Stressing of turbine-generator-exciter shafts by variable-frequencycurrents superimposed on DC currents in asynchronous HVDC links andfollowing disturbances at converter stations

Ripple currents on the DC side of both HVDC synchronous and asynchronous links together with cleared HVDC and AC system disturbances can excite in some circumstances onerous torsional vibrations in large steam generator shafts. The problem has assumed importance in recent months on account of the HVDC link between Scotland and Northern Ireland going ahead, on account of the proposed Eire/Wales link, and because AC/DC/AC couplers are to be installed extensively to interconnect the East and West European grid systems. This paper discusses and analyses excitation of shaft torsional vibrations in steam turbine-generator-exciter shafts in close proximity to HVDC power converter substations by: (i) variable-frequency ripple currents superimposed on the DC currents in asynchronous links; and (ii) disturbances at bi-polar converter stations. Detailed simulation of the HVDC converter and generator is necessary for precise assessments of shaft torsional response following HVDC converter station faults. 500 MW, 660 MW, 1000 MW and 1300 MW machines are considered in the analyses that are made     

Analysis of variable-frequency currents superimposed on DC currentsin asynchronous HVDC links in stressing turbine-generator-exciter shafts

The paper makes an indepth analysis of the excitation of shaft torsional vibrations in steam turbine-generator-exciter shafts by variable-frequency ripple currents superimposed on DC currents in asynchronous links using the finite element and reduced models of the machine shafts. Frequencies at which sympathetic shaft torsional vibrations would be excited by modulation product harmonics in 50 Hz/50 Hz and 50 Hz/60 Hz asynchronous links as a function of deviation in system frequency are illustrated. It is shown that amplitude of shaft torque due to steady resonant torque excitation is a function of initial rate of increase of vibrations at adjacent cells, the time constant for decay of the vibration, and stiffness between adjacent shaft cells     

蒸汽轴向流动对汽轮发电机组轴系扭振响应的影响

对在汽轮机高压和中压调节阀快关动作后蒸汽沿轴向流动过程对轴系扭振响应的影响进行了研究。轴系的计算模型采用连续质量模型。外激励模型是考虑了汽轮机ＤＥＨ系统、热力系统以及单机对无穷大电网的机电耦合数学模型。对３００ＭＷ汽轮发电机组的仿真计算表明,考虑蒸汽流动导致的激励扭矩沿汽轮机轴向瞬时变化时,对轴系的扰动和轴系扭振的激励加强,蒸汽载荷变化对汽轮发电机组轴系扭振的影响是较大的,在轴系安全评价中必须加以考虑。图４参３     

弯扭耦合的旋转机械轴系弯振特性的研究

随着旋转机械在役运行时间的增加,转子部分多数会有质量偏心现象出现。这使得转子轴系的扭转振动与弯曲振动的耦合作用明显增强。在已有耦合振动方程基础上,采用有限差分、Newmark积分法求得动力响应,以300 MW汽轮发电机组为研究对象,将其模化为多支承分布质量模型,采用FFT、STFT和wavelet多种方法分析它在简谐衰减、非同期并列两种典型工况激励下以及不同偏心函数、弯扭下的弯振特性。分析结果为研究旋转机械复杂转子系统耦合振动中弯振特性的定量、定性分析提供了依据。图24参7     

Analysis of torques in large steam turbine driven inductiongenerator shafts following disturbances on the system supply

The paper first summarises the advantages of steam turbine-driven induction generators over conventional generators such as low cost, less maintenance, rugged and brushless rotors (squirrel cage type, no need for synchronisation, etc.), together with problems concerning excitation (VAr compensation at loads etc). A mathematical model of the induction generator simulated in direct-phase quantities where saturation of the magnetising reactances is simulated and saturation of stator and rotor leakage reactances is ignored is developed and employed for detailed simulation of the machine. Discrete-mass models of the machine shaft where both steam and electrical viscous damping is simulated are employed in comparing transient shaft torsional response evaluated by time domain simulation and frequency domain analysis following incidence and clearance of severe system faults. The paper then investigates torsional response following incidence and clearance of severe supply system disturbances, when the rotor is stationary and when running at close to synchronous speed unexcited, and following malsynchronisation when excited by a controlled VAr source, together with torsional response following bolted stator-terminal short-circuits at full-load and no-load following switching in of the induction generator onto the system supply. It examines precision of predicting torque in turbine-generator shafts by frequency domain analysis not analyzed for induction generators in the literature heretofore following incidence and clearance of worst-case disturbances on the supply. Effect of steam and electrical damping on maximum shaft torques predicted by frequency domain analysis is also illustrated. The results illustrate there is no tendency for shaft torques to become more onerous as the fault clearing time is increased as is the case for shaft torques in large synchronous machines. Three large two-pole machines of rating of up to a few hundred MWs are analysed     

