Characterization of biofilm of a rotating biological contactor treating synthetic wastewater

A four-stage rotating biological contactor (RBC) was designed and operated to treat synthetic wastewater containing 1,000 mg/l chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 112 mg/l NH(4)(+)-N. A mixed culture bacterial biofilm was developed consisting of a heterotrophic bacterium Paracoccus pantotrophus, nitrifiers and other heterotrophs. Applying the peculiar characteristics of P. pantotrophus of simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification, high simultaneous removal of carbon and nitrogen could be achieved in the fully aerobic RBC. The microbial community structure of the RBC biofilm was categorized based on the nitrate reduction, biochemical reactions, gram staining and morphology. The presence of P. pantotrophus within the RBC biofilm was confirmed with an array of biochemical tests. Isolates from the four stages of RBC were grouped into complete denitrifiers, incomplete denitrifiers and non-denitrifiers. This categorization showed a higher relative abundance of P. pantotrophus in the first stage as compared with subsequent stages, in which other nitrifiers and heterotrophs were significantly present. High total nitrogen removal of upto 68% was in conformity with observations made using microbial categorization and biochemical tests. The high relative abundance of P. pantotrophus in the biofilm revealed that it could successfully compete with other heterotrophs and autotrophic nitrifiers in mixed bacterial biomass.     

Study of rotating biological contactor performance in wastewater treatment using multi-culture biofilm model.

The rotating biological contactor (RBC) process offers the specific advantages of a biofilm system in treatment of wastewater for removal of soluble organic substances and stabilisation of nitrogen compounds. Being a unique adaptation of the moving-medium biofilm system, it facilitates easy and effective oxygen transfer. However, process optimisation and adaptability under different conditions remain challenging tasks for the efficient use of this technology. Although modelling helps to study system performance under various external conditions, satisfactory mathematical representation is lacking due to the dynamic nature of the RBC system. In this work, it has been attempted to frame a mathematical model for a three-stage RBC process in simple and realistic ways. The model is based on the well-known principles of one-dimensional mass transfer and transport of substances. The biochemical conversion process is adopted from the Activated Sludge Model No. 3 which represents a mixed-culture biomass environment. Owing to the dynamic nature of oxygen transfer, which is the typical limiting substrate in municipal wastewaters, the boundary layer is assumed to be completely mixed and concentrations averaged over the entire volume. A part of the boundary layer is assumed to be exposed to air and the rest submerged in bulk liquid at all times. The model results are compared with laboratory-scale experimental data available at 25 'C. Sensitivity analysis is performed with the model to study the significance of variation of different system parameters or the surrounding environment. In essence, the model helps to explore the flexibilities within a RBC system and optimise the process design accordingly.     

Nitrogen loss in a nitrifying rotating contactor treating ammonium rich leachate without organic carbon

Extended loss (up to 70%) of nitrogen is observed in a nitrifying rotating biological contactor (RBC) treating ammonium - rich leachate of a hazardous waste landfill. Due to pretreatment (flocculation, BOD-removal, activated carbon) DOC was less than 20 mg/l so heterotrophic denitrification can be excluded. The nitrification rate reaches 3-4 g NH₄-N m⁻² d⁻¹ at a pH of 7-7.3 in the first two of three RBC compartments. An increasing partial pressure of oxygen and ammonium concentration favor nitrogen removal over ammonium oxidation. The reduction of nitrite produced in the aerobic biofilm layer close to the surface might therefore be coupled with ammonium oxidation and takes place in the deeper or temporarily anoxic layer of the biofilm.     

离心泵叶轮旋转失速团特性分析

旋转失速是一种会显著降低水泵性能的不稳定流动现象。为研究离心泵旋转失速团的特性,采用动态混合非线性SGS模型对一离心泵叶轮进行了大涡模拟,得到了泵内部失速流场和压力脉动特性。研究发现,对于所研究的叶轮来讲,叶轮失速频率为转频的24%,叶轮内存在3个失速团,失速团的转速为叶轮转速的8%。对不同时间的内部流场进行分析,可以看到失速团首先产生于叶片吸力面,并逐渐增大,几乎阻塞了整个流道,导致顺着叶轮旋转方向的相邻叶片的进口冲角减小,该通道过流能力提高,退出阻塞状态;而在逆叶轮旋转方向的相邻叶片的进口冲角增大,通流能力减弱,直到流场也发生阻塞。按照这种传播规律,失速团在叶轮流道内以8%的叶轮转速缓慢传播。     

循环冷却水系统中的余热利用探讨

明确了循环冷却水系统余热利用的目的,介绍了冷却水余热利用的两种主要方法.对余热利用的形式进行了比较和分析,从综合的角度提出了间接利用方式较直接利用方式更有优势.     

