Multiobjective optimization and decision-making for DG planning considering benefits between distribution company and DGs owner

Environmental concerns and fossil fuels uncertainties have resulted in promotion of multi-source and multi-type distributed generation (DG). However, the development of DG has brought new challenges to distribution system. This paper proposes a multiobjective optimization and decision-making methodology for determining size and site of multi-source and multi-type DG in distribution networks. The proposed method is based on the combination of analytical method and multi-objective optimization method and set pair of analysis (SPA). The comprehensive analysis of the loss sensitivity factor, voltage profile and reliability gave DG candidate locations. The multi-objective optimization method is based on an already-known but suitably modified Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) to solve the constructed formulations, which include maximizing benefits of DG owner and Distribution Companies (DisCo) while meeting some constraints. The objective not only includes costs for DG investment, DG operation and maintenance, purchase of power by DisCo but also involving quantization for improvement of losses, voltage, reliability, etc. SPA, which is a multi-attribute decision analysis, is applied to obtain the synthetic priority of pareto solutions and carry out rank stability analysis. Furthermore, the proposed technique is applied to 37-bus distribution network. The results show that the proposed method is fast, reliable and available to determine size and site of DG as well as balance benefits between DG owner and DisCo.     

主动配电网双层实时优化博弈研究

随着分布式电源(DG)的广泛接入及配电侧市场改革的不断深化,DG运营商成为配电网中新增的利益主体,研究DG运营商作为独立主体参与下的配电侧市场交易和竞价机制具有重要意义。文中构建了一个考虑DG运营商和配电公司不同利益主体需求的双层交易模型。该模型的上层为配电网购电策略的制定,下层为DG运营商根据配电公司购买电价所做出的出售功率响应。上层以电网的安全经济运行为目标,决策变量是从上级主网购买的电量,向分布式电源制定电价和负荷中断量;下层以DG运营商的经济收益最大化为目标,决策变量为DG运营商的最优出力。考虑到双层模型的耦合性,文中利用原始-对偶算法将双层优化模型转化为单层模型,并将非线性潮流约束进行二阶锥转化。算例分析表明所述模型可以反映主动配电网与DG运营商的利益博弈关系,并有效指导双方交易电价的确定。     

Effect of load models on assessment of energy losses in distributed generation planning

Distributed Generation (DG) is gaining in significance due to the keen public awareness of the environmental impacts of electric power generation and significant advances in several generation technologies which are much more environmentally friendly (wind power generation, micro-turbines, fuel cells, and photovoltaic) than conventional coal, oil and gas-fired plants. Accurate assessment of energy losses when DG is connected is gaining in significance due to the developments in the electricity market place, such as increasing competition, real time pricing and spot pricing. However, inappropriate modelling can give rise to misleading results. This paper presents an investigation into the effect of load models on the predicted energy losses in DG planning. Following a brief introduction the paper proposes a detailed voltage dependent load model, for DG planning use, which considers three categories of loads: residential, industrial and commercial. The paper proposes a methodology to study the effect of load models on the assessment of energy losses based on time series simulations to take into account both the variations of renewable generation and load demand. A comparative study of energy losses between the use of a traditional constant load model and the voltage dependent load model and at various load levels is carried out using a 38-node example power system. Simulations presented in the paper indicate that the load model to be adopted can significantly affect the results of DG planning.     

基于主从博弈的主动配电网分布式电源与独立储能协同规划方法

为进行电力市场改革背景下的分布式电源(DG)与独立储能的合理规划,以分布式电源运营商(DGO)和独立储能运营商(IESO)为投资主体,分别对配电网中DG和独立储能的安装容量进行决策,以DGO为主导者、IESO为跟从者构建主从博弈双层规划模型。针对独立储能制定了消纳新能源出力与电池余量套利相结合的运行策略,并引入交易电价,使DGO利用弃风弃光部分与IESO开展交易。采用标准粒子群算法与数学优化方法相结合的方式求解模型,通过IEEE 33节点配电系统仿真分析表明,所提出的规划方法可有效提高规划的经济性,有利于储能的市场化发展,同时可提高DG渗透率,减小弃风弃光率。     

