单模聚焦微波辐射酶促合成PLA-PEG-PLA三嵌段共聚物

采用Discover微波精确有机合成系统及其单模聚焦微波辐射技术与空压气体同步冷却技术,分别以脂肪酶和辛酸亚锡为催化剂,聚乙二醇(PEG)为大分子引发剂引发消旋丙交酯(D,L-LA)开环聚合制备PLA-PEG-PLA共聚物,通过正交实验研究了功率、催化剂种类和用量、时间和温度对共聚物产率的影响,确定了最佳合成条件.在此...     

聚乳酸单体-丙交酯的合成

以D,L-乳酸为单体,无水氧化锌(ZnO)为催化剂,低真空条件下乳酸先缩聚后解聚制备了D,L-丙交酯.考察了脱水温度、脱水率、催化剂用量、解聚温度对丙交酯产率的影响.改进丙交酯的提纯方法,提高了丙交酯的重结晶收率.毛细管熔点法测定了产物的熔点,并用红外光谱、差示扫描量熟法、X-射线衍射分析对产物进行了分析表征.结果表明,所得产物为高纯的环状丙交酯.     

乳酸钠催化合成丙交酯的研究

以乳酸钠为催化剂,研究了乳酸合成丙交酯过程中温度、压力、催化剂用量、脱水时间等因素对丙交酯产率的影响.用熔点测定仪和红外光谱仪对丙交酯进行了表征.对乳酸低聚物的形成和裂解作了分析.结果表明,乳酸钠具有良好催化效果,丙交酯初产率达81%,最佳反应条件分别是:催化剂用量1.5%,脱水阶段温度130℃、真空度-0.030MPa,脱水时间3h,裂解阶段应在230℃和-0.095MPa下反应3h.     

微波辐射D,L-丙交酯开环聚合制备聚乳酸

为得到聚乳酸的最佳制备工艺,利用微波辐射技术实现D,L-丙交酯开环聚合制备聚乳酸,实验考查了催化剂种类和用量,微波辐照功率和时间等工艺参数对产物分子量的影响,以及反应过程中体系温度的变化.研究表明,以连续微波炉作为反应器,催化剂Sn(Oct)2用量为丙交酯单体用量的0.56%(质量分数),在功率为90 W的连续微波辐射下反应10 m in,可获得粘均分子量(Mη)为15.92×104的聚乳酸(PDLLA).与家用微波炉相比,采用连续微波炉反应器,可在较短的反应时间内获得较高产率的聚乳酸产物.     

生物可吸收材料PDLLA的聚合条件研究

通过乳酸脱水合成出高纯度的D ,L 丙交酯。以辛酸亚锡为引发剂 ,进行丙交酯开环聚合为聚乳酸 (PDLLA)的实验研究。讨论了D ,L 丙交酯开环聚合的影响因素和PDLLA聚合条件     

超临界CO2中CS-g-PDLLA的合成及其与PDLLA多孔支架材料的原位构建

首先以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,消旋丙交酯(D,L-LA)与壳聚糖(CS)为原料,在超临界二氧化碳(scCO_2)中合成了以PDLLA为基体、CS-g-PDLLA共聚物为填充相的共混体系,然后通过scCO_2萃取/致孔技术原位构建了CS-g-PDLLA/PDLLA多孔支架材料。对共聚物的结构与性能、PDLLA的分子量进行了表征,对多孔支架的结构形态进行观察,并对支架材料的孔隙率进行测定。结果表明,以scCO_2为反应介质,成功合成了PDLLA均聚物和CS-g-PDLLA共聚物,同时,通过改变原料比、反应温度和时间能在一定程度上调控共聚物的组成与PDLLA的分子量以及产率。CS-g-PDLLA/PDLLA多孔支架材料的孔洞分布均匀,孔洞连通性较好,孔内壁具有非常独特的长沟壑形微观结构,且CS-g-PDLLA填充相与PDLLA基体的相容性良好;减压速率和处理温度对多孔支架的结构形态有一定影响。     

一种生物可降解材料PDLLA-(MAh-PEG)_n-PDLLA的合成与表征

丙交酯(LA)开环聚合时同时引入功能性单体合成含活性基团的可降解聚合物,是目前对聚乳酸(PLA)类材料进行改性的一个重要研究方向。文中首先以聚乙二醇(PEG)和马来酸酐(MAh)为原料,采用溶液缩聚法制得聚乙二醇与马来酸酐的交替预聚物(MAh-PEG)n;然后以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,(MAh-PEG)n为引发剂,引发D,L-丙交酯(D,L-LA)开环聚合,制得聚(D,L-乳酸)(PDLLA)与(MAh-PEG)n的共聚物PDLLA-(MAh-PEG)n-PDLLA。采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、核磁共振(NMR)等方法对共聚物的结构和性质进行研究。结果发现,随着(MAh-PEG)n用量的增加,共聚物的分子量有所下降。这种聚合物的主链含有不饱和双键和亲水性的链段,预计将成为一种新的生物可降解材料。     

D,L-丙交酯的合成条件优化研究

制备了SO42-/Al2O3/La3 固体超强酸和辛酸亚锡复配作为丙交酯合成的催化剂.经多种催化剂的催化效率比较,进行多组实验发现该催化剂在较高反应压力下高产丙交酯的合成条件.结果表明,催化剂、反应温度、脱水时间等对丙交酯的产率有显著影响.     

单模聚焦微波作用下端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)的合成与表征

在单模聚焦微波辐射作用下,以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,炔丙醇为小分子引发剂引发L-丙交酯开环聚合合成了端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)。通过正交实验考察了各种反应条件对产物产率的影响,得出最佳的聚合反应条件如下:反应温度110℃,微波功率45W,辐照时间45min,催化剂用量0.1%。在此基础上,通过改变n(L-丙交酯)∶n(炔丙醇)投料比合成了一系列端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯),通过FT-IR、1H NMR、DSC、XRD和GPC对其结构与性能进行了研究。结果表明,在微波作用下,快速、高效地合成了端炔基修饰的聚(L-丙交酯)目标产物,且产物的结构与性能可以通过改变n(L-丙交酯)∶n(炔丙醇)投料比在一定程度上进行调控,随着L-丙交酯投料量增大,产物的分子量逐渐增大,熔点逐渐升高。     

药物缓释材料聚磷酸酯-聚乳酸的直接熔融聚合法合成工艺研究

以外消旋乳酸(D,L-LA)、乙二醇和二氯磷酸苯酯为原料,通过熔融聚合法直接合成生物降解材料聚磷酸酯-聚乳酸,用凝胶渗透色谱测定产物的相对分子质量,探讨了预聚方式、催化剂种类和用量,以及熔融聚合反应时间、反应温度对共聚物相对分子质量的影响.在160℃、70Pa、催化剂ZnO的用量0.5%的条件下熔融聚合8h,共聚物的重均分子量可达9200,可以用于药物缓释微球.新合成方法有利于降低聚磷酸酯-聚乳酸作为药物缓释载体材料的合成成本.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from