Antioxidative activity of green tea catechin extract compared with that of rosemary extract

This study compared the antioxidative activity of green tea catechin (GTC) extract with that of rosemary extract in canola oil, pork lard, and chicken fat. The GTC extract was obtained from jasmine and longjing green teas and mainly consisted of four epicatechin isomers including (−)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)epicatechin (EC), and (−)epicatechin gallate (ECG). The oxidation was conducted at 100 ± 2°C by monitoring oxygen uptake. The oxygen consumption test demonstrated that GTC extract was much more effective than the rosemary extract against lipid oxidation in canola oil, pork lard, and chicken fat under the conditions of the present study. Together with our previous study which showed that GTC extract was more protective than butylated hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant, these results suggest that GTC as a mixture of EGCG, EGC, EC, and ECG may serve as an antioxidant in processed foods.     

Antioxidative activity of green tea catechin extract compared with that of rosemary extract

This study compared the antioxidative activity of green tea catechin (GTC) extract with that of rosemary extract in canola oil, pork lard, and chicken fat. The GTC extract was obtained from jasmine and longjing green teas and mainly consisted of four epicatechin isomers including (−)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)epicatechin (EC), and (−)epicatechin gallate (ECG). The oxidation was conducted at 100 ± 2°C by monitoring oxygen uptake. The oxygen consumption test demonstrated that GTC extract was much more effective than the rosemary extract against lipid oxidation in canola oil, pork lard, and chicken fat under the conditions of the present study. Together with our previous study which showed that GTC extract was more protective than butylated hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant, these results suggest that GTC as a mixture of EGCG, EGC, EC, and ECG may serve as an antioxidant in processed foods.     

Antioxidative components,xanthone derivatives,inSwertia japonica Makino

Substances with antioxidative properties were obtained from an ether extract ofSwertia japonica Makino. Six active components of the extract were isolated and identified as methylbellidifolin, methylswertianin, swertianin, bellidifolin, norswertianin and desmethylbellidifolin. These six xanthone derivatives were shown to possess different antioxidant activities by chemiluminescent assay. The antioxidative activities of bellidifolin, norswertianin and desmethylbellidifolin were higher than those of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and α-tocopherol. On autoxidation of methyl linoleate, bellidifolin had activity similar to that of BHT. On the basis of the data present on antioxidative properties and data reported on the mutagenicities of the xanthones, both activities were shown to give a good correlation.     

Stabilization of seal blubber and menhaden oils with green tea catechins

Catechins, namely (−)epicatechin (EC), (−)epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (−)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were isolated from commercial Chinese green leaves. The antioxidant activity of isolated catechins was compared with those of α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytolene (BHT) andtert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), all at 200 ppm, in refined, bleached and deodorized seal blubber oil and menhaden oil. The study was carried out under Schaal oven test conditions at 65°C over a 144-h period, except for weight gain measurements, which were continued for up to 200 h. Progression of oxidation was monitored by measuring changes in weight gain and values of peroxide, conjugated diene, and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Oils treated with tea catechins showed excellent oxidative stability as compared with samples that contained commonly used antioxidants, such as α-tocopherol, BHA, BHT, and TBHQ. The potency of catechins in prevention of oxidation of marine oils was in the decreasing order of ECG> EGCG> EGC> EC; ECG was slightly more effective than TBHQ in systems studied.     

Evaluation of natural and synthetic compounds according to their antioxidant activity using a multivariate approach

The antioxidant activity of natural and synthetic compounds was evaluated using five in vitro methods: ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydradzyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), oxidation of an aqueous dispersion of linoleic acid accelerated by azo‐initiators (LAOX), and oxidation of a meat homogenate submitted to a thermal treatment (TBARS). All results were expressed as Trolox equivalents. The application of multivariate statistical techniques suggested that the phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, carnosic acid, genistein and resveratrol), beyond their high antioxidant activity measured by the DPPH, FRAP and TBARS methods, showed the highest ability to react with the radicals in the ORAC methodology, compared to the other compounds evaluated in this study (ascorbic acid, erythorbate, tocopherol, BHT, Trolox, tryptophan, citric acid, EDTA, glutathione, lecithin, methionine and tyrosine). This property was significantly correlated with the number of phenolic rings and catecholic structure present in the molecule. Based on a multivariate analysis, it is possible to select compounds from different clusters and explore their antioxidant activity interactions in food products.     