Disco Operation Considering DG Units and Their Goodness Factors

This paper presents a new paradigm for distribution system operation in the presence of distributed generation (DG) sources taking into consideration the goodness factor of the DG units. The proposed concept of goodness factor of DG units is based on the computation of the incremental contribution of a DG unit to distribution system losses. The incremental contributions of a DG unit to active and reactive power losses in the distribution system are termed as the active/reactive incremental loss indices (ILI). The goodness factors are integrated directly into the distribution system operations model, which is based on an optimal power flow (OPF) framework. This model seeks to minimize the distribution company's (disco's) energy costs in the short term taking into account the contribution (goodness factor) of each DG unit. Two scenarios are considered in the paper: the first scenario considers the disco to be the owner of the DG units and hence is responsible for their scheduling and dispatch, and the second scenario considers the DG units to be investor-owned. The analysis was carried out considering an 18-bus distribution network extracted from the well-known IEEE 30-bus system and a 69-bus distribution system.     

考虑利益主体合作的分布式电源运营商电源优化配置

随着电力市场的不断开放,分布式电源运营商作为新的利益主体进入市场,在主动配电网中由大量分布式电源运营商进行电源配置将成为未来的趋势。如何在电力市场环境下良好地运营,在进行电源优化配置时保证技术经济效益是分布式电源运营商面临的重要问题。针对此问题,文章对分布式电源运营商与配电公司之间的合作关系进行了深入分析,在分布式电源运营商的综合收益中考虑主动管理成本,计及运营期间配电公司实施的主动管理策略,构建了双层电源优化配置模型。上层以分布式电源运营商为主体,以综合收益最大为目标进行电源优化配置;下层以配电公司为主体,以分布式电源切除量最小为目标进行优化运行。建立联合概率场景以计及分布式电源出力及负荷的不确定性,采用改进和声搜索算法与基于过滤集合的内点算法进行模型求解。算例分析结果表明,文章所提双层电源优化配置模型符合电力市场现状,模型中主动管理策略与主动管理费用的引入实现了分布式电源运营商与配电公司的互利共赢,为分布式电源运营商的可持续发展提供了借鉴。     

Optimal Allocation and Operating Point of DG Units in Radial Distribution Network Considering Load Pattern

Distributed generation (DG) is a new approach for solving some problems of older power networks. Due to the increasing power demand in recent power systems, the importance of power loss reduction and maintaining system voltages within an acceptable range has given rise to the wide use of DG units in power systems. On the other hand, unplanned and non-optimal application such as installation and operation of DG units might cause other technical problems. In addition, it is important to consider the load pattern in the network, and the best decision for DG unit's operation must be chosen accordingly. In this paper, a method is introduced in order to make the optimal placement and find an optimal operating point for the DG units, which means the power output of DG units, considering the load pattern of the network. This load pattern has an average load of 24 hr a day, four seasons a year. In the proposed method, optimization has two goals: first, is optimizing the DG unit's placement based on improvement of the voltage profile, and the second is operating DG units with optimum power factor, minimizing power loss, and improving voltage profile, with regard to the load pattern. In order to solve this problem, the gravitational search algorithm and genetic algorithm are used. The proposed method is applied on the IEEE 33-bus test system, and the result shows the effectiveness of the proposed method. In order to solve the optimization problem, MATLAB software is used.     

Distributed generation: a definition

Distributed generation (DG) is expected to become more important in the future generation system. The current literature, however, does not use a consistent definition of DG. This paper discusses the relevant issues and aims at providing a general definition for distributed power generation in competitive electricity markets. In general, DG can be defined as electric power generation within distribution networks or on the customer side of the network. In addition, the terms distributed resources, distributed capacity and distributed utility are discussed. Network and connection issues of distributed generation are presented, too.     

Comparison of optimal DG allocation methods in radial distribution systems based on sensitivity approaches

Integration of renewable energy based distributed generation (DG) units provides potential benefits to conventional distribution systems. The power injections from renewable DG units located close to the load centers provide an opportunity for system voltage support, reduction in energy losses, and reliability improvement. Therefore, the location of DG units should be carefully determined with the consideration of different planning incentives. This paper presents a comparison of novel, combined loss sensitivity, index vector, and voltage sensitivity index methods for optimal location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in a distribution network. The main contribution of the paper is: (i) location of DGs based on existing sensitivity methods, (ii) proposing combined power loss sensitivity based method for DG location, (iii) modified Novel method for DG location, (iv) comparison of sensitivity methods for DG location and their size calculations, and (v) cost of losses and determining cost of power obtained from DGs and the comparison of methods at unity and lagging power factors. The results show the importance of installing the suitable size of DG at the suitable location. The results are obtained with all sensitivity based methods on the IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems.     

