不同优先级非授权用户的频谱接入方案探讨

认知无线网络是解决有限的频谱资源与日益剧增的无线接入需求之间矛盾的有效方案之一,也是提高未来无线通信系统频谱效率的有力手段。本文分析了无优先级非授权用户的认知无线网络中各种频谱接入方案的特点,在此基础上提出了不同优先级非授权用户共存环境下的两种频谱接入方案。     

一种支持服务区分的动态频谱接入机制

动态频谱接入技术是实现认知无线电(CR)网络的重要技术之一,其可以灵活地对频谱空洞加以利用并能够有效地缓解频谱紧缺的窘境。文章设计了一种支持服务区分的动态频谱接入机制,将次用户分为高优先级次用户和低优先级次用户;然后利用强制优先排队理论对认知无线电网络中有服务区分的动态频谱接入过程进行模拟建模,并对高优先级次用户和低优先级次用户的切换率、接入失败率进行了仿真分析,这些因子对于用户的接入性能起着关键性作用。     

认知 mesh 网络服务区分的动态频谱接入策略

动态频谱接入策略是实现认知无线电网络高效利用频谱的关键。与传统认知无线电网络不同,认知mesh网络中不同QoS需求的多类型业务共同接入,为适应这一特点,提出服务区分的动态频谱接入策略。策略依据业务的QoS需求确立优先级,针对不同优先级业务采取不同的信道接入方案,实时业务依据最优传输延迟期望选择接入信道集合,在减小传输延迟的同时降低数据传输过程授权用户出现的概率,普通业务选择最优理想传输成功概率的信道,降低信道切换概率。理论与实验结果表明,与传统的认知网络频谱接入策略相比,提出的策略能提供不同业务的服务区分,满足实时业务的低延迟需求,降低数据传输的中断率,同时在授权信道空闲率与网络负载较大时吞吐量性能较优。     

基于次用户分级的PRP M/G/m排队论频谱切换模型

为满足次用户不同时延需求并提高信道利用率,该文提出一种基于次用户分级的PRP M/G/m排队论频谱切换模型。首先,根据次用户主要业务的时延需求不同,对次用户进行分级评价,将次用户分为时延敏感型和非时延敏感型用户,时延敏感型次用户具有更高的优先级来接入信道。其次,采用PRP M/G/m排队论来建立基于用户分级的频谱切换模型。同时推导和分析了该模型下不同优先级次用户扩展数据传输时间,进而提出了面向各级次用户自适应频谱切换策略。仿真结果表明,相较于已有频谱切换策略,该模型能有效降低次用户切换时延以及扩展数据传输时间,保证高优先级次用户的服务质量,提升次用户频谱切换的综合性能。     

TD-SCDMA中实现不同优先级用户接入控制方法研究

为了实现为不同接入等级用户提供不同紧急程度的接入服务，保证高优先级用户的优先接入。TD-SCDMA系统提供了接入等级控制机制。通过使用接入等级、接入服务等级、坚持度检查、UpPCH子信道分配等机制，TD-SCDMA系统实现了用户的接入优先级控制。本文从理论和实际的角度对此机制进行了分析，并进行了仿真验证，仿真结果表明该机制能有效实现不同优先级用户的接入优先级控制。     

大规模MIMO下联合距离因子和用户优先级的导频分配方案

针对导频污染已成为大规模MIMO系统研究的最大阻碍问题,文中提出一种联合用户距离与用户优先级的导频分配方案来抑制导频污染。首先在只考虑第一层干扰的情况下,分别求出小区中距离小区基站不同距离用户的频谱效率,以小区中距离基站最近、频谱效率最大的用户作为基准,提出距离因子的定义,并给出表达式,此外,将各用户的距离因子和用户优先级结合进行导频分配研究。仿真结果表明,该方案能在保证频谱效率的前提下,有效减少正交导频数目。     

一种基于CoMP的随机接入方案

提出了一种新的基于协作多点传输和接收（CoMP）技术的多发随机接入流程,并根据 随机接入的目的和业务类型设计了接入优先级,在此基础上设计了一种新的随机接入方案, 对 不同类型的随机接入请求提供不同的接入机制,以保证边缘用户的接入性能和满足不同业务 的QoS需求。仿真结果表明,与LTE标准随机接入方案相比,该方案对系统整体接入性能略有 提高,且大大提高了边缘高优先级用户的接入性能。     