空冷600MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性分析

主要研究了空冷600MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性、疲劳寿命损耗,并针对两个特定电厂的接入系统进行网机耦合次同步谐振特性分析。轴系扭振频率和响应计算采用连续质量模型,次同步谐振特性分析采用集中质量模型。计算结果表明,机组扭振频率避开了工频和倍频,轴系不会因共振而破坏;在短路故障轴系扭振是安全的;空冷600MW汽轮发电机组可以用于远距离输电在线路中进行串联电容器补偿。     

300MW机组在机电耦合冲击作用下的扭振控制特性考核

建立了汽轮发电机组转子轴系的阶梯轴弹性连续体扭振模型。利用求解复杂阶梯轴系扭振响应波动方程的方法对 1台 3 0 0 MW汽轮发电机轴系在外部载荷作用下的扭振响应进行了计算机模拟考核 ,并采用最小能量法对机组转子轴系进行了主动控制模拟研究。图 1 2表 3参 3     

Measuring the Torsional Modal Frequencies of a 900 MW Turbogenerator

Transient torques exerted on the rotors of turbine generators can produce high stresses. This paper describes an investigation into the torsional properties of the shaft of a 1500 rpm steam turbine generator rated 900 MW and includes 1. prediction, by theoretical model of the shaft and rotor structure, of its undamped natural vibrations and natural modes; 2. determination, by measurements and subsequent modal analysis, of the complex natural vibrations (free and damped) and natural modes. For the measurements the rotor was torqued by shock torques applied by the turning gear, as well as by harmonic sinusoidal torques of variable frequency applied by a shaker. Vibrations were measured by accelerometers on the shaft and on some selected turbine blades. Two modal analysis computer programs were used to process the signals. The results obtained by theoretical predictions and by measured modal analysis verify that the theoretical characterization of the rotor structure is indeed valid for calculating the values of the natural frequencies. However, the damping factors measured by the two modal programs differ significantly.     

汽轮发电机组轴系扭振引起的叶片响应计算

提出了汽轮发电机组轴系扭振及叶片切向振动的连续质量模型,在此基础上分析了叶片运动的轴系扭振的影响,给出了轴系扭振引起叶片响应的计算方法,并对实际机组在两相短路时进行了数值计算,结果表明,由轴系扭振引起的叶片应力对叶片的安全性分析是不可忽视的,图3参4。     

Torsional torque suppression of decentralized generators using H∞ observer

The output power fluctuations of renewable energy plants such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic systems cause frequency deviations and terminal voltage fluctuations. Furthermore, these power fluctuations also affect the turbine shaft of diesel generator and gas-turbine generators which are usually the main electric power systems in isolated islands. This paper presents a control strategy that achieves torsional torque suppression and power system stabilization. Since the measurement of the torsional torque is technically difficult and there is uncertainty in mechanical constants of the shaft torsional system, the torsional torque is estimated by using a H_∞ observer. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.     

Qualitative performance assessment of semiconductor switching device,converter and generator candidates for 10 MW offshore wind turbine generators

