国际能效标准实施和监督模式及对我国的启示

本文总结分析了经济、文化背景不同的澳大利亚、美国、欧盟、菲律宾和突尼斯等国家在能效标准实施和监督方面所采取的四种不同模式,以及其他强制性认证措施、激励措施、宣传和推广措施,并探讨了国际经验对我国建立和完善能效标准实施和监督机制的借鉴作用。     

基于利益相关者理论的能效标准标识制度分析

能效标准标识制度是产品能效领域的重要法律制度。本文针对能效标准标识制度运行过程中存在的问题,以利益相关者理论为视角,通过分析能效标准标识制度中各利益相关者的地位与利益诉求,主张从政府引导利益相关者参与规则的建立、用能产品生产者参与的前置和责任的强化、公众的全过程监督机制的建立和销售商责任的加强几个方面建立利益相关者共同参与的制度体系。     

能源效率标准和标识

能源效率标准与标识是减少能源消耗及保护环境的有效政策工具之一,在世界上受到了广泛重视。介绍了能效标准与标识的概念、基本原理与作用、及其制定等方面的基本知识。论述了世界主要国家和地区能效标准和标识的实施情况,美国、欧盟和日本的能效项目在世界上处于领先地位,我国则是实施最为广泛的标准和标识项目的发展中国家之一。随着能效项目的增多,国际合作越来越受到重视,其中一个重要方面是标准和标识的一致化。分析表明,实施能效标准及标识项目在我国具有特别重要的意义。     

国外能效标识实施经验

目前，已有30多个国家和地区实施了能效标识制度，取得了显著的节能、环保和经济效益。由于文化、经济或政治上的差异，各国对于能效标识制度所实施的监督机制也有所不同。     

中日能效标准标识制度浅析比较

能效标准标识制度一直是世界各国用以提高终端能源利用效率的重要节能手段和措施之一。本文通过对日本能效标准标识制度的研究,结合目前我国能效标准标识的法律基础、实施模式和实施现状,在比较分析的基础上,旨在总结经验,发掘问题,为我国标准标识工作提供有益启示。     

建立我国能效信息标识制度的有关问题

国际经验表明,对家用电器和设备实施能效信息标识制度能有效的遏制能源消耗增长势头。鉴于能源安全和环境保护的双重压力,我国将建立和实施适应市场经济体制的能效标识制度。本文对建立能效标识制度的相关问题进行了探讨,并提出建议,即针对量大面广、节能潜力的大的产品,以发布目录的形式,实施强制性的“可比较的”能效等级标识;实施模式为“企业自我说明+强化市场监管”;产品能效等级的划分即要考虑市场上产品能效的分布情况,也要考虑实施监管和消费者的甄别能力等因素;标识样式应反映文化因素和消费者的能效意识水平,并进行市场调查;应加强能效标识符合性的能力建设,以推动制度的顺利实施。     

电机产品强制性能效标准研究

电机用电是工业用电的60％左右,电机强制性能效标准对推动高效电机的应用起重要作用。在分析我国电机能效现状的基础上,指出我国电机能效和发达国家电机能效的差距。针对电机能效强制性标准以及测试标准的发展历程,主要介绍了北美和欧盟的强制性标准的关键内容。最后提出了提高电机能效的相关建议。     

发挥能效标准作为碳达峰碳中和目标的催化剂与加速器效应建议

能效提升是减少碳排放的重要途径,实施能效标准不仅推动绿色低碳循环发展,也是建设生态文明的重要手段.本文基于国内外能效标准的发展现状,分析了能效标准对碳减排目标的贡献,梳理了碳达峰、碳中和下,能效标准面临的问题,并对未来的发展提出了应对建议.     

浅谈电机系统能效现状与发展

电机系统能效反映电机系统利用能源的效率质量特性,是降低系统能量消耗、提高能量效率的基础。本文分析了电机能效检测标准现状,从电机系统节能与能效检测信息化两方面,探讨了电机系统能效研究现状,从能效标准体系化及建立能效数据库两方面,提出了电机系统能效研究发展趋势。     

能效电厂实施的条件分析和对策探讨

亚洲开发银行与我国国家和有关省市电力管理部门联合提出了能效电厂方案,以适合我国的电力需求侧管理。在对能效电厂进行概述的基础上,初步分析了能效电厂的实施条件．并提出了支持能效电厂发展的对策措施。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.