shows that the proposed SRM performs well in terms of torque and efficiency, and provides a higher degree of flexibility in winding design.     

电动车驱动用永磁同步电机力矩特性的研究

对影响内置式永磁同步电机转矩特性的三个关键设计参数——永磁体宽度、定子绕组匝数及转子铁心外形进行了研究。以具体样机为例,分析了定子绕组匝数、永磁体充磁方向长度和转子外形对转矩特性的影响。分析结果表明：永磁体宽度接近于整数倍定子齿距可降低负载脉动转矩;采用偏心分段圆弧法优化转子外形有利于提高电机的转矩特性。通过实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

基于爆破试验的CFRP固体火箭发动机壳体的可靠性设计

根据GJB 1878-94制备了8个碳纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器，通过试验获得壳体的纤维强度、缠绕角、几何尺寸、爆破压强等随机变量特征值，利用这些实验数据对固体火箭发动机壳体进行可靠性设计，并与传统的安全系数法设计进行比较。结果表明，使用可靠性安全系数法设计可以实现安全性和经济性的统一。分析了材料的力学性能参数及壳体的几何参数等随机变量的变异系数对CFRP固体火箭发动机壳体爆破压强分散程度的影响。纤维应力、壳体纤维层厚度和壳体半径的变异系数的大小直接影响了爆破压强的分散程度；而纤维缠绕角除其变异系数的大小直接影响爆破压强的分散程度外，其参数均值也对爆破压强的分散程度有影响。     

改善步进电机电流响应速度的抗饱和PI控制

目的为了提高连续式包装机的生产效率,提出一种新型的抗积分饱和PI电流控制器设计方法。方法针对PI控制器积分饱和现象引起的步进电机绕组电流响应过慢问题,根据控制器输入输出状态,确定抗饱和增益值的大小,调整积分作用效果。在控制器输入变化较慢时,充分发挥积分器的作用,减小超调量;在输入变化较快时,使积分器更快地退出饱和,提高系统响应速度。结果实验结果表明,该方法较传统PI控制和反计算固定增益PI控制能更精确地控制绕组电流,有效提高了电流响应速度和减小了超调量。结论该方法使绕组电流更好地跟随参考值变化,改善了电机在不同运行状态下的动态性能。     

基于机器人的复合材料缠绕策略优化

基于机器人的复合材料缠绕不同缠绕策略会对缠绕工艺及机器人运动稳定性产生影响, 为获得使机器人运动稳定性更优的缠绕策略, 研究了6自由度工业机器人的复合材料缠绕工作站, 单独分析了包络形式、悬纱长度以及测地线/非测地线缠绕等参数对缠绕工艺及机器人运动稳定性的变化参数的影响, 采用MATLAB进行不同缠绕策略的机器人缠绕轨迹计算, 确定规划后的缠绕轨迹, 基于ADAMS和MATLAB进行机器人缠绕动力学联合仿真, 获取机器人各关节力矩曲线, 分析规划后的缠绕轨迹对机器人运动稳定性的影响。进行了复合材料制品干纤维缠绕实验, 缠绕实验表明:采用优化后的缠绕策略进行复合材料制品缠绕时缠绕线型稳定, 缠绕过程无滑纱、交叠、架空等现象, 缠绕精度完全满足设计要求。      

Effects of pulse-width-modulated supply voltage on eddy currents in the form-wound stator winding of a cage induction motor

The eddy currents of a form-wound multi-conductor stator winding because of the non-sinusoidal supply voltage in a cage induction motor are studied. The time and space dependence of the field, circuit variables and the motion of the rotor are modelled with the time-discretised finite-element analysis. A pulsewidth- modulated voltage is used to supply the motor. The eddy-current loss distribution of the stator bars and the total eddy-current losses are studied. The radial distance of the stator bars from the air gap is re-emphasised as a design parameter because of its effect on the losses and the hot spots. The means for minimising the losses and avoiding the local hot spots are studied.     

轮缘驱动式姿控飞轮电机设计

为了提高小卫星用姿控飞轮的转动惯量/质量比,实现飞轮调姿系统的轻量化,设计了一种飞轮用永磁无刷直流电机.根据电机磁路,推导了磁钢尺寸与最大磁能积的关系;采用有限元法分析了磁路参数对飞轮性能的影响;针对飞轮电机大气隙、大径长比的结构特点,给出了气隙磁通密度的计算方法;建立了绕组参数与电机额定数据间的关系;仿真分析了电机性能.通过对一台最高转速为6 000 r/min、角动量为5 Nms的飞轮电机样机进行实验验证,得出最大设计误差为65%,证明了设计方法的正确性.     

Effects of Armature Reaction on the Performance of a Claw Pole Motor With Soft Magnetic Composite Stator by Finite-Element Analysis

We investigated the effects of armature reaction on the performance of a three-phase three-stack claw pole motor with soft magnetic composite stator core by using three-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA), which is an effective approach to accurately compute the parameters and performance such as the back electromotive force (EMF), core losses, and winding inductance at various saturation levels. The motor is rated as 500 W at 1800 rpm when the stator current is 4.1 A, driven by a sensorless brushless DC scheme. Because of the armature reaction, the back EMF produced by the rotor permanent magnets and the developed torque is reduced by about 3.3% at the rated load, and the core losses increase drastically by 41% from no-load to full-load. The winding inductance is computed with different loads at different rotor angles     

Cogging force reduction of two-phase linear hybrid stepping motor

This paper presents a /spl pi//4-multiple-coupled two-phase linear hybrid stepping motor (LHSM) that has two windings per phase, one of which shares the other phase winding. The proposed motor shows a unique ability to deliver low cogging force without any complex control scheme or additional power electronics hardware in microstepping control. An analytical and experimental comparison between conventional /spl pi//2- and /spl pi//4-multiple-coupled LHSM confirms the effectiveness of the proposed design.     

