木质素磺酸钠的改性及其作为洗涤助剂的研究

对木质素磺酸盐(LSs)的理化性能和其作为洗涤助剂的应用潜力进行了研究,讨论了其在洗涤配方中的作用及其机理。实验结果表明:木质素磺酸钠改性产物(GLS)比木质素磺酸钠(LS)具有更好的乳化力、起泡力和钙皂分散力;经过漂白处理后,LS的漂白产物(LSW)白度保持值为91.93%,而GLS的漂白产物(GLSW)白度保持值可达99.37%,基本对标准白布不造成沾污,消除了其对洗涤过程的负面影响;将LS及其改性产物应用于衣物洗涤剂配方中具有明显的增强皮脂去污力特性,为洗涤用品原料的选择提供了一个新的方向。     

Soap-based detergent formulations: VI. Alkylaryl sulfonamide derivatives as lime soap dispersing agents

Alkylbenzenes, such as industrial detergent alkylates, as well as pure 1-phenylalkanes whose side chain lengths varied C₈−C₁₂, were converted into the corresponding alkylbenzenensulfonyl chlorides with chlorosulfonic acid. Surface active sulfonamides were obtained from the reaction of the sulfonyl chlorides with various low mol wt aminosulfonic acids, such as N-methyltaurine, or with aminoalkyl esters of sulfuric acid, such as 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate. The hydrolytic stability of the resulting surface active sulfonamide derivatives was investigated. As expected, the sulfonates were quite resistant to acid or alkaline hydrolysis, while the sulfates were more susceptible to hydrolysis. Hydrolytic stability of the sulfonamides was compared with that of the analogous fatty acid amide sulfactants. All of the compounds were excellent lime soap dispersing agents giving Borhetty-Bergman values of 4–10. The compounds were evaluated for detergency either alone or formulated either with tallow soap or with tallow soap and sodium silicate (Na₂O/SiO₂ ratio of 1∶1.6) The derivatives of the pure hydrocarbons which gave the best overall detergency were those of 1-phenyldecane and 1-phenyldodecane, whereas those of 1-phenyloctane exhibited poor detergency. This ranking was observed when the compounds were tested alone as well as when formulated. The sulfonamide derivatives of the detergent alkylate type of alkylbenzenes exhibited excellent detergency characteristics and showed substantial potentiation of detergency when mixed with soap or with a soap-sodium silicate blend. The detergency performance of some of these formulated detergents was equal to that of a commercial household detergent used as a control.     

Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hierarchical Sodium P Zeolite as a Nonphosphate Detergent Builder

This study reports the preparation of hierarchical NaP zeolite with the aim of obtaining a non-phosphate detergent builder as an alternative for environmental remediation from eutrophication phenomenon. Hierarchically structured NaP zeolite was easily synthesized hydrothermally and under different syntheses conditions. Samples were characterized using several standard techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and N₂ adsorption–desorption analysis. Three powder detergents were prepared by mixing main components such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium sulfate, sodium silicate, and sodium carbonate as well as different amounts of as-synthesized zeolite and sodium tripolyphosphate in the detergent formulation as potential detergency builders. Some different detergency tests as pH value, water insolubility, foam height, moisture content, alcohol insolubility, and surface tension measurement were carried out for all synthetic detergent samples and two commercial ones. The results demonstrated that the high cleaning performance of the powders was obtained as using eco-friendly zeolite builders in comparison with phosphate-based commercial and synthetic detergent samples.     

Physicochemical Properties and Phase Behavior of Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride/Alkyl Polyglycoside Surfactant Mixtures

Mixed surfactant systems, used in many formulations, have aroused great attention and interest from researchers and industry due to the possibility of synergism. Alkyl polyglycoside (APG) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) mixtures combine the excellent properties of pure surfactants and play an important role in the development of multi‐functional washing products. To study the synergism between APG and DDAC, the physicochemical properties of different mixed systems have been investigated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is about 180 mg·L^?1 and the surface tension at the CMC is about 26.0 mN·m^?1 at a mass fraction of 40 % DDAC (ω_DDAC40 %). The values are significantly lower than pure surfactants. The foaming property shows the best performance at ω_DDAC20 %. When the mass fraction of DDAC is 80 %, the mixture exhibits better wetting and emulsifying properties. Synergism was observed in surface tension, foaming and emulsifying properties, while the wetting ability and detergency exhibited no such effects. Phase behavior of the APG/DDAC/water ternary system has also been carried out by polarized optical microscope. The phase diagram is characterized by a micellar phase, a region where lamellar and micellar phases coexist and a lamellar phase.     