应急通信系统的动态频谱接入及性能分析

本文将传统的应急通信系统与认知无线电技术相结合,在授权用户、应急用户和一般认知用户这三类用户共享频谱池的前提下,提出了两种不同接入等级的认知无线电接入策略.在这两种接入策略下,对系统动态频谱接入过程,构建了基于三维马尔可夫链的分析模型.在该模型基础上推导了应急用户和其它认知用户的阻塞率及强制终止概率,给出了它们的数学闭合表达式,并对系统性能进行了分析.仿真结果表明:三级优先级接入策略,使得应急用户的阻塞率和强制终止概率得到了降低,该策略的采用很大程度上提高了应急用户的性能.     

无线频谱共享技术的研究及实现

针对固定频谱分配法存在频谱利用率较低等缺点，提出了灵活频谱共享法，并提出了一种基于优先级竞争机制的灵活频谱共享的实现方案。该方案中各个无线接入系统能够实现频谱资源共享，大大提高了频谱的利用率并在江苏移动常州分公司G9扩容中得到了应用。     

LTE系统中femtocell的动态频谱接入方法

针对LTE系统中femtocell的通信需求,给出一种基于认知无线电技术的动态频谱接入方案,提出一种上行频谱的感知方法,femtocell可发现周围被macrocell用户占用的频谱,还能进一步对这些频谱承载的业务类型进行识别,并根据不同的业务类型,选择不同的接入方法。如果femtocell检测到一段频谱承载的是话音业务,femtocell采用跳频的方法接入这段频谱;如果承载的是数据业务,femtocell就采用功率控制的方法接入频谱。仿真结果表明,该方法使femtocell实现对周围频谱承载业务的智能化识别和接入,从而在满足macrocell用户不同业务类型信干噪比要求的前提下,提高了femtocell小区的吞吐量。     

Multi-channel transmission strategy for dynamic spectrum access

Cognitive radio is a promising technology that deals with the scarcity of radio spectrum. In this paper, we propose a new multi-channel transmission strategy for dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio network. Starting with the model of spectrum activities, we present the multi-channel transmission strategy which has primary user’s protection mechanism to improve the spectrum efficiency and study its performance under perfect and imperfect sensing. Numerical example results reveal that the performance of the proposed strategy has the superiority with respect to capacity performance of cognitive users and the protection of primary users.     

带有接入阈值和超时隙的认知无线网络频谱分配策略

为了提高认知用户的响应性能,并降低传输中断的概率,通过限制进入系统的认知用户数据包数量,并令授权用户以超时隙为单位优先使用信道,提出一种带有接入阈值和超时隙的集中式认知无线网络频谱分配策略。结合时隙序号及系统中认知用户数据包的数量建立2维离散时间Markov链模型,给出认知用户数据包的平均延迟、吞吐量及信道切换率等性能指标的表达式。建立系统收益函数,针对不同的超时隙大小给出接入阈值的优化设置方案,并利用优化结果,进行系统实验。实验结果显示：合理的接入阈值和超时隙大小可以有效提高认知用户的传输质量。     

A distributed network coded control channel for multihop cognitive radio networks

Designing a solution for multihop cognitive radio networks poses several challenges such as the realization of the control channel, the detection of primary users, and the coordination of secondary users for dynamic spectrum access purposes. In this article we discuss these challenges and propose a solution that aims to meet most of them. The proposed solution is completely distributed, and does not need dedicated spectrum resources for control purposes, but rather leverages on a virtual control channel that is implemented by having users exchange control information whenever they meet in a particular channel, using network coding techniques for better dissemination performance. Due to these aspects, our proposal represents a significant improvement over existing dynamic spectrum access and multichannel MAC solutions. We discuss the effectiveness of our scheme in multihop cognitive ad hoc networks, where secondary users need to opportunistically access the spectrum at those locations and times at which it is not used by primary users. Finally, we report the results of an evaluation study assessing the performance of the proposed scheme with respect to different system and scenario parameters.     