Modeling and Simulation of Voids in Composite Tape Winding Process Based on Domain Superposition Technique

The tape winding technology is an effective way to fabricate rotationally composite materials. Nevertheless, some inevitable defects will seriously influence the performance of winding products. One of the crucial ways to identify the quality of fiber-reinforced composite material products is examining its void content. Significant improvement in products’ mechanical properties can be achieved by minimizing the void defect. Two methods were applied in this study, finite element analysis and experimental testing, respectively, to investigate the mechanism of how void forming in composite tape winding processing. Based on the theories of interlayer intimate contact and Domain Superposition Technique (DST), a three-dimensional model of prepreg tape void with SolidWorks has been modeled in this paper. Whereafter, ABAQUS simulation software was used to simulate the void content change with pressure and temperature. Finally, a series of experiments were performed to determine the accuracy of the model-based predictions. The results showed that the model is effective for predicting the void content in the composite tape winding process.     

Influence of Resistance Method on Motor Winding Temperature Rise Measurement

The objective of this article is presentation of influences when measuring the motor winding temperature rise in the scope of safety testing of electrical appliances, with respect to conformity assessment. The temperature measurement in testing is one of the most defined fields of measurement, but it is very important how the measurement is performed. Standards only describe that the resistance method shall be used for determination of the temperature rise (heating) of the winding. The temperature rise is defined as the average temperature rise of the windings above the ambient (surrounding) temperature, at the specified load of the unit under test. It is not explicitly defined how to approach this measurement when using cooling characteristics of the winding for determination of the temperature rise. Since the extrapolation curve is used, the procedure is also very important to obtain a result as accurate as possible. It is important that measurement results and their associated uncertainties are correctly evaluated, and on that basis, appropriate conclusions of conformity of the product with specifications are made. The resistance method influence on the motor winding temperature rise measurement is a case study in this article. The article focuses on the measurement of the temperature rise of electrical motors used in electrical appliances according to the standard EN 60335-1, clause 11 (2002) (identical as standard IEC 60335-1, 2001). In this article, the influencing parameters are analyzed when measuring the temperature rise of electromotor winding. As a case study, concrete measurements are presented. The optimal time after which the performer has to start measurement of the cooling characteristics is analyzed, since the motors are typically mounted deep into appliances. Especially for a collector motor winding, it takes some time for a performer to be able to connect the measuring instrument to collector??s lamellas because this contact has an important influence on extrapolation results.     

Performances for a synchronous machine with optimised efficiency while wide speed domain is attempted

A combined control technique is proposed to improve the efficiency of an in-wheel motor with outer rotor for traction system. The double excited motor has permanent magnets and field winding as excitation sources. The 'combined control strategy' employed in the extended speed operation is based on an alternate field-weakening technique by negative d-axis current injection and by adequately feeding the auxiliary field winding, respectively. The alternate technique proposed is detailed and the computed results are obtained using 2D finite-element method analysis, and the MATLAB/Simulink package stand by to validate it. The tests will prove the expected speed gain and the validity of the machine's topology.     

Extension of winding function theory for nonuniform air gap in electric machinery

This paper extends the winding function theory for nonuniform air gap in rotating electric machinery. It shows that the winding function differs from that used in the symmetrical case, although several papers employ the uniform air-gap winding function to study electric motor performance under fault conditions. The extended theory will be particularly helpful in the study of squirrel-cage induction motors with a nonuniform air gap such as that caused by eccentricity of the rotor and stator.     

Micro-electroforming under periodic vacuum-degassing and temperature-gradient conditions

Pinhole defects in deposits are one of the problems which have not yet been solved fundamentally when micro-electroforming of nickel into high-aspect-ratio (HAR) micro-moulds. To reduce the voids of micro-electroformed parts, a new micro-electroforming technique carried out under periodic vacuum-degassing and temperature-difference conditions was introduced in this paper. The effect of vertical temperature gradient between the bath electrolyte (low temperature) and the electrodeposition surfaces (high temperature) on the existing natural convection motion within the HAR micro-trenches was analyzed numerically, and the mechanism of vacuum degassing was also introduced. To investigate the feasibility of the exploited technique, a series of experiments were performed using special equipment developed by the authors, followed by an evaluation of the surface morphology of nickel micro-electroforms. Experimental results showed that, when comparing with the conventional electroforming practices, a significant reduction in pinhole defects of the samples electroformed by the novel process was obtained. The combined electrodeposition conditions with periodic vacuum degassing (20 kPa) and vertical temperature gradient (25 °C/65 °C) between the bath electrolyte and the electrodeposition surfaces help to reduce the formation of gas bubbles as well as to speed up the elimination of the dissolved gas during the micro-electroforming of nickel.