Improved cold-water detergency of malodourous soil correlating with hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation concept

The persistence of sebum after low-water-temperature washing can contribute to malodor and microbial growth during subsequent use; thus, this work focuses on improved sebum removal. The detergency of sebum at various hydrophobic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) values was performed using 0.1 w/v% C_12-13-8PO-SO₄Na and C₈-4PO-1EO-SO₄Na at 1:1 molar ratio. The detergency of synthetic sebum on 87/13 polyester/spandex was relatively poor (70% removal) at HLD = 0. Various additives (heptanol, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, decyltrimethyl ammonium bromide or sodium benzoate) were explored and it was found that none of them could facilitate sebum removal on the 87/13 polyester/spandex surface. On the other hand, adding low molecular weight primary amines (ethylene diamine, or monoethanolamine [MEA]) in the surfactant system without salt showed sebum removal of 70%–80% depending on the amine molecule. Adding MEA as a detergency additive with salt appeared to achieve good detergency (>80% removal) at all studied HLD numbers between −1.0 and 1.1 and the maximum detergency (approximately 90% removal) was observed at the optimum formulation (HLD = 0). The formulation pH with added MEA decreased from 11 to roughly 9. Detergency performance with added MEA was not dependent on pH within the studied basic conditions. The principal cold water sebum removal mechanism was found to be detachment of solid sebum fractions, dispersed in the detergent bath or floating on the bath surface.     

Foam Properties and Detergent Abilities of the Saponins from Camellia oleifera

The defatted seed meal of Camellia oleifera has been used as a natural detergent and its extract is commercially utilized as a foam-stabilizing and emulsifying agent. The goal of this study was to investigate the foam properties and detergent ability of the saponins from the defatted seed meal of C. oleifera. The crude saponin content in the defatted seed meal of C. oleifera was 8.34 and the total saponins content in the crude saponins extract was 39.5% (w/w). The foaming power of the 0.5 crude saponins extract solution from defatted seed meal of C. oleifera was 37.1 of 0.5 SLS solution and 51.3% to that of 0.5% Tween 80 solution. The R5 value of 86.0% represents good foam stability of the crude saponins extracted from the defatted seed meal of the plant. With the reduction of water surface tension from 72 mN/m to 50.0 mN/m, the 0.5% crude saponins extract solution has wetting ability. The sebum-removal experiment indicated that the crude saponins extract has moderate detergency. The detergent abilities of the saponins from C. oleifera and Sapindus mukorossi were also compared.     

The mixed surfactant system of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and alpha olefin sulfonate

Physicochemical and detergency studies on the mixed surfactant system of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate-sodium salt (LABS) and alpha olefin sulfonate-sodium salt (AOS) have been carried out. The binary surfactant system exhibits minima in the surface tension and in the critical micelle concentration when the two surfactants are present in the ratio 80:20, indicating synergism in the mixed monolayer and in mixed micelles at this proportion of the two surfactants. The mixed micelles improve hard-water tolerance of LABS and reduce the loss of LABSvia Ca(LABS)₂ precipitation. Addition of AOS to LABS improves its lime soap dispersion properties. The effect is highly significant when AOS is present at the 20% level in the mixed surfactant system. A synergistic mixture of the two surfactants, when used in phosphate-free, carbonate-built detergent product formulation, exhibits superior detergency, low ash deposit and better stainremoving ability when compared to products containing LABS as the sole active surfactant.     