开封产3种白色菊花提取物的抗氧化活性

采用清除二苯代苦味肼基(DPPH)自由基、清除[2,2′-连氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐](ABTS)自由基及铁离子还原/抗氧化能力(FRAP)测定法,对开封产的3种白色菊花(兼六香白、国华万胜及白玉带)不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化活性进行了评价,将所测定结果与水溶性维生素E(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid,Trolox)及阳性对照二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)进行了比较。结果表明,3种菊花的不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性不同。同一种菊花的甲醇提取物具有很好清除DPPH自由基和还原铁离子的能力,而石油醚提取物几乎无活性。菊花的3个品种中,兼六香白和国华万胜的抗氧化活性较好,其活性远远超过白玉带的抗氧化活性。9个提取物中,兼六香白的甲醇提取物总的抗氧化活性最好。它对DPPH自由基的清除能力(IC50值为20.49 mg/L)比BHT(IC50值为18.92 mg/L)作用略低;其还原Fe3+的能力(FRAP值为731.73±1.77μmol TE/g)比BHT(1 581.68±97.41μmol TE/g)作用低1/2。3种方法测定结果基本一致,其中以DPPH法和FRAP法相关性最好(R=0.982 0)。     

The Behaviour of Phenolic Antioxidants,Synergists and their Mixtures in Two Vegetable Oils

Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), hydroquinone (HQ), propyl gallate (PG), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) had much higher antioxidant activity in crude safflower oil than in a commercial brand vegetable oil (Bint oil). The following active oxygen (AOM, hours at 97.8° C) and storage stability (days at 45° C) values for each antioxidant in safflower oil were; (27.9, 105.0), (21.2, 44.8), (15.3, 45.5), (9.8, 36.8) and (7.9, 33.5) respectively compared with (6.8, 31.5) for the control. Ascorbyl palmitate (AP), ascorbic acid (AA) and citric acid (CA) were found to improve the AOM stability of both oils. The same values in Bint oil were: (9.0, 34.3), (9.0, 28.3), (9.4, 41.0), (7.3, 28.5) and (6.2, 2.5) respectively compared with (5.3, 23.3) for the control. Ascorbyl palmitate (AP), ascorbic acid (AA) and citric acid (CA) were found to improve the AOM stability of both oils. AP was more effective and CA least effective in safflower oil, whereas the reverse was true in Bint oil. The five antioxidants were individually blended with the three synergists (0.01 % of each) and the 15 combinations added to each oil and compared with the antioxidant controls at 0.02 %. Safflower oil stability was greater with pure TBHQ, HQ and PG than with any of the synergist mixtures whereas the BHA, BHT-synergist mixtures were found equal or superior to that treated with BHA or BHT alone. Bint oil treated with CATBHQ or CA-HQ mixtures showed improved stability compared to oils treated with these antioxidants alone. However, the AOM method alone suggested CA-PG, CA-BHA and CA-BHT mixtures improved the stability compared to the oil-antioxidant controls. Chelation of metals by CA was assumed to be the primary cause of this synergism, whereas AP and AA behaved more like weak antioxidants.     