Reinforcement-Learning-Based Double Auction Design for Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio networks, an important issue is to share the detected available spectrum among different secondary users to improve the network performance. Although some work has been done for dynamic spectrum access, the learning capability of cognitive radio networks is largely ignored in the previous work. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement-learning-based double auction algorithm aiming to improve the performance of dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks. The dynamic spectrum access process is modeled as a double auction game. Based on the spectrum access history information, both primary users and secondary users can estimate the impact on their future rewards and then adapt their spectrum access or release strategies effectively to compete for channel opportunities. Simulation results show that the proposed reinforcement-learning-based double auction algorithm can significantly improve secondary users’ performance in terms of packet loss, bidding efficiency and transmission rate or opportunity access.     

认知无线电网络中基于跨层设计的能效优化算法

为提高认知无线电网络中次用户节点的能量有效性,该文基于连续时间马尔科夫理论对次用户的频谱感知和接入过程进行联合建模,对影响次用户传输能效的主要因素进行了分析,提出了一种基于跨层设计的能量有效优化算法。该算法可有效减小主用户非时隙返回信道对次用户能量有效性的影响,并通过联合优化感知时间和接入概率,使次用户在感知性能和传输能效间实现了有效折衷。仿真结果表明,本文算法相对于仅考虑频谱感知或接入策略的单层优化算法,可使次用户的能量有效性得到较大提高。      

碰撞约束和非理想感知下认知多址接入信道的有效吞吐量

在碰撞约束和非理想信道信息下,研究认知多址接入信道中多个次用户接入主用户频谱的有效吞吐量问题。在机会频谱接入方式（OSA）下,定义有效吞吐量并作为次用户的性能指标。考虑信道质量信息,在信道质量分布参数未知的情况下采用有限的信道样本对参数进行估计,并对非理想感知下次用户的性能进行分析。通过仿真实验,分别讨论了信道质量门限与碰撞概率及次用户性能之间的关系,对比了理想感知和非理想感知下次用户的性能,并与其他算法进行对比,验证了本文接入策略的有效性。     

Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Access with Different Primary User Access Schemes

The cognitive access process based on different access schemes of the primary user in the spectrum sharing system of cognitive radio is studied. In the cognitive system with finite user population, the primary users access the licensed channels through random access, real-reservation access, pseudo-reservation access and non-random access. The cognitive users access the licensed channels without interfering the primary users. Their access process is modeled using the three-dimensional continuous Markov model. The performance analysis is presented with variation of the number of cognitive users. It is known from the simulated results that the handoff probability, the blocking probability and the forced termination probability of the cognitive users increase with the increase of the number of cognitive users. It is also found that the random access scheme has the highest handoff probability. And the real-reservation access scheme has the highest blocking probability and forced termination probability. In addition, the non-random access scheme has the maximum channel utilization.     

感知不确定下卫星认知无线网络多频谱接入优化策略

针对卫星认知无线网络频谱感知不确定性较大导致传统频谱接入机制效率降低的问题,该文提出一种基于动态多频谱感知的信道接入优化策略。认知LEO卫星根据频谱检测概率与授权用户干扰门限之间的关系,实时调整不同频谱感知结果下的信道接入概率。在此基础上以系统吞吐量最大化为目标,设计了一种基于频谱检测概率和虚警概率联合优化的判决门限选取策略,并推导了最佳感知频谱数量。仿真结果表明,认知用户能够在不大于授权用户最大干扰门限的前提下,根据授权信道空闲状态动态选择最佳频谱感知策略,且在检测信号信噪比较低时以更加积极的方式接入授权频谱,降低了频谱感知不确定性对信道接入效率的影响,提高了认知系统吞吐量。     

Cluster‐based adaptive multispectrum sensing and access in cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing and access have been widely investigated in cognitive radio network for the secondary users to efficiently utilize and share the spectrum licensed by the primary user. We propose a cluster‐based adaptive multispectrum sensing and access strategy, in which the secondary users seeking to access the channel can select a set of channels to sense and access with adaptive sensing time. Specifically, the spectrum sensing and access problem is formulated into an optimization problem, which maximizes the utility of the secondary users and ensures sufficient protection of the primary users and the transmitting secondary users from unacceptable interference. Moreover, we explicitly calculate the expected number of channels that are detected to be idle, or being occupied by the primary users, or being occupied by the transmitting secondary users. Spectrum sharing with the primary and transmitting secondary users is accomplished by adapting the transmission power to keep the interference to an acceptable level. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed sensing and access strategy as well as its advantage over conventional sensing and access methods in terms of improving the achieved throughput and keeping the sensing overhead low. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.