Laundry Detergency of Solid Nonparticulate Soil or Waxy Solids: Part II. Effect of the Surfactant Type

In this work, methyl palmitate with a melting point around 30°C was used as a model of waxy soil. Its detergency was evaluated with a hydrophilic surface (cotton) or a hydrophobic surface (polyester) using different surfactants: alcohol ethoxylate (EO9), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), methyl ester sulfonate (MES), methyl ester ethoxylate (MEE), and two extended surfactants (C_12,14-10PO-2EO-SO₄Na and C_12,14-16PO-2EO-SO₄Na). The detergency efficiency at a 0.2 wt.% surfactant and 5 wt.% NaCl gradually increased while redeposition gradually decreased with increasing washing temperature in most studied surfactant solutions; this was observed both above and below the melting point of methyl palmitate on both studied fabrics. If the methyl palmitate was heated above the melting point when deposited on the fabric, it was better able to penetrate into the fabric matrix as compared to deposition below the melting point, resulting in poorer detergency for heated deposition, particularly for washing temperatures lower than the melting point. Among the surfactants studied, the nonionic surfactant (EO9) showed the highest detergency efficiency (73–94%) at any washing temperature especially on the polyester fabric. For washing temperatures below the melting point, detergency performance correlated well with the contact angle of surfactant solution on the solid methyl palmitate surface for all studied surfactants when salinity was varied. In this work, conditions resulting in the highest detergency below the melting point corresponded to the highest detergency above the melting point, suggesting this as a systematic approach to formulating below the melting point of the soil. Charge of particles or fabric was not observed to be important to the detergency mechanism, but steric factors resulting from surfactant adsorption were observed to be important mechanistic factors in waxy solid detergency.     

Characterization of Phosphate-Free Detergent Powders Incorporated with Palm C16 Methyl Ester Sulfonate (C16MES) and Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (LABSA)

Laboratory and pilot scale investigations were carried out on phosphate-free detergent (PFD) formulations comprising binary anionic surfactants of C16 palm methyl ester sulfonates (C16MES) and linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid (LABSA) with the aim of maximizing the incorporation of C16MES into low density detergent powders without compromising the detergency and other significant properties. Initial laboratory experiments revealed that the detergent powder resulting from C16MES/LABSA with a 50:50 ratio and pH 7–8 has acceptable detergency stability over 1 week of accelerated ageing test at 50 °C and 85 % relative humidity. Subsequent experiments were carried out in a 5-kg/h-capacity pilot spray dryer using PFD formulations of C16MES/LABSA over the whole range of weight ratios under the same pH of 7–8. The concentration of the detergent slurry and cleaning performance (detergency, foaming ability and wetting power) of the resulting spray dried detergent powder (SDDP) were evaluated. C16MES/LABSA in a 40:60 ratio was selected as the ideal formulation based on its optimum detergent slurry concentration and comparable cleaning performance against the control formulation. Further environmental tests have confirmed that SDDP obtained from the ideal formulation is readily biodegradable (60 % in 13 days) and exhibits low eco-toxicity properties (LC₅₀ of 11.3 mg/L).     

Decolorization of Sapindus Pericarp Extract by Hydrogen Peroxide and a Comparison of Basic Characteristics Before and After Decolorization

The saponins from the pericarps of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) are attracting more and more attention because of their antimicrobial activity and their ability to act as a natural surfactant. However, the color of Sapindus pericarp extract is dark brown, which limits its application in some products. The present study aims to improve the color by adding hydrogen peroxide. An orthogonal L₉ (3)⁴ test design was applied to optimize the decolorization parameters, including the amount of added hydrogen peroxide, time, temperature and pH. The extent of decolorization was up to 89.5 % below 80 °C within 80 min, using 2.5 % hydrogen peroxide at pH 6. The characteristics of Sapindus pericarp extract before and after bleaching were compared, including the antimicrobial and foaming performance, surface activities and detergency properties. There was no significant difference in either the diameters of the inhibition zone or the minimum inhibitory concentration against Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P < 0.05), while these parameters for C. albicans, T. rubrum and P. aeruginosa for the sample after decolorization were 22.33, 25.00, 15.33 mm and 0.91, 0.91, 13.03 mg/mL, respectively. The foamability of the Sapindus pericarp extract after decolorization was somewhat enhanced and the foam stability reduced (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in values of the critical micelle concentration of the pericarp extract before and after decolorization. The detergency also remained at the same level. Our results show that the properties of the decolorized Sapindus pericarp extract were largely unchanged. This suggests that further development is worthwhile.     

