Global warming potential of wheat production in Western Australia: a life cycle assessment

This study presents a greenhouse gas (GHG) life cycle assessment of 1 tonne of wheat transported to port in south-western Australia, including emissions from prefarm, onfarm and postfarm stages. The prefarm stage included GHG emissions from agricultural machinery, fertiliser and pesticide production. The onfarm stage included GHG emissions from diesel use, liming and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from N fertiliser applications. The postfarm stage included grain storage and transportation to the port. GHG emissions decreased from 487 to 304 kg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents when we used regional-specific data for N₂O emissions instead of the IPCC default value for the application of synthetic N fertilisers to land (1.0%). Fertiliser production in the prefarm stage contributed significantly (35%) to GHG, followed by onfarm CO₂ emissions (27%) and emissions from transportation of inputs and wheat (12%). N₂O emissions from paddock represented 9% of the total GHGs emitted. We recommend utilising regionally specific data for soil N₂O emissions, rather than international default values, when assessing GHG for agricultural production systems.     

A model to control environmental performance of project execution process based on greenhouse gas emissions using earned value management

In response to recent climate change, which is believed to be attributed to the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, many countries are placing CO2 abatement programs such as carbon tax and cap-and-trade. Projects do have a significant share in GHGs and therefore their environmental performance, like their schedule and cost performance, should be monitored and controlled. Although many large projects would pass an environmental assessment in the project evaluation phase, the issue of environmental performance monitoring during the project execution phase has not been addressed in project management methodologies. The objective of this paper is to develop a model to estimate project GHG emissions, and to measure project GHG performance using the developed metrics, which can be used at any point in time over the life of a project. A comprehensive study is conducted to collect information on GHG emission factors of various project activity data (such as material use, energy and fuel consumption, transportation, etc.), and a user form interface is developed to calculate the total GHG of an activity. Also, a breakdown structure is proposed which supports managing all the project GHG accounts. The monitoring and control model is formulated based on the logic used in earned value management (EVM) methodology. The proposed model is then implemented to a work package of a real construction project. The results present the project initial GHG plan and show that the model is able to calculate project GHG variance by the reporting date and predict project final GHG based on a project GHG performance index. The method presented in this paper is general and can be applied to any type of projects in an organization that aims to reduce its carbon footprint. The same structure can be applied to monitor and control any other environmental impact associated with project execution process.     

加拿大卡尔加里市Okotoks小镇太阳能小区建设

简要介绍了北美目前最大的跨季太阳能储存项目——加拿大0kotoks小镇的太阳能小区建设，对其太阳能供热系统的工作原理及利用土壤床作为储能体进行大规模跨季节太阳能储存的方法进行了分析。该项目根据不同季节可利用太阳能数量的不同，分别设置了短期（临时）太阳能储箱（STTS）及跨季节太阳能储存箱（BTES），以提高太阳能的利用率。其中，BTES的效率可达50％以上。小区太阳能家用热水系统（DWH）可满足住户60％的热水需求，而太阳能采暖系统则可满足90％采暖要求；建成后每幢住宅每年可减排5t温室气体，整个小区可减排260t／年。     

Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage: research,development and application in Australia

Projections of world energy demand indicate increasing use of fossil fuels, especially coal. Because of this there is interest in using carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies as a mitigation option, particularly in Australia because of its dependency on fossil fuels for electricity generation. Research in Australia into capture options includes post-combustion capture (PCC), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and oxyfuels combustion. Separation technologies being investigated in Australia include solvent absorption, membranes, adsorption and cryogenics, with particular emphasis on bringing down costs. Australia appears to have abundant geological storage capacity, particularly in saline formations and to a much lesser extent in depleted oil and gas fields. Storage in coal systems has potential but more research and development is needed. Australia has the opportunity to use low-emission hubs in order to bring down costs. A major study of this concept for the Latrobe Valley of Victoria, based on 50 million tonnes per annum of CO2 emissions, is encouraging. A key concept for taking CO2 capture and geological storage forward is demonstration and commercial deployment. Australian projects are proposed for PCC and oxyfuels combustion. A significant geological storage project has started in the Otway Basin, with CO2 injection scheduled to commence in mid-2007. The coal-to-liquids Monash Project could involve up to 10 million tonnes CO2 per annum, with injection into the offshore Gippsland Basin. The most advanced commercial project is the LNG Gorgon Project, comprising about 3 million tonnes per annum. Through current R&D momentum and the likelihood of a number of major commercial-scale projects, Australia could become an early mover in the application of carbon dioxide capture and geological storage.     