This paper investigates the possibilities of viable power electronics converters, semiconductor switching devices and electric machines for 10 MW variable‐speed wind turbine generators. The maximum rated power of existing wind turbine configurations is in the range of 6 MW. The proposed alternatives are compared against several technical and economical factors, and their advantages over the present wind turbines are highlighted. A comprehensive performance comparison of modern power semiconductor devices, their electrical characteristics and the key differentiators among them are presented. The power electronics converters considered include all commercially available multilevel voltage source and current source converters as well as the opportunities offered by power electronics building block‐based design. The factors used for the comparison include the converter power range, capacitor voltage balancing, common mode voltage and current, electromagnetic interference emissions, fault ride‐through capability, reliability, footprint, harmonic performance, efficiency and losses, component count, risk of torsional vibration by the harmonics and inter‐harmonics, complexity, ease of back‐to‐back operation and filtering requirements. For the electric machines, this study concentrates on high‐temperature superconducting machines, multi‐phase induction machines and permanent magnet synchronous machines. These machines are compared against existing wind generator technologies in terms of their power range, torque density, efficiency, fault ride‐through capability, reliability, footprint, harmonic performance, ease of fault detection, excitation control, noise and vibration signature, oscillation damping, gearbox requirement, cost and the size of the associated converter. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

300 MW QFS2型汽轮发电机组轴系稳定性分析

通过对现役类似匹配汽轮发电机组轴系振动状况的调研和测试,结合有关理论分析与计算结果,对300MWQFS2型双水内冷汽轮发电机与东方汽轮机厂300MW汽轮机匹配轴系的稳定性、振动特性作了分析。结果表明,新匹配的轴系能稳定运行,振动特性良好,能确保新机组的成功匹配和安全运行。     

Turbine generator laboratory model tests to damp torsionaloscillations with supplementary signals

The improvement of generator stability by the use of supplementary signals into the voltage regulator and governor loops using discrete-time linear optimal control theory has been studied with particular emphasis on providing better damping for torsional oscillations. A multi-inertia laboratory model equipped with data acquisition and control computers was constructed to model the shaft dynamics of a 660 MW Drax turbine-generator. It is shown that the shaft torsional phenomena can be adequately simulated on a micro-synchronous-generator at least as far as the dominant shaft torsional modes of vibration are concerned. The practical implementation of multi-mode linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controllers has been shown to enhance system stability and provide better damping to the lower frequency torsional modes, which are those most susceptible to excitation     

发电机组轴系扭振疲劳损伤评估方法研究

凹槽、套装联轴器等结构往往是汽轮发电机组轴系疲劳损伤的薄弱环节,对其进行应力分析至关重要,经验公式无法满足要求。以某600 MW汽轮发电机组轴系为例通过有限元建模方法对汽轮发电机组轴系进行扭应力分析,进一步得到薄弱环节的应力寿命曲线,优化疲劳极限取值,实现低幅值次同步振荡工况下的疲劳评估。采用多段集中质量模型分析扭振固有特性,结合轴系扭振固有特性和应力寿命曲线,评估机组轴系在次同步振荡工况下的疲劳损伤。此方法可用于评估汽轮发电机组轴系疲劳损伤情况。     

A survey of shaft voltage reduction strategies for induction generators in wind energy applications

Common mode voltage generated by PWM inverters and the parasitic couplings of the machine structure in high frequencies create a model for the system which leads to an induced voltage on the shaft. Shaft voltage became a dominant side effect of power electronic converters since they are widely used in wind turbine applications to prepare desirable frequency and suitable control on active and reactive power. This voltage is known as the main cause of many unwanted problems such as leakage current, ball-bearings damages and reduction of generator's life time. In this paper, pulse width modulation strategies have been presented for two-level and three-level back-to-back AC–DC–AC converters in order to reduce or eliminate common mode voltage of these converters for reduction or elimination of shaft voltage in squirrel cage and doubly fed induction generators. Applying these techniques lead to complete elimination of shaft voltage for squirrel cage Induction generator with back to back AC/DC/AC converter and a 66 percent reduction of the shaft voltage generation in the Doubly Fed Induction Generator. Simulation results and mathematical analysis have been presented to investigate proposed techniques.     