Denitrification with polycaprolactone as solid substrate in a laboratory-scale recirculated aquaculture system.

A denitrification system based on the biodegradable polymer Poly-epsilon-Caprolactone (PCL) was tested in a laboratory-scale recirculated aquaculture system with eels in comparison to a reference system without denitrification. The experiments were conducted with fluidized bed reactors in two parallel systems to examine the feasibility and performance of the process and to observe the condition of fishes by measuring weight gain during the test-period. The most evident effect of the system with denitrification was the low nitrate concentration compared with the untreated reference system. A further advantage was the stability of the pH in the systems with denitrification whereas pH of the untreated water decreased due to nitrification. All over the test-period the eels showed a similar weight gain in both systems.     

Application of PTFE membrane for ammonia removal in a membrane contactor

The feasibility of a membrane contactor system for ammonia removal was studied. The mass transfer coefficient was used to quantitatively compare the effect of various operation conditions on ammonia removal efficiency. Effective removal of ammonia was possible with a Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane contactor system at all tested conditions. Among the various operation parameters, contact time and solution pH showed significant effect on the ammonia removal mechanism. The overall ammonia removal rate was not affected by influent suspended solution concentration unlike other pressure driven membrane filtration processes. Also the osmotic distillation phenomena which deteriorate the mass transfer efficiency can be minimized by preheating of influent wastewater. A membrane contactor system can be a possible alternative to treat high strength nitrogen wastewater by optimizing operation conditions such as stripping solution flow rate, influent wastewater temperature, and influent pH.     

Evaluation of recirculating sand filter in a cold climate.

Approximately 30% of Minnesota's residents rely on onsite technologies for their wastewater treatment. There is a growing need for 'alternative' technologies to aid in treatment for difficult sites and sensitive environmental areas. Recirculating sand filters (RSFs) have been used since the 1970s for small communities with flows > 20,000 L per day, but use for small flow application (< 5,000 L/d) has been growing due to its small land use requirement. A research site was developed in southern Minnesota in 1995 to test alternative technologies, including two RSFs. In addition, in 1998, two RSFs were added to existing residential soil treatment systems that were having problems because of inadequate separation and fill soil conditions. All RSFs in this study used 0.6 metres of coarse sand for treatment, were loaded at approximately 204 L per day per square metre (5 gallons per square foot per day) and a recirculation rate of 5:1. All RSFs have effectively reduced Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Fecal Coliform (FC) and Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These systems are able to achieve secondary effluent treatment levels for BOD5 and TSS. The median FC reduction was 90% with a value of 5.7 E4 cfu/100 mL, indicating additional treatment is necessary to protect health and the environment. The RSFs consistently removed 25% or more total phosphorus (TP) and 40% or more total nitrogen (TN). The RSFs did not show significantly decreased performance during the winter months. Two of the RSFs receiving rather high strength domestic waste were able to reduce a greater percentage of total nitrogen, indicated that the addition of carbon from the high strength waste is a benefit resulting in greater TN removal.     

交流接触器的应用和故障分析

1接触器用途分类接触器是一种自动化的控制电器,主要用于频繁接通或分断交、直流电路,控制容量大,可远距离操作,配合继电器可以实现定时操作,联锁控制,各种定量控制和失压及欠压保护,广泛应用于自动控制电路;其主要控制对象是电动机,也可用于控制其它电力负载,如电热器、照明、电焊机、电容器组等。接触器按被控电流的种类可分为交流接触器和直流接触器。本文将主要介绍常用的交流接触器。1·1交流接触器接触器触头按通断能力,可分为主触头和辅助触头。主触头主要用于通断较大电流的电路(此电路称主电路),它的体积较大,一般由三对常开触头组…     

臭氧接触池的计算流体力学模拟

臭氧接触池的水力特性直接影响着微生物消毒效果。利用计算流体力学(CFD)技术,采用欧拉多相流模型和标准k-ε湍流模型对单管臭氧接触池内的流场进行数值模拟。结果表明:单管式臭氧接触池内臭氧分布比较均匀,基本上没有"死区"现象的产生,可以保证较高的消毒效率,但是气体气泡大量聚集在接触池出口槽下方。模拟结果对单管式臭氧接触池的优化有一定的借鉴作用。     

Evaluation of denitrification potential of rotating biological contactors for treatment of municipal wastewater.