Application of Cocultures of Fungal Mycelium during Solid-State Fermentation of Canola Meal for Potential Feed Application

In this study, the mono-, bi-, and tri-cultivation of Aureobasidium pullulans, Neurospora crassa, and Trichoderma reesei in solid-state fermentation were applied to improve the nutritional values of hexane extracted canola meal (HECM) along with the reduction of antinutritional factors for animal feed applications. Static fermentation trials of 50% moisture content HECM were conducted in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks for 168 hours at 30 °C. The results showed that fungal cultivation had positive effects on the level of protein, fiber, and, glucosinolates (GLS). Monoculture of N. crassa exhibited the highest protein level of 49%. The combination of A. pullulans and N. crassa provided the highest reduction of crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber by 21.9%, 1.7%, and 9.1%, respectively. Bi-culture of A. pullulans and T. reesei resulted in the best GLS reduction by 81.3% (0.3 vs. 1.6 μM g⁻¹ GLS of uninoculated control). These results indicate that each fungal strain possesses different enzymatic ability and selectively can work with other fungi in synergistic relationship for better fungal conversion of canola meal.     

Detergency of Vegetable Oils and Semi‐Solid Fats Using Microemulsion Mixtures of Anionic Extended Surfactants: The HLD Concept and Cold Water Applications

In spite of the increasing interest in cold temperature detergency of vegetable oils and fats, very limited research has been published on this topic. Extended surfactants have recently been shown to produce very promising detergency with vegetable oils at ambient temperature. However, the excessive salinity requirement (4–14 %) for these surfactants has limited their use in practical applications. In this work, we investigated the mixture of a linear C₁₀–18PO–2EO–NaSO₄ extended surfactant and a hydrophobic twin‐tailed sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate surfactant for cold temperature detergency of vegetable oils and semi‐solid fats. Four vegetable oils of varying melting points (from ?10 to 28 °C) were studied, these were canola, jojoba, coconut and palm kernel oils. Anionic surfactant mixtures showed synergism in detergency performance compared to single surfactant systems. At temperatures above the melting point, greater than 90 % detergency was achieved at 0.5 % NaCl. While detergency performance decreased at temperatures below the melting point, it was still superior to that of a commercial detergent (up to 80 vs. 40 %). Further, results show that the experimental microemulsion phase behaviors correlated very well with predictions from the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation concept.     

脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物的物化性能研究

对不同烷链和不同EO加合数的脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物的物化性能进行了测试,并对FMEE在洗衣粉中替代AEO9进行了初步研究。结果表明,与脂肪醇乙氧基化物相比,FMEE泡沫低,水溶速度快,对油脂增溶能力强,用棕榈油甲酯乙氧基化物替代AEO9在洗衣粉中应用可改善去污性能并降低成本。     

利用橘皮精油制备“绿色”洗涤膏

橘皮精油的主要成分D-柠檬烯具有较强的去污能力、天然的芳香味及抑菌功效。本论文以去污力为考察指标,通过单因素实验研究了橘皮精油,十二烷基磺酸钠及三乙醇胺的配比,制备出一种去污力较强的“绿色”环保型洗涤膏。其最佳配比为：D-柠檬烯：5．0％,十二烷基磺酸钠：13．6％,乙醇：4．4％,三乙醇胺：29．0％,氯化钠：2．2％,蒸馏水：45．8％。并对含橘皮精油的洗涤膏、市售洗涤剂的洗涤去污效粜进行了比较研究。测试结果表明,所制备的含橘皮精油洗涤膏与市售洗涤剂沈涤效果相当（去污比值约为1）,且在洗涤树脂类污垢优于市售洗涤剂（去污比值为1．2）。     

脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物及其配方体系的性能研究

对脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物FMEE-24-9的基础性能(泡沫性能、乳化性能、润湿性能、去污力和水溶性)进行了测试,并与AEO-9进行了比较;对FMEE-24-9在浓缩洗衣液配方体系中替代AEO-9做了初步研究,考察了在浓缩洗衣液配方体系中FMEE-24-9替代AEO-9对洗衣液泡沫性能、稳定性和去污力的影响。结果表明,FMEE-24-9水溶液在质量分数为50%左右时黏度最大,且未出现凝胶,与AEO-9相比,FMEE-24-9的泡沫低、润湿性和水溶性好,而且去污力与AEO-9相当;在浓缩洗衣液配方体系中用FMEE-24-9替代AEO-9,泡沫性能和稳定性变化不大,去污力有所改善。     