地层倾角对CO2地质封存的影响研究—以鄂尔多斯CCS工程为例

CO2地质储存是减少CO2向大气排放的有效手段。CO2在储层中的运移受地层的物理属性和空间展布形态的影响,本文以鄂尔多斯CO2地质封存示范场地石千峰组为研究对象,研究了地层产状倾斜对CO2地质储存的影响。结果表明,在定压注入时,地层倾角对CO2的空间分布、CO2的注入速率、CO2的空间运移距离、以及CO2的封存量等均呈现出规律性的影响;地层倾角越大,注入速率越小、横向运移距离越远,而其封存量小;地层倾角的增大不利于CO2地质封存。     

Investigation of carbonyl compounds in bottled waters from Poland

Poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) bottles are commonly used for storing mineral water. The migration of carbonyl compounds from PET bottles into mineral water was observed. Carbonation of water, sunlight and high temperature enhance the process of migration. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most important carbonyls identified in series of bottled water samples. The concentration of carbonyls can change depending on the time of storage as well as storage conditions. It was identified particularly high concentration of acetaldehyde (more than 100 microg 1(-1)) in samples of mineral water saturated with CO2 gas.     

Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal wastewater treatment systems in India

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from municipal wastewater treatment plants in India is estimated in this study. The emissions from the wastewater treatment process as well as from the electricity used during the treatment process are estimated by using the methodology of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The present treatment plants of capacity 15 997 million litres per day (MLD) contributes towards GHG emissions of 7.3 Mt of CO₂‐eq/year. The future GHG emissions would depend upon the treatment technology used for treating 34 109 MLD of untreated wastewater. The highest GHG emissions would occur if all new wastewater treatment plants are based on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket technology, 19.66 Mt CO₂‐eq/year and lowest if sequential batch reactor technology is adopted, 2.93 MtCO₂‐eq/year.     

Including greenhouse gas emissions during benchmarking of wastewater treatment plant control strategies

The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be quantified during the evaluation of control strategies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). A modified version of the IWA Benchmark Simulation Model No 2 (BSM2G) is hereby used as a simulation case study. Thus, the traditional effluent quality index (EQI), operational cost index (OCI) and time in violation (TIV) used to evaluate control strategies in WWTP are complemented with a new dimension dealing with GHG emissions. The proposed approach is based on a set of comprehensive models that estimate all potential on-site and off-site sources of GHG emissions. The case study investigates the overall performance of several control strategies and demonstrates that substantial reductions in effluent pollution, operating costs and GHG emissions can be achieved when automatic control is implemented. Furthermore, the study is complemented with a scenario analysis that examines the role of i) the dissolved oxygen (DO) set-point, ii) the sludge retention time (SRT) and iii) the organic carbon/nitrogen ratio (COD/N) as promoters of GHG emissions. The results of this study show the potential mechanisms that promote the formation of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O when different operational strategies are implemented, the existing synergies and trade-offs amongst the EQI, the OCI and TIV criteria and finally the need to reach a compromise solution to achieve an optimal plant performance.     

Nongovernmental valorization of carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered the largest contributor to the greenhouse gas effect. Most attempts to manage the flow of CO2 or carbon into our environment involve reducing net emissions or sequestering the gas into long-lived sinks. Using CO2 as a chemical feedstock has a long history, but using it on scales that might impact the net emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere has not generally been considered seriously. There is also a growing interest in employing our natural biomes of carbon such as trees, vegetation, and soils as storage media. Some amelioration of the net carbon emissions into the atmosphere could be achieved by concomitant large withdrawals of carbon. This report surveys the potential and limitations in employing carbon as a resource for organic chemicals, fuels, inorganic materials, and in using the biome to manage carbon. The outlook for each of these opportunities is also described.     

