高科技厂房楼盖体系的人行振动控制

从定性和定量两个方面探讨了高科技厂房楼盖体系的人行振动控制,对振动敏感设备的一般性振动标准做了必要的完善和补充,对行走冲击振动模型中行走速度对楼板刚度的影响,以及楼盖体系刚度和不同速度标准的关系做了分析。结合算例给出了高科技厂房楼盖体系人行振动控制设计的一般流程,为今后的进一步深入研究做了必要的基础性工作。     

中国古代城市规划的生态哲学:天人合一

面对当今世界由于人与自然的关系不协调而造成的人居环境恶化的问题,本文从中国古代人类处理人与自然关系的哲学思想及发展观出发,详细分析了在这种思想影响下的中国古代城市建设与规划,以对当今城市的规划与发展做出有意义的借鉴。     

Large eddy simulation and zonal modeling of human-induced contaminant transport

An immersed boundary method for particulate flow in an Eulerian framework is utilized to examine the effects of complex human motion on the transport of trace contaminants. The moving human object is rendered as a level set in the computational domain, and realistic human walking motion is implemented using a human kinematics model. A large eddy simulation (LES) technique is used to simulate the fluid and particle dynamics induced by human activity. Parametric studies are conducted within a Room-Room and a Room-Hall configuration, each separated by an open doorway. The effects of the average walking speed, initial proximity from the doorway, and the initial mass loading on room-to-room contaminant transport are examined. The rate of mass transport increases as the walking speed increases, but the total amount of material transported is more influenced by the initial proximity of the human from the doorway. The Room-Hall simulations show that the human wake transports material over a distance of about 8 m. Time-dependent data extracted from the simulations is used to develop a room-averaged zonal model for contaminant transport due to human walking motion. The model shows good agreement with the LES results. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The effect of human activity on contaminant transport may be important in applications such as clean or isolation room design for biochemical production lines, in airborne infection control, and in entry/exit into collective protection or decontamination systems. The large eddy simulations (LES) performed in this work allow precise capturing of the local wakes generated by time-dependent human motion and thus provide a means of quantifying contaminant transport due to wake effects. The LES database can be used to develop zonal models for the bulk effects of human-induced contaminant transport. These may be incorporated into multi-zone infiltration models for use in threat-response and exposure mitigation studies.     

基于AHP-SLIM的施工中人为失误概率的确定

影响结构可靠度的不确定性因素很多,人为失误是其主要的不确定性影响因素,很多建筑结构的失效均可归因于人为失误。故有必要对其人因失误发生的规律进行研究。但由于施工中人为失误发生的复杂性,使得近几年来的研究中定性分析多、定量分析少。其难点之一是在施工过程中人为失误发生概率的合理地确定。本文应用层次分析法(AHP)并结合成功似然指数法(SLIM)来确定施工过程中人为失误发生的概率。该方法运算的结果合理、客观。     

Correction to: Comparative analysis of limit equilibrium and numerical methods for prediction of a landslide

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Landslides that occur due to the rapid motion of a rock-mass are a primary risk in mountainous terrains and are a danger to human life and...     

Particulate air pollution in urban areas of Shanghai, China: health-based economic assessment

Urban air quality is becoming a serious public health concern in China. To obtain the quantitative result of the impact of particulate air pollution on human health and the subsequent economic costs in Shanghai, we used epidemiology-based exposure-response functions to calculate the attributable number of cases due to particulate air pollution in urban areas of Shanghai in 2001, and then we estimated the corresponding economic costs of the health damage based on unit values of the health outcomes. It was estimated that the total economic cost of health impacts due to particulate air pollution in urban areas of Shanghai in 2001 was approximately 625.40 million US dollars, accounting for 1.03% of gross domestic product of the city. The results suggest that the impact of particulate air pollution on human health could be substantial in urban Shanghai, whether in physical and economic terms.     