Correlation of hard surface detergency,soil, and surfactant

In the practical detergency range between the 90% soil removal point (the CC-1 concentration) and the point at twice the CC-1 concentration (the CC-2 point), hard surface (steel) detergency (D) is a linear function of micellar solubilization (S) such that D=K₁S+K₂, for glyceryl trioleate, oleic acid, and lauryl alcohol soils. Equations of this form were obtained for glyceryl trioleate systems using polyethenoxyethers of nonyl phenol and tridecyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, and sodium oleate. It was shown that the constants K₁ and K₂ of the detergency equation possess more than mathematical significance. Analysis of the equations for the 15, 20, and 40 ethylene oxide mole ratio adducts of nonyl phenol with glyceryl trioleate soil revealed that K₁ varied linearily with HLB of the adducts and that the K₂-log interfacial tension function (at the CC-1 point) was linear. Examination of the equations for the 20, 50, and 100 mole ratio adducts of nonyl phenol with oleic acid soil indicated also that K₁ was a function of HLB and that K₂ was a function of interfacial tension (at the CC-1 point). The detergency equations of a single surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate) and three soils (triolein, lauryl alcohol, and oleic acid) indicated K₁ was a function of soil dipole moment, and K₂ was a function of soil surface tension.     

Novel Hydroxylated Cardanol Quaternary Ammonium Salts from Renewable Resource and its Synergistic Vesicles of Binary and Ternary Composite System in Detergent

A series of novel hydroxylated cardanol quaternary ammonium salts (HCQAS 3a–3g) with one or two hydroxyl groups, derived from renewable cardanol, a plant-based and low-cost material natural cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), have been rationally designed and investigated as additive in detergent. CMC, γ_CMC, C₂₀, pC₂₀, and CMC/C₂₀ were employed to exhibit the surface properties of HCQAS, reflecting that the surfactivity were superior to general cationic surfactants. In addition, HCQAS revealed excellent water solubility and wettability by krafft point and contact angle tests. Moreover, emulsifiability and foamability conversions were monitored versus time and volume of foam, respectively. Also, TEM micrographs were taken to provide the aggregation morphologies of HCQAS 3a aqueous solution at different concentration. Furthermore, HCQAS 3a and BGF-10 binary composite system as well as HCQAS 3a, BGF-10, and SDBS ternary composite system were investigated by CMC, γ_CMC, emulsifiability, and foamability to determine the optimum molar ratio (HCQAS 3a: BGF-10: SDBS = 0.24:0.36:0.4), and then, analysis of morphology by TEM showed that the incorporation of HCQAS 3a, BGF-10, and SDBS in aqueous solution accelerated the formation of abundant vesicles with large volume and surface area. Finally, a green concentrated detergent was designed and prepared with the filtered ratio, where the presence of vesicles greatly enhanced detergency to promisingly replace the familiar use of petroleum-based TX-10 in detergent. This study on the structure and performance of HCQAS may shed some light on the development of novel environmentally friendly surfactant.     

A double label radiotracer approach to detergency studies

The comparative detergency of a series of built detergents of commercial interest has been measured via the use of a doubly labeled multicomponent synthetic soil. Four test fabrics: cotton, nylon, Dacron, and Dacron/cotton were soiled with the seven-component soil, which was in turn almost completely and then individually labeled. The fabrics were washed in a conventional Tergotometer under cold-water and hot-water conditions. Analyses of the fabrics before and after washing were made by liquid scintillation counting. Two sets of experiments were run, the first based on cold-water detergent formulation (heavy-duty liquid), the second based on hot-water detergent formulation (heavy-duty powder). A number of nonionic surfactants were compared with linear alkyl aryl sulfonate in the first set, and two anionics were compared with two nonionics in the second set. Expressing results as total detergency, i.e., amount of soil removed from all four fabrics, it was found that, under cold-water conditions, LAS (average side chain C₁₃) is significantly less effective than the nonionics investigated. The linear primary alcohol (C₁₂-C₁₅ and C₁₄-C₁₅) ethoxylates removed slightly more soil than the ethoxylates of a Ziegler alcohol (C₁₄, C₁₆, C₁₈) and random secondary alcohols (C₁₁-C₁₅). The same tabulation for the heavy-duty powder formulations under hot-water conditions showed LAS to be least effective over-all, sulfated linear primary alcohol somewhat more effective, and ethoxylated linear, primary alcohol slightly more effective still. Redeposition of the various soil components onto unsoiled cotton was found to be slight, ranging from 0.2% to 1.7% of the amount in the wash water. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Philadelphia, October 1966. US Testing Service, Hoboken, N. J.     