In this study the effect of retention time and rotation speed in the denitrification process in two full-scale rotating biological contactors (RBC) which were operated parallel and fed with municipal wastewater is evaluated. Each rotating biological contactor was covered to prevent oxygen input. The discs were 40% submerged. On the axle of one of the rotating biological contactors lamellas were placed (RBC1). During the experiments the nitrate removal performance of the rotating biological contactor with lamellas was observed to be less than the other (RBC2) since the lamellas caused oxygen diffusion through their movement. The highest nitrate removal observed was 2.06 g/m2.d achieved by a contact time of 28.84 minutes and a recycle flow of 1 l/s. The rotation speed during this set had the constant value of 0.8 min(-1). Nitrate removal efficiency on RBC1 was decreasing with increasing rotation speed. On the rotating biological contactor without lamellas no effect on denitrification could be determined within a speed range from 0.67 to 2.1 min-1. If operated in proper conditions denitrification on RBC is a very suitable alternative for nitrogen removal that can easily fulfil the nutrient limitations in coastal areas due to the rotating biological contactors economical benefits and uncomplicated handling.     

Biofilm characterization of several wastewater treatment plants with rotating biological contactors in Madrid (Spain)

Ciliate communities were studied in the biofilms of three planes with rotating biological contactors (RBCs) over the period of one year. The aims of this study were: (i) to characterize ciliates to species level; (ii) to determine their abundance and spatial variation through the biological system; and (iii) to relate the spatial segregation and richness of ciliate species to plant performance. A number of species ranging from 33 to 67 were identified at the different plants. The overall best represented groups were peritrichs followed by scuticociliates (Las Matas), cyrtophorids (Boadilla) or hypotrichs (Camarma). Comparison of RBCs and activated sludge communities indicated that even though both were mainly constituted by peritrichs, differences in groups and species composition were observed.     

Simultaneous biological removal of sulphide and nitrate by autotrophic denitrification in an activated sludge system.

The feasibility of an autotrophic denitrification process in an activated sludge reactor, using sulphide as the electron donor, was tested for simultaneous denitrification and sulphide removal. The reactor was operated at nitrate (N) to sulphide (S) ratios between 0.5 and 0.9 to evaluate their effect on the N-removal efficiency, the S-removal efficiency and the product formation during anoxic oxidation of sulphide. One hundred per cent removal of both nitrate and sulphide was achieved at a NLR of 7.96 mmol N-L(-1) x d(-1) (111.44 mg NO3- -N x L(-1) x d(-1)) and at a N/S ratio of 0.89 with complete oxidation of sulphide to sulphate. The oxygen level in the reactor (10%) was found to influence the N-removal efficiency by inhibiting the denitrification process. Moreover, chemical (or biological) oxidation of sulphide with oxygen occurred, resulting in a loss of the electron donor. FISH analysis was carried out to study the microbial population in the system.     

Performance of a modified RBC system in simulated municipal wastewater treatment

A new method based on rotating biological contactor (RBC) was employed for solving the problems of long hydraulic retention times (HRT) low specific surface area and organic loading rates (OLR) in conventional RBCs. The system showed its particular adsorption ability of microorganisms in the biofilm-attaching period. Microbes on the first cage were observed in comparison with the second one. Packing biodisc also had a good shock load tolerance. It was observed that the system performance improved at higher HRTs, while at the increased level of input OLR, the removal performance worsened slightly. The positive role of rotational speed in the treatment of municipal wastewater was more pronounced in the range of 10-12 rpm. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate achieved 94% under the optimal operating conditions, which were HRT of 1.5 h, rotational speed of 9.9 rpm. The modified RBC system is highly beneficial to engineering application for better system performance and lower energy consumption.     