分布式电源及其并网时对电网的影响

为研究分布式电源(DG)及其并网的影响,简要介绍了分布式电源的概念、分类及特点,并从配电网规划、电能质量、网络损耗、系统保护、电网可靠性、短路容量、实时调度、电力市场、发电机组无功出力及并网变压器等方面分析讨论了并网分布式电源对电力系统的影响。分析表明:妥善解决好并网影响将有利于DG的更大发展,DG不仅可作为传统供电模式的一种重要补充,还将在能源综合利用上占有十分重要的地位,将成为未来能源领域的一个重要发展方向。     

A novel optimal distribution system planning framework implementing distributed generation in a deregulated electricity market

This paper introduces a new framework included mathematical model and a new software package interfacing two powerful softwares (MATLAB and GAMS) for obtaining the optimal distributed generation (DG) capacity sizing and sitting investments with capability to simulate large distribution system planning. The proposed optimization model allows minimizing total system planning costs for DG investment, DG operation and maintenance, purchase of power by the distribution companies (DISCOs) from transmission companies (TRANSCOs) and system power losses. The proposed model provides not only the DG size and site but also the new market price as well. Three different cases depending on system conditions and three different scenarios depending on different planning alternatives and electrical market structures, have been considered. They have allowed validating the economical and electrical benefits of introducing DG by solving the distribution system planning problem and by improving power quality of distribution system. DG installation increases the feeders’ lifetime by reducing their loading and adds the benefit of using the existing distribution system for further load growth without the need for feeders upgrading. More, by investing in DG, the DISCO can minimize its total planning cost and reduce its customers’ bills.     

用户自备分布式发电与供电商的博弈

随着越来越多的用户选择自给自足的分布式供能方式,电力市场条件下用户自备分布式发电(DG)与供电商的经济冲突成为亟待研究的问题.基于此,文中重点分析了仅考虑用户利益的DG规划对DG的推广发展所产生的负面影响,建立了以双方年效益为效用函数的博弈模型,并结合联营电力市场中电价理论给出以市场出清电价为核心的利益分配模式,用以解决双方的冲突.为证明该模式的有效性,根据1999年加州电力市场电价数据,给出规划某商业用户自备DG的博弈过程及结果.从结果看,在该利益分配模式下,可以实现用户DG、供电商、社会三方共赢.     

基于发电预测的分布式发电能量管理系统

随着电力市场和新能源发电的不断发展,研究分布式发电的能量管理技术对分布式发电系统的稳定、经济运行具有非常重要的作用。本文介绍了分布式发电系统的网络拓扑,阐述了分布式发电系统能量管理的基本策略和光伏阵列发电预测的工作原理,提出了一种新颖的分布式发电系统能量管理控制算法。该算法根据发电单元的输出电能预测和储能单元的实时状态确定运行模式,采用模糊控制实时调控系统能量流动的方向和幅值,实现了系统运行成本最优化。     

分布式电源并网对配电系统的影响研究

分布式发电作为一种经济、环保的发电技术在世界范围内快速发展,针对分布式电源的多样性,对在实际电网中应用的分布式电源的特点及结构综述。从分布式电源并网运行的角度,重点分析分布式电源并网对配电系统的频率、电压、电能质量、电网损耗、继电保护、可靠性、电力市场、输电能力等方面产生的显著影响,充分说明妥善解决好并网运行影响,将是分布式电源健康快速发展的关键,对我国能源结构调整、实现可持续发展具有重要现实意义,最后提出消除负面影响的措施,对于电网经营企业应对分布式电源的接人具有重要的参考价值。     