Theoretical and Kinetic Tools for Selecting Effective Antioxidants: Application to the Protection of Omega-3 Oils with Natural and Synthetic Phenols

Radical-scavenging antioxidants play crucial roles in the protection of unsaturated oils against autoxidation and, especially, edible oils rich in omega-3 because of their high sensitivity to oxygen. Two complementary tools are employed to select, among a large set of natural and synthetic phenols, the most promising antioxidants. On the one hand, density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of 70 natural (i.e., tocopherols, hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans, and coumarins) and synthetic (i.e., 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol (BHA), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)) phenols. These BDEs are discussed on the basis of structure–activity relationships with regard to their potential antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the kinetic rate constants and number of hydrogen atoms released per phenol molecule are measured by monitoring the reaction of phenols with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^•) radical. The comparison of the results obtained with these two complementary methods allows highlighting the most promising antioxidants. Finally, the antioxidant effectiveness of the best candidates is assessed by following the absorption of oxygen by methyl esters of linseed oil containing 0.5 mmol L⁻¹ of antioxidant and warmed at 90 °C under oxygen atmosphere. Under these conditions, some natural phenols namely epigallocatechin gallate, myricetin, rosmarinic and carnosic acids were found to be more effective antioxidants than α-tocopherol.     

橙皮提取物的抗氧化作用研究

用Na_2S_2O_3—I_2滴定法测定了橙皮提取物在油脂中的抗氧化作用,结果表明,不同溶剂的提取物均表现出一定的抗氧化活性;以橙皮乙醇提取物为实验对象,测定其与数种增效剂在油脂中的协同抗氧化作用,和用Ce~(3+)荧光分光光度法测定了其对Fenton反应产生的羟自由基·OH的清除率,结果表明橙皮乙醇提取物与抗坏血酸的协同抗氧化作用最好,对Fenton反应产生的·OH具有清除作用。     

The effect of various antioxidants on the keeping quality of yellow grease

Summary Yellow grease was stabilized with varying quantities of BHA, BHT, and propyl gallate under laboratory conditions. Propyl gallate was the best antioxidant with BHA a close second. Yellow grease was stabilized with mixtures of BHA and citric acid; BHA, propyl gallate, and citric acid; and BHA and BHT under laboratory conditions. The BHA-citric acid mix proved to be the best mixture. Grease was stabilized by adding various antioxidant mixtures before and after rendering. It was found better to add the antioxidant after rendering. Propyl gallate showed almost no carry-through properties. It was also shown possible to add the citric acid before rendering and the antioxidant after rendering. It was found that extra citric acid (.1 to .5%) added with an antioxidant increased the effectiveness of the antioxidant when greases of low stability were encountered. The iron content of the initial grease seems to have some bearing on the ease with which it could be stabilized. Presented at fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 11–13, 1954.     

Effectiveness of antioxidants on lipid oxidation and lipid hydrolysis of cod liver oil

The capacity of the natural antioxidant from barley husks to retard oxidation of PUFA in cod liver oil (Gadus morhua) was investigated and compared to synthetic antioxidants. The results confirm the efficacy of a natural antioxidant derived from barley husks to slow down the progress of lipid hydrolysis and increase oxidative stability in cod liver oil. The rates of lipid hydrolysis and lipid oxidation were slowed down with increasing concentration of natural antioxidant used. Using 100 mg of the natural antioxidant was more effective than some synthetic antioxidants (BHA 200 mg and BHT 200 mg) against primary and secondary oxidation. The use of propyl gallate (PG) as an antioxidant (200 mg/kg in cod liver oil) was the most effective antioxidant employed in reducing the production of primary and delaying secondary oxidation products. The formation of free fatty acids (FFA) was significantly lower in samples with natural antioxidant (BE200 and BE100) than in the control samples. BHA and BHT were the most effective antioxidants employed to delay the lipid hydrolysis. Practical applications: The use of barley husks, which are residues of the brewing process, was optimized to obtain a crude antioxidant extract. Natural extracts of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity were obtained after prehydrolysis and delignification of barley husks. The raw extracts show more than two‐fold antioxidant capacity compared to BHT in terms of EC50. The results demonstrate the efficacy of a natural antioxidant derived from barley husks. The extract could be used in fatty foods (such as butter, oil, etc.) to prevent rancidity.     