Aspects of preferential flow paths in an apulian fissured aquifer using in-situ measurements

Conclusions The in-situ measurements show that Darcy's velocity is 0.95 m/d, while two different values for both real velocity kinematic porosity can be estimated. The difference is about 24% in both parameters.An analysis of this first experiment suggests the existence of two preferential paths for the water due to the fissured nature of the solid matrix. To validate these hypotheses, some experiments on a lab model have been carried out, where a similar behavior has been observed. Of course, these considerations cannot be extrapolated to the whole aquifer because of a lack of other in-situ measurements in different parts of the same aquifer.In any case, this problem will be extensively analysed as a part of the research project in progress at the IRSA Experimental Laboratory of Bari.The main objective of this project is to adapt the two wells method for measuring the hydrodispersive parameters for different situations of a fissured aquifer.     

三峡永久船闸现地监控系统设计

三峡永久船闸为双线连续 5级船闸 ,每线船闸由 6个闸首和 5个闸室组成。每一闸首段两侧各设一个液压启闭机房 ,每个液压启闭机房设一个液压站 ,每个液压站设一个现地控制站 (简称子站 )。每线共设 12个液压站 ,两线共设 2 4个子站。每个闸首的 2个子站互为备用 ,且同时投入运行 ,运行时只有一个子站的控制信号输出。各子站必须具备操作功能、控制功能、保护功能和信息采集功能。对三峡永久船闸现地监控系统的设计作了详细介绍。     

封闭循环养殖系统氨氮和亚硝酸盐去除效果研究

工厂化封闭循环养殖系统中,人为控制的高度介入,使得水体中氮的各种形态转化和循环过程发生了改变。其中氨氮和亚硝酸盐对系统水体环境的影响尤为突出。本文通过持续监测长春市海水养殖示范基地封闭循环养殖系统中氨氮和亚硝酸含量的变化规律及其他水化因素对氨氮和亚硝酸含量的影响。测得到其封闭循环养殖系统对氨氮的去除效率为70%左右,对亚硝酸盐的去除效率为10%左右,对封闭的循环水养殖系统对氨氮和亚硝酸盐的去除效果研究和探讨,为海水养殖示范基地优化工厂化养殖和保护水环境提供科学依据。     

Knowledge-based fuzzy system for diagnosis and control of an integrated biological wastewater treatment process.

A supervisory expert system based on fuzzy logic rules was developed for diagnosis and control of a laboratory- scale plant comprising anaerobic digestion and anoxic/aerobic modules for combined high rate biological N and C removal. The design and implementation of a computational environment in LabVIEW for data acquisition, plant operation and distributed equipment control is described. A step increase in ammonia concentration from 20 to 60 mg N/L was applied during a trial period of 73 h. Recycle flow rate from the aerobic to the anoxic module and bypass flow rate from the influent directly to the anoxic reactor were the output variables of the fuzzy system. They were automatically changed (from 34 to 111 L/day and from 8 to 13 L/day, respectively), when new plant conditions were recognised by the expert system. Denitrification efficiency higher than 85% was achieved 30 h after the disturbance and 15 h after the system response at an HRT as low as 1.5 h. Nitrification efficiency gradually increased from 12 to 50% at an HRT of 3 h. The system proved to react properly in order to set adequate operating conditions that led to timely and efficient recovery of N and C removal rates.     

Performance evaluation and effect of biogas circulation rate of a bubble column for biological desulfurization

Biological desulfurization using a bubble column reactor was investigated in a continuous biogas treatment. Rapid biogas circulation between the digester and the bubble column for biological desulfurization was used to stimulate the gas-liquid mass transfer of H(2)S. A positive correlation between the biogas circulation rate and H(2)S removal rate was observed. Moreover, the increase in the circulation rate stimulated the O(2) mass transfer, eventually translating into an increase in sulfate production from the oxidation of H(2)S. Throughout the continuous experiment, the reactor retained sufficient levels of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. A comparison of the results of the continuous biogas treatment and batch tests suggests that the gas-liquid mass transfer rate of H(2)S was the rate-limiting step in the biological desulfurization in the reactor, indicating that the mass transfer efficiency of H(2)S needs to be improved to enhance the desulfurization performance.