轴系扭振在线监测系统开发研究

扭转振动是影响诸如发电机组、空压机、推进轴系等旋转机械安全运行的重要动力性能之一,而发电机组、空压机等轴系扭振激励受负载的影响往往较大。为提高设备运转可靠性,在轴系运转过程中扭振应力幅值超过一定限值时进行预警,开发了一套船舶旋转机械轴系扭振在线监测系统,对船舶旋转机械设备实现严密的运转监测保护。系统同时兼容采用应变监测的直接测量方法与采用脉冲时序法测量的间接测量方法对轴系扭振进行监测,根据轴系实际情况对传感器类型以及监测系统模式进行选择,提高了系统对不同轴系结构的适应性。系统以ARM加DSP为开发平台,综合应变电测、无线遥测和数字信号处理等技术开发了监测系统。并通过标准应变模拟器以及基于脉冲时序法理论所设计的扭振标定器分别对无线应变遥测系统以及脉冲时序法扭振采集系统试验精度进行验证。结果显示,采用脉冲时序法测量,在转速为5 000 r/min时,系统检测误差约为0.3%,采用应变遥测系统检测方案时,误差值也远小于1%,该轴系扭振监测系统能实现较高精度的监测。     

AC/DC power conversion interface for self-excited induction generator

A new AC/DC power conversion interface for the self-excited induction generator (SEIG) is proposed here. The proposed AC/DC conversion interface includes an excitation systemand a diode rectifier connected in parallel.The variable frequency AC power generated by the SEIG is converted into DC power by the diode rectifier.The DC power of the diode rectifier can charge a battery set and supply DC loads or be further converted into fixed-frequency AC power by an inverter for AC loads.The DC voltage is expected to be regulated in the above applications.The excitation system supplies an exciting reactive current to maintain the amplitude of the SEIG output voltage to be a constant value. Moreover, it can also serve as an active power filter to suppress the harmonic current generated by the diode rectifier. The excitation system is composed of an AC power capacitor and a power converter connected in series. The AC power capacitor is adapted to provide a basic reactive power, and it can also reduce the voltage rating and the capacity of the power converter. The salient point of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface is that the capacity of the power converter in the AC/DC power conversion interface can be minimised, and the power loss of the AC/DC power conversion interface can also be reduced. A prototype is developed and tested to verify the performance of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface.     

Power limits of grid-connected modern wind energy systems

Wind energy is a prominent area of application of variable speed generators operating on the constant grid frequency. A modern wind energy system of this type consists of a surface mounted permanent-magnet generator with a frequency converter, which allows variable speed operation. The maximum power capability of the wind energy system is limited by the grid inverter. The theoretical formulation for active and reactive power limits is given. This formulation is used to set power reference limits to the inverter. Two different regions are distinguished depending on the tolerable Ac current harmonic distortion. Experimental results in a variable frequency wind energy generation system are shown.     

Drive train dynamics assessment and speed controller design in variable speed wind turbines

This paper deals with the speed controller design in DFIG based wind turbines, and investigates stability and performance of the drive train dynamics against different control strategies. It is shown that speed controller design based on the single mass drive train model may result in unstable mechanical modes, because it ignores the dynamics of the flexible shaft. Then, another control approach, known as feedforward compensation of the shaft torsional torque, is examined. It is shown that this control method results in poorly damped oscillations of torsional torque and turbine speed during the transient conditions. The open loop transfer function from the electromagnetic torque to the generator speed contains a dual quadratic function representing the dynamics of flexible shaft. The dual quadratic function comprises resonant and anti-resonant frequencies that greatly affect the stability of the drive train dynamics. Next, a step-by-step procedure for designing the speed controller based on the two-mass drive train model is proposed. The proposed speed controller provides stable closed loop system, zero tracking error, low-frequency disturbance rejection, and open-loop gain attenuation at the resonant frequency. At the end, performance of the proposed controller is investigated by the time domain simulations.     

Compensation of network voltage unbalance using doubly fed induction generator-based wind farms

A control strategy for compensating AC network voltage unbalance using doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms is presented. A complete DFIG dynamic model containing both the rotor and grid side converters is used to accurately describe the average and ripple components of active/reactive power, electromagnetic torque and DC bus voltage, under unbalanced conditions. The principle of using DFIG systems to compensate grid voltage unbalance by injecting negative sequence current into the AC system is described. The injected negative sequence current can be provided by either the grid side or the rotor side converters. Various methods for coordinating these two converters are discussed and their respective impacts on power and torque oscillations are described. The validity of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated by simulations on a 30 MW DFIG-based wind farm using Matlab/Simulink during 2 and 4% voltage unbalances. The proposed compensation strategy can not only ensure reliable operation of the wind generators by restricting torque, DC link voltage and power oscillations, but also enable DFIG-based wind farms to contribute to rebalancing the connected network.