活性碳纤维吸附捕获烟气中CO_2分析

温室效应是由以CO2为代表的温室气体的大量排放造成的,CO2捕获和储存技术是减少空气中CO2量的有效方法,目前,二氧化碳捕获和储存的障碍是二氧化碳分离和捕获的高能耗。分析了活性碳纤维材料特点及吸附特性,以及对CO2选择性吸附条件。介绍了活性碳纤维材料的变电吸附在二氧化碳捕获方面的进展情况。得出活性碳纤维材料具有良好的二氧化碳捕获能力,可作为吸附剂被广泛应用。     

Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management with regard to greenhouse gas emissions: Case study of Tianjin, China

The environmental impacts of municipal solid waste (MSW) management have been highlighted in China, due to the continually increasing amount of MSW being generated and the limited capacity of waste treatment facilities. Of particular interest is greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, aided by the Kyoto Mechanisms. China is an important case study for this global issue; however, an analysis of the entire life cycle of MSW management on GHG emissions is not available for China. This study evaluates the current and possible patterns of MSW management with regard to GHG emissions, using life cycle assessment (LCA), based on the Tianjin case. We assess the baseline scenario, reflecting the existing MSW management system, as well as a set of alternative scenarios, five exploring waste treatment technology innovations and one exploring integrated MSW management, to quantitatively predict potentials of GHG mitigation for Tianjin. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the influence of landfill gas (LFG) collection efficiency, recycling rate and methodological choice, especially allocation, on the outcomes. The results show GHG emissions from Tianjin's MSW management system amount to 467.34 Mg CO₂ eq. per year, based on the treatment of MSW collected in the central districts in 2006, and the key issue is LFG released. The integrated MSW management scenario, combining different improvement options, shows the highest GHG mitigation potential. Given the limited financial support and the current waste management practice in Tianjin, LFG utilization scenario would be the preferred choice. The sensitivity analysis of recycling rate shows an approximately linear relation of inverse proportion between recycling rate and total GHG emissions. Kitchen waste composting makes a considerable contribution to total GHG emissions reduction. Allocation choices result in differences in total quantitative outcomes, but preference orders and contributions analysis are found to be robust, suggesting LCA can support decision making.     

Corrigendum to “A model to control environmental performance of project execution process based on greenhouse gas emissions using earned value management” [Int. J. Proj. Manag. 36 (3) (April 2018) 397-413]

Abstract was revised as follows:In response to recent climate change, which is believed to be attributed to the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, many countries are placing CO₂ abatement programs such as carbon tax and cap-and-trade. Projects do have a significant share in GHGs and therefore their environmental performance, like their schedule and cost performance, should be monitored and controlled. Although many large projects would pass an environmental assessment in the project evaluation phase, the issue of environmental performance monitoring during the project execution phase has not been addressed in project management methodologies. The objective of this paper is to develop a model to estimate project GHG emissions, and to measure project GHG performance using the developed metrics, which can be used at any point in time over the life of a project. A comprehensive study is conducted to collect information on GHG emission factors of various project activity data (such as material use, energy and fuel consumption, transportation, etc.), and a user form interface is developed to calculate the total GHG of an activity. Also, a breakdown structure is proposed which supports managing all the project GHG accounts. The monitoring and control model is formulated based on the logic used in earned value management (EVM) methodology. The proposed model is then implemented to a work package of a real construction project. The results present the project initial GHG plan and show that the model is able to calculate project GHG variance by the reporting date and predict project final GHG based on a project GHG performance index. The method presented in this paper is general and can be applied to any type of projects in an organization that aims to reduce its carbon footprint. The same structure can be applied to monitor and control any other environmental impact associated with project execution process.     

Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City

Problem: Suburban areas have an important role to play in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet little is known about the magnitude of reductions that can be expected or which strategies are most promising. Local GHG reduction strategies are often capital investments such as new green buildings, ignoring the promise of operational strategies.