Dynamic Analysis of a Steel Floor System with Dry Slabs Subjected to Vibrations Due to Human Walking

One of the contemporary architecture trends is the design of structural elements that cover longer clearances to provide flexibility in the architecture of buildings. The technological and constructive evolutions in civil engineering assure the feasibility of such trends due to the use of structural elements with increased slenderness and reduced weight, such as steel structures that utilize dry slabs. However, structures of this type present greater susceptibility to the vibrations related to human activities. Hence, this study aims to evaluate, from the human comfort point of view, the dynamic behavior of an existing steel floor system with composite structural panels, subjected to vibrations due to human walking. To obtain the dynamic responses, the present study employs: (1) simplified procedures of the AISC and SCI design guidelines and (2) modal and transient analyses performed to a numerical model developed using the ANSYS software. The dynamic responses were compared with human comfort criteria prescribed by design guides, ISO 10137:2007 and the Brazilian standards. The influence of the value taken for structural damping and effect of more than one walking individual simultaneously on the structure may be evaluated through numerical results. It was concluded that the simplified procedures underestimate the dynamic responses of the floor system under study.

     

洋山港施工期地基处理风险分析及防控

结合洋山港西港区地基处理项目,采用层次分析法(AHP)对该项目中可能遇到的风险事故进行分析并对主要风险事故提出了针对性的风险防控措施。考虑到人为因素对整个项目的影响,分析过程中引入了人因修正系数,对各风险事故的专家调研结果进行了概率修正。风险分析结果表明:机械伤害为该项目的主要风险事故,需对其采取防控措施。     

个体化微环境调节研究进展

指出由于室内人员在生理和心理反应、衣着量、活动强度和对室内温湿度与气流速度方面的偏好的差异，全空间空调方式不能同时为所有人提供可接受的热感觉和室内空气品质，而个体化调节方式可以在更大程度上满足人员的不同需要。综述了在人体周围空气流动、人体反应、个体调节系统方面的研究进展，讨论了个体化调节在减少能耗和提高生产率方面的优势。     

Common space as a tool for social sustainability

Journal of Housing and the Built Environment - In the contemporary human community relations, great attention is paid to social sustainability due to its ties with the local identity and social...     

The estimation of the bioavailabilities of platinum, palladium and rhodium in vehicle exhaust catalysts and road dusts using a physiologically based extraction test

Platinum group element (PGE) levels in the environment have increased following the introduction of vehicle exhaust catalysts (VECs). In order to evaluate the potential pathways of PGEs from VECs into humans, a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was used to study the uptake of PGEs by the human digestive tract. The PBET assay was implemented in two phases, to first simulate the passage of ingested soil through the acid conditions of the stomach before it enters the near neutral conditions of the small intestine. The results showed that Pt, Pd and Rh did not undergo precipitation reaction when passing from the acid environment of the stomach to the neutral environment of the small intestine. The greatest fractions of bioavailable PGEs (up to 68%) were observed in road dust samples, possibly due to the presence of mobile PGE species formed in the roadside environment. Higher percentages of Pd and Rh were bioavailable than Pt, probably due to the differences in their mobilities and tendencies to form soluble complexes. Pt showed the highest absolute bioavailability however, due to its greater concentration in environmental samples. The solubilization of PGEs in the human digestive tract could involve the formation of PGE-chloride complexes, with perhaps increased health-hazard issues because of the known toxic and allergenic effects of these species.     

浅析大跨楼盖结构二维模型的建立

国家会议中心大宴会厅L4屋顶为60×81m的大跨度楼盖结构,在人行荷载下将产生超出人体舒适度的加速度响应。本文探讨如何采用二维模型对结构进行建模分析,在保证数据有效性的前提下进行计算简化。     

Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Walls Under Fire: A Review

Fire Technology - Fire has been a scourge of society for a very long time due to its impact on the human and economic aspects. Fire resistance is a characteristic of concrete buildings, and...     