A triply labeled particulate soil for detergency studies

A kaolinite type of clay made radioactive by neutron irradiation (Spinks Bandy Black), described in an earlier report, has undergone extensive testing to determine its suitability as a particulate component of an artificial radioactive soil. The other components of the soil are labeled with¹⁴C and tritium. The incorporation of the radioactive clay into an established soil required the development of a reproducible padding procedure and the development of suitable analytical methods for the clay, as well as modification of the existing method for¹⁴C and tritium in the presence of the radioactive clay. A problem arose when it was noticed that, after the padding step, the specific activity of the clay adhering to the fabric was higher than the starting clay. This was traced to the fact that Spinks Bandy Black is not only a mixture of varying particle sizes, but of changing chemical composition with varying particle size. Thus, one could not readily convert radioactivity to weight. The problem has been resolved by resorting to chemical analysis for SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ of a few representative swatches from each padding run to give the weight of clay per swatch and thus the specific activity. Chemical and radiochemical analyses of the swatches after laundering have demonstrated that further disproportionation of the clay is minor. A large Terg-O-tometer washing study was made under a variety of conditions to determine the precision of the method for all three labeled components of the soil. It was found from sets of four replicates that the precision for clay detergency is ±2.5%; for the polar fatty soil detergency (¹⁴C) is ±2.3%; and for the nonpolar fatty soil detergency (tritium) is ±3.5%. Redeposition of the clay in the presence of a built detergent is usually less than 1%.     

Interactions in the system: Clay-detergent-cellulose

The McBain equation describing detergency was used to study the process cellulose·clay+detergent= cellulose·detergent+clay·detergent, by taking thoroughly purified cotton, montmorillonite swelling clay, and n−C₁₂H₂₅O (CH₂CH₂O)−₁₄H as well as other nonionic and anionic detergents. The three binary equilibria which add up to this ternary system were also studied. X-ray diffraction showed that monionic detergents sorbed by the clay were intercalated between adjacent, 9.5 Å thick lattice layers of clay with their chains parallel to these layers, in sheets one or two molecules thick. The process was accompanied by dehydration and proceeded down to low equilibrium detergent concentrations. The deflocculation of sodium montmorillonite suspensions by polyoxyethylated compounds was shown by an increase in turbidity and decreases in viscosity and sedimentation volume. Cellulose sorbed C₁₂H₂₅O (CH₂CH₂O)₁₄H reversibly. Its uptake was considerably less than that of clay on a weight basis but was comparable on an area basis. Kaolinite and calcium montmorillonite picked up by cellulose from aqueous suspensions were gradually removed by washing with water, following first-order kinetics. Of the sodium montmorillonite picked up, 0.13±0.01% could not be removed by washing with water. This level of tenaciously retained clay was independent of clay concentration, rate of stirring, and temperature. The ash of fabric treated with sodium montmorillonite was a shrunken replica of the fabric, preserving microscopic details faithfully. This and comparison of the specific surface areas of cotton and sodium montmorillonite indicate that cotton was completely coated with clay to an average depth of three to four lattice layers. The reason for this thickness is that the primary particles in sodium montmorillonite dispersions are packets of three to four lattice layers. Anionic and cationic detergents removed little or none of the 0.13% sodium montmorillonite. Polyoxyethylated and polyoxypropylated compounds removed part but always left behind at least 0.04%. This is the amount of clay required to cover the cellulose surface completely with a sheet of single, nonoverlapping lattice layers. However, when brought into contact in the presence of nonionic detergents, cellulose retained no sodium montmorillonite at all.