Purpose: The research is intended to support local planning efforts for GHG reduction in areas where land uses are separated and transit use is low. It is also intended to contribute to the dialogue on the potential for local actions versus broader state, federal, or international initiatives.

Methods: Using the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (CPP) campus in eastern Los Angeles County as a case study, this ex ante evaluation estimates the cost effectiveness of eight capital and operating GHG-reduction strategies. It uses locally developed estimation methods in combination with the Clean Air-Cool Planet GHG inventory model.

Results and conclusions: Carbon neutrality in suburban areas is a fantasy unless there are supportive energy, transportation, and carbon sequestration initiatives at the state, national, and international level. We find that local operational strategies, such as online classes and alternative scheduling, green energy purchase, and parking pricing and carpool programs have merit. Greater results are achieved when operational strategies are combined with cost-effective capital investments such as land use mixing (in this case, on-campus housing). Even so, some of the most favored capital approaches, such as a new green building or building commuter rail transit station facilities, rank near the bottom in cost effectiveness.

Takeaway for practice: Given the urgency of reducing GHG emissions, local planners and activity center managers should evaluate both capital and operating strategies and implement the most cost-effective strategies in new and existing development.

Research support: Support for this research was provided by the President's Office, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.     

二氧化碳地中隔离技术及其岩石力学问题

寻求经济又安全的强有力减排技术关系到日本政府能否履行在京都议定书中所作的承诺。二氧化碳是主要的温室气体，二氧化碳地中隔离是把从集中排放源分离得到的二氧化碳注入地下深处具有适当封闭条件的地层中隔离起来，即把二氧化碳归还原处——地球深部。介绍了二氧化碳地中隔离的概念及国际动态，并基于隔离容量、机理、安全性及成本分析，论述其可行性。     

Deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions associated with fuelwood consumption of the brick making industry in Sudan

The study focuses on the role of the fired clay brick making industry (BMI) on deforestation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Sudan. The BMI is based on numerous kilns that use biomass fuel, mainly wood which is largely harvested unsustainably. This results in potential deforestation and land degradation. Fuelwood consumption data was collected using interviews and questionnaires from 25 BMI enterprises in three administrative regions, namely Khartoum, Kassala and Gezira. Annual fuelwood consumption data (t dm yr^− 1) was converted into harvested biomass (m³) using a wood density value of 0.65 t dm m^− 3. For annual GHG estimations, the methodological approach outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was used. According to our results, the annual deforestation associated with the BMI for the whole of Sudan is 508.4 × 10³ m³ of wood biomass, including 267.6 × 10³ m³ round wood and 240.8 × 10³ m³ branches and small trees. Total GHG emissions from the Sudanese BMI are estimated at 378 028 t CO₂, 15 554 t CO, 1778 t CH₄, 442 t NO_X, 288 t NO and 12 t N₂O per annum. The combined CO₂-equivalent (global warming potential for 100-year time horizon) of the GHG emissions (excluding NO_X and NO) is 455 666 t yr^− 1. While these emissions form only a small part of Sudan's total GHG emissions, the associated deforestation and land degradation is of concern and effort should be made for greater use of sustainable forest resources and management.     

Experimental investigations of direct injection compression ignition engine by using Coconut,and Karanja biodiesel fuels with emulsions of microalgae based antioxidant

The Compression Ignition (CI) engines are playing vital role in the transportation sector; because of their lower maintenance cost even. The practice of Diesel or biodiesel is increasing Green House Gases (GHG) such as NO_x, particulate matter in the environment. Among all GHG emissions, NO_x is most harmful to human, environment. The use of additives in Diesel, biodiesel their blends in CI engine is very well practicing fuel modification technique to reduce GHG emissions. The higher cost of phenol, amine-based antioxidants are causing to increase CI engine operating cost. In this work, to investigate unmodified Direct Injection Compression Ignition engine characteristics. The Mixed culture Microalgae (MCM) biomass particles used as an antioxidant additive in pure Coconut, Karanja biodiesel. The brake thermal efficiency improved because of the explosion of MCM particles. The NO_x emissions reduced due to the absorption of heat from the combustion chamber by microalgae particle.     