场所与定居 当代居住区景观营建的类型学方法研究

通过对保元泽第等居住环境设计实践的分析,探讨应用类型学思想如何在当代居住区环境营建中弘扬中国传统居住文化和造园精神,提出运用类型学方法中的新理性主义和新地域主义思想,在设计实践中从历史、地域中寻找活在人们集体记忆中的＂原型＂,挖掘原型中的永恒价值,从而生成富有历史感的创新;并避免因为地域风格的丧失而造成的文化空白,通过...     

建筑文化对现代建筑的价值

整个人类文化不是唯一模式，不同民族的文化各有不同。但是，由于人类文化的多元性，在建筑文化中也呈现着多元化的特点。许多有着优秀文化传统的国家和地区，已不满足于现代建筑的单一文化模式，而纷纷提出对本国、本地区文化的再认识。本文介绍了日本在发展现代化建筑的同时，如何实现不失其文化特点的经验和教训。     

Error control in member design

Available evidence suggests that design checking can significantly reduce the incidence of structural failures resulting from human errors in the design process. Since “real-world” experimentation is not possible, it is of interest to develop a model to simulate the effects of human error on a typical design task and also to model typical checking procedures. The development and analysis of these models is described in the present paper. The design task considered is that of member design for a rafter of a steel portal frame building.It was found that checking efficiencies between 0.6 and 0.9 are most effective in increasing structural reliability and that, often, only two separate design checks are necessary to virtually eliminate the incidence of structural failure due to human error.     

Development of passive viscoelastic damper to attenuate excessive floor vibrations

Recent changes in the construction of building floors have included the use of light material composite systems and long span floor systems. Although these changes have many advantages, such floor systems can suffer from excessive vibration due to human activities. This problem is exacerbated in office buildings due to the reduction in inherent damping associated with modern fit outs. Excessive floor vibrations are often realised after the completion of construction or following structural modifications and normally arise due to inadequate knowledge of the damping values in the design process. Thus rectification measures are normally required to reduce floor accelerations. This paper proposes a new innovative passive viscoelastic damper to reduce floor vibrations. This damper can be easily tuned to the fundamental frequency of the floor and can be designed to achieve various damping values. The paper discusses the analytical development of the damper with experimental results presented on a prototype to demonstrate its effectiveness.     

水中藻源神经毒素的检测及其去除方法的研究进展

随着近年来水体内藻类频繁暴发,藻类产生的毒素逐渐成为关注的热点。其中藻源神经毒素的毒性大、作用快,对人类、牲畜都有严重危害。就目前国内外有关藻源神经毒素及其去除方法的相关研究进展进行了综述。     

Experimental study of environmental tobacco smoke particles under actual indoor environment

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of human exposure to airborne particles. In order to provide more information necessary for human exposure investigations, the aim of the work presented here is to investigate experimentally the variation of the ETS particle concentration and size distribution under an actual indoor environment, in a room of 30 m3, using human smokers. The effect of number of cigarettes and brands of cigarettes, the effect of sampling location and the effect of ventilation rates were investigated. The results indicated little difference in the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the ETS particles from those in background air. Under a ventilation rate of 0.03 m3/s, the concentration of the ETS particles reached a peak value at the sampling point shortly after completing the smoking process. The GMD first increased due to coagulation and diffusion deposition, and finalize decreased due to the effect of ventilation. Smoking two cigarettes at the same time would increase the initial concentration and led to an increase in GMD of the ETS particles. Two different brands of cigarette with different tar contents released ETS particles of different GMDs but similar particle concentrations. Spatial variation in particle concentration was obvious only in the first 600 s of the tests and tended to fade out subsequently. Stronger ventilation would reduce the concentration and GMD of the particles.     

浅议晋中市新城组团路网规划

从城市交通、经济、城市功能、城市生态方面分析了宽道路—大街区—稀路网带来的问题，并提出了解决问题的方法，论述了晋中市新城路网规划的模式，以解决各类城市问题，达到人与城市的和谐发展。