粘毛蓼的抗氧化活性

用清除二苯代苦味酰基(DPPH)自由基、清除[2,2′-连氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐](ABTS)自由基和铁离子还原/抗氧化能力(FRAP)测定法,对粘毛蓼体外总抗氧化活性进行了评价,结果与6-羟基-2,5,7,8-四甲基苯并二氢吡喃-2-羧酸(Trolox)及阳性对照丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)比较发现,粘毛蓼提取物有很好的体外抗氧化活性。乙酸乙酯提取物清除DPPH自由基(IC50=7.89 mg/L)的能力比BHT清除能力(IC50=18.71 mg/L)强,比BHA(IC50=3.20 mg/L)清除能力略弱;清除ABTS自由基能力(IC50=6.67 mg/L)比BHT(IC50=7.72 mg/L)清除能力强,比BHA(IC50=1.88 mg/L)清除能力弱;还原Fe3+的能力〔FRAP=(1362.55±47.22)μmol TE/g〕比BHT〔FRAP=(1581.68±97.41)μmol TE/g〕略低。在3种提取物中,乙酸乙酯提取物具有最高的抗氧化能力,甲醇提取物次之。3种方法中,DPPH方法和ABTS方法相关性最高(R=0.993)。     

Deodorizing,antimicrobial and glucosyltransferase inhibitory activities of polyphenolics from biosource

We evaluated the deodorizing activities of polyphenolics against methyl mercaptan and their inhibitory activity on Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and glucosyltransferase responsible for oral health. Polyphenolics including eckol, dieckol, catechol, catechin, phloroglucinol, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), caffeic acid, and tannic acid were used to investigate their deodorizing, antimicrobial and enzyme activity. Among the polyphenolics, dieckol, eckol, and catechol showed higher deodorizing activity against methyl mercaptan than sodium copper chlorophyllin known as a commercial deodorant. Catechol, dieckol, and eckol exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity on S. mutans, while cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, and catechol showed a strong antifungal activity on C. albicans compared to other polyphenolics. Tannic acid, ECG, and dieckol strongly inhibited the activity of the glucosyltransferase produced by Streptococcus mutans.     

1,2,6-三磷酸-3,4,5-三己酸肌醇酯的制备及其抗油脂氧化活性研究

植酸水解得到1,2,6-三磷酸肌醇,然后与三乙胺反应生成相应的铵盐,在脂酶NovozyTne 435催化下,该铵盐与己酸反应生成1,2,6-三磷酸-3,4,5-三己酸肌醇酯.以过氧化值(POV)和茴香胺值(AV)为指标研究不同剂量的1,2,6-三磷酸-3,4,5-三己酸肌醇酯对策籽油的抗氧化性能.结果表明,1,2,6-三磷酸-3,4,5-三己酸肌醇酯对菜籽油具有明显的抗氧化作用且存在剂量效应关系,在添加量为0.06%时,其抗氧化能力和0.02%BHT相当.     

S-nitrosocysteine (RSNO), an effective antioxidant in cured meat

S-nitrosocysteine (RSNO), a compound which has been shown to be generated during the curing process of meat, was found to act as an antioxidant. The antioxidative activity of RSNO in an aqueous linoleate model system, in the presence of myoglobin, was compared with that of other known antioxidants, such as BHT and α-tocopherol. The results indicated that RSNO has an antioxidative activity only slightly lower than that of BHT. During the initial stage of the reaction, RSNO acted not only as an inhibitor of linoleic acid oxidation, but also as a hydroperoxide decomposer. The high inhibitory effect of added RSNO (1mM/kg meat) on lipid oxidation in ground cooked turkey meat was demonstrated in the product itself.     

Antioxidant Activity of Oat Malt Extracts in Accelerated Corn Oil Oxidation

Oat cultivar AC Vermont was malted to concentrate antioxidants, milled to fractionate only the endosperm portion and extracted with methanol to isolate the crude antioxidants. The oat malt antioxidant fraction was assessed as a natural antioxidant based upon enhancing the stability of corn oil against oxidation and compared to the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The induction time (time required for the formation of 10 meq hydroperoxide per kilogram corn oil thermally oxidized) was used to measure antioxidant activity of oat antioxidant or BHT. The protection factor achieved by crude oat malt antioxidant extract concentrate at 0.26% (2,600 μg/g) was comparable to BHT (75 μg/g). The antioxidant activity of the oat and barley malt extract concentrates was not significantly different. However, the extract concentrate of oat malt had 44% less color compared to that of barley malt at equal concentrations showing its potential as a natural food antioxidant.     