二氧化碳地质封存工程防灾监测中瑞雷波敏感性初步分析

瑞雷波勘察技术常用于地震场地土评价,且长波微动观测可以获得深部地层的信息,但其在CO2地质封存工程防灾监测中应用的可行性探讨还未见深入研究报道。基于一典型CO2封存场地地层模型,通过数值模拟的方式,分析了瑞雷波波速对储层弹性参数改变的敏感性。模拟分析表明,CO2储层弹性参数变化对瑞雷波波速的影响随频厚积变化而变化;研究发现CO2储层横波波速改变相对于层厚、纵波或密度的改变对面波波速影响较大;研究还发现当CO2储层薄且埋深大时,面波频散特性对储层弹性参数改变不敏感。研究初步认为,当前常规的瑞雷波勘察技术用于深部CO2封存工程防灾监测具有一定的技术难度。     

Impact of process design on greenhouse gas (GHG) generation by wastewater treatment plants

The overall on-site and off-site greenhouse gas emissions by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of food processing industry were estimated by using an elaborate mathematical model. Three different types of treatment processes including aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid anaerobic/aerobic processes were examined in this study. The overall on-site emissions were 1952, 1992, and 2435 kg CO₂e/d while the off-site emissions were 1313, 4631, and 5205 kg CO₂e/d for the aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems, respectively, when treating a wastewater at 2000 kg BOD/d. The on-site biological processes made the highest contribution to GHG emissions in the aerobic treatment system while the highest emissions in anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems were obtained by off-site GHG emissions, mainly due to on-site material usage. Biogas recovery and reuse as fuel cover the total energy needs of the treatment plants for aeration, heating and electricity for all three types of operations, and considerably reduce GHG emissions by 512, 673, and 988 kg CO₂e/d from a total of 3265, 6625, and 7640 kg CO₂e/d for aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid treatment systems, respectively. Considering the off-site GHG emissions, aerobic treatment is the least GHG producing type of treatment contrary to what has been reported in the literature.     

建筑温室气体减排政策研究综述

发展低碳经济、降低温室气体(Greenhouse Gas,GHG)排放已经成为了应对全球气候问题的共识。在中国,建筑相关GHG的排放是最主要排放GHG的源头之一,政府如何通过政策手段引导建筑领域的GHG减排具有重要的研究意义。本文对国内外建筑GHG减排政策进行了文献综述,将减排政策的类型归纳为强制性制度、激励性政策和基于GHG定价的减排政策三大类。对每类减排政策运行的基本原理、作用效果进行分析,并归纳其优缺点。强制性制度与激励性政策较易于实施,但在减排效果上存在局限;基于GHG定价的减排政策减排效率更高,但需要较强的政府管理能力。各类减排政策具有各自的优缺点,政府需要根据实际情况,有针对性地选择相应的政策手段或政策手段组合,将各类减排政策的特点结合起来,扬长避短,引导建筑相关产业向节能减排方向发展。     

CO2–水两相条件下砂岩致裂特征与有效应力模型的试验研究

 CO2–水两相条件下的岩石力学行为是CO2地质封存中的关键科学问题之一。利用自主研发的厚壁圆筒式两相致裂仪进行CO2–水两相条件下砂岩压裂试验,并研究CO2–水两相有效应力模型。通过向试样加载内压、围压和轴压形成与井壁围岩类似的最小主应力为负的真三轴应力状态,采用半透隔板法进行CO2驱水试验以精确控制试样孔隙中CO2–水两相流体的组分压力和饱和度,最后通过内压致裂试样获得致裂压力。还进行了不同有效围压下含单相水孔流试样的致裂试验,得到其致裂压与有效围压的拟合函数。为研究CO2–水两相有效应力模型,选用4种可应用于岩石的非饱和介质有效应力公式与拟合函数联立推导得到破裂压力预测模型,与试验结果对比以间接验证这4种有效应力公式对于表征CO2–水两相流体条件下有效应力的适用性。结果表明,考虑Biot系数的Bishop非饱和有效应力模型能够较好地描述CO2–水两相流体下所测试砂岩的张性开裂行为,可直接作为CO2–水两相有效应力模型使用。