Planning for distributed wind generation under active management mode

In the smart grid (SG), the active management (AM) mode will be applied for the connection and operation of distributed generation (DG), which means real time control and management of DG units and distribution network devices based on real time measurements of primary system parameters. In this paper, a novel bi-level programming model for distributed wind generation (DWG) planning under AM mode is put forward. The model takes the maximum expectation of net benefit of DWG as the upper level program objective, and takes the minimum expectation of generation curtailment as the lower level program objective. The impact of active management algorithm on improvement of branch power flow and node voltage is taken into account. A hybrid algorithm combining the plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA) with probabilistic optimal power flow (POPF) algorithm is presented to solve the optimal planning of DWG under AM mode. The case studies have been carried out on a 33-node distribution network, and the results verify the rationality of the planning model and the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

逆变器参数不匹配微电网改进下垂策略

针对逆变器线路阻抗和逆变器参数不匹配以及本地负载不均衡的微电网系统,提出一种改进的P-V控制策略,该策略计算各个分布式发电单元输出有功功率的平均值,然后将平均值与本地有功功率测量值作差,利用该差值的积分项对输出电压幅值进行补偿,从而实现高精度的功率均分。该方法使系统具有很好的稳定性和动态性能,在复杂的微电网结构中也能得到很好的功率均分效果,能够实现不同功率等级逆变器间功率的精确分配。仿真和实验结果证明了方案的正确性。     

Load reallocation based algorithm for state estimation in distribution networks with distributed generators

In this paper is proposed a novel branch flow and weighted least square (WLS) based algorithm for state estimation in three phase distribution networks with distributed generation (DG) units. The basic formulation is simplified by the use of radial property of distribution network and later will be extended to meshed networks. Unmonitored (or partially monitored) loads are initially estimated from normalized daily load profiles (NDLPs) with lower weights (treated as the pseudo measurements). Also, the different types of monitored, partially monitored, or unmonitored DG units are included in state estimation. Their initial power outputs are calculated on the basis of external inputs, such as wind, sun and water inflow forecasts etc. (depending on DG unit type) or by normalized daily generation profiles (NDGPs) obtained from historical generation data. The pseudo measurements obtained by Initial Load/Generation Allocation are re-adjusted additionally by Optimal Load/Generation Reallocation procedure to fit real-time measurements inside WLS-based state estimation. The results and practical aspects of the proposed methodology are demonstrated on two real-life distribution networks.     

Uncertainty based distributed generation expansion planning in electricity markets

Decision making under uncertainty is a difficult task in most areas. The distributed generation expansion planning is certainly one of the problems where it is difficult to find an optimal solution for, due to the existence of various uncertain parameters that affect the optimal solution. This paper presents a distributed generation planning strategy based on the multi-objective decision making (MODM) approach under uncertainties. The proposed strategy achieves a Pareto set of locations, sizes, and typical types, for new DG installations in a case-study power network (as the result of a multi-objective optimization). The technical constraints of DG units are also considered in the MODM process. The effects of the uncertain parameters on choosing the best plan(s) are considered using robustness, flexibility, and risk exposure attributes. This aim is performed based on a composite index which is weighted sum of the three mentioned attributes. This paper considers four categories of uncertain parameters including the peak loading factor, electricity market price, and investment and operating costs for the DG long-term planning.     

Fast harmonic simulation method for the analysis of network losses with converter-connected distributed generation

The use of distributed generation (DG) in low voltage grids is becoming more common. The impact of the DG units is considered, with an emphasis on the effect of DG on the network losses. These losses consist of fundamental and harmonic losses. The converter-connected DG units have a different influence on these two terms of the total losses. The aim of this paper is to present a fast harmonic simulation model that can be applied to study the influence of a DG unit on the total losses and elucidate the importance of the harmonic losses in proportion to the total losses.     

考虑负荷控制的有源配电网故障恢复策略

主动配电网的建设使得负荷控制成为电力系统日常调度手段之一。根据有源配电网的负荷灵活控制特性,提出了考虑负荷控制参与的有源配电网故障恢复策略。基于目前配电网仍存在大量手动开关的现状,故障发生时,由于开关操作时间较长,不利于迅速形成孤岛恢复失电负荷。首先利用自适应选择数学模型的负荷控制策略,快速切负荷形成孤岛,充分发挥DG的出力,保障重要负荷的不间断供电;然后对整个有源配电网重构优化,以网络损耗小、开关操作次数少为目标建立优化模型,采用环路编码策略,利用NSGA2算法进行求解。算例表明,所提出的策略能有效解决有源配电网故障恢复问题。