珍珠菜的抗氧化活性

用清除二苯代苦味肼基自由基、清除2,2′-连氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)自由基和铁离子还原/抗氧化能力测定法,分析了珍珠菜提取物总的抗氧化作用。在珍珠菜提取物中,甲醇提取物清除二苯代苦味肼基自由基能力(IC50值为12.28mg/L)比阳性对照BHT作用强(IC50值为18.79mg/L);甲醇提取物对清除2,2′-连氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)自由基能力(IC50值为7.52mg/L)比BHT(IC50值为6.04mg/L)清除能力略低;甲醇提取物还原Fe3+的能力(FRAP值为1179.40±46.70μmolTE/g)比BHT(FRAP值为1748.49±3.46μmolTE/g)略低。珍珠菜3种提取物中,甲醇提取物具有较高的抗氧化能力。该文报告工作的新颖性,已为河南省医学情报研究所2008年5月30日出具的第2008113号《科技查新报告》所证实。     

Antioxidant capacity of flaxseed lignans in two model systems

The flaxseed lignans secoisolariciresinol (SECO) and its diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) are reported to have a number of health benefits associated with their consumption that have in part been attributed to their antioxidant properties. In this study the relative antioxidant capacity of the flaxseed lignans vs. BHT was determined in two model systems. First, an antioxidants stoichiometric value was determined for SECO and SDG in a liposomal system as a mimic of lipid peroxidation. Stoichiometric values for SECO (1.5) and SDG (1.2) vs. BHT (2.0) were measured from the lag time for the formation of conjugated dienes; all values were significantly different (P<0.01). Second, the ability of flaxseed lignans to prevent oxidative degradation of canola oil was determined. Samples were stored at room temperature and analyzed at 30-d intervals over 120 d using a Rancimat^™ analyzer. The lignans prevented degradation of canola oil, as measured by induction time, in a concentration-dependent manner. Although SECO demonstrated a trend for better protection than either SDG or polymer containing SDG, they were not significantly different (P>0.01). There was also no significant difference between SECO or SDG and BHT, suggesting flaxseed lignans may be good alternatives to minimize rancidity in oil-based food products.     

Antioxidant activity of tea extracts in lipids and correlation with polyphenol content

The present study examined the antioxidative activity of water and ethanol extracts of green and black tea leaves against the oxidation of heated sunflower oil and lard. Oxidation was conducted at 110 °C in the Rancimat test. Total polyphenols and catechin contents in tea extracts were measured. The research showed that the total polyphenol content in green and black tea leaves was 205.2 and 148.7 mg/g, respectively. In tea leaves extracts, it ranged between 245.9 mg/g and 837.7 mg/g and depended on the extraction solvent and the kind of tea used (p <0.001). The highest polyphenol content was observed in samples extracted with 95% ethanol, lower contents were found with the use of water. Results showed that the highest antioxidant activity, measured as an induction period, with 1000 ppm green tea ethanol extract, was comparable to á‐tocopherol activity in sunflower oil. In lard, the longest induction period was measured with 500 and 1000 ppm of green tea ethanol extract. Other tea extract concentrations were significantly less active. Statistical analysis of the tea extract antioxidant activity in lipids in the Rancimat test showed an essential influence of the catechin contents. Further statistical analysis also showed an influence of (?)‐epicatechin gallate (ECG), (?)‐epicatechin (EC), and (+)‐catechin (C) contents in the tea extracts on the antioxidant activity in lipids. It was stated that the antioxidant activity was higher in tea extracts containing high levels of ECG, EC, and C.