激光束海面散射回波建模与仿真

海面散射回波是激光探测系统探测低空掠海目标时的主要干扰,基于Pierson-Moscowitz海浪谱建立了不同风速下粗糙海面的几何模型,并将其作为海面的高度场。在对海面进行面元分割的基础上,根据Cox-Munk关于海浪坡度的统计模型计算了面元的反射回波,建立了粗糙海面的光散射模型,利用该模型对一种圆锥视场入射激光束的散射光分布及探测器接收功率进行了仿真计算。研究结果表明,粗糙海面的散射光分布与入射角度及风速相关,圆锥视场入射激光束的散射光主要分布在入射光束镜像方向周围的立体空间,风速越小,散射光分布越集中;风速越大,散射光分布越分散,为粗糙海面激光束散射特性分析及散射回波计算提供了重要理论依据。     

海面对激光的方向反射率分布研究

利用随机面元模型,对海面的激光方向反射率分布进行了理论分析,并对多种典型条 件下海面对激光的方向反射率分布进行了数值模拟。结果表明,海面的总反射率较低,约为1%～6% ,但在入射角超过40°后,总反射率快速增大。激光入射角为30°、海面风速为1～14m / s时,激光的方向反射率都比较大(0. 1～0. 48 sr范围内) 。     

数值模拟低掠角入射海面与船目标的双站散射

为研究风驱粗糙海面上有船目标时的双站散射,提出了一种结合广义前后的迭代方法（GFBM）与谱加速算法（SAA）快速求解双站散射的Monte Carlo数值方法,计算了在TE、TM锥形波低掠角入射在一维Pierson-Moskowitz谱粗糙导体海面以及船目标存在时的双站散射,数值模拟了在低掠角入射条件下,包含多次散射传播的粗糙海面与目标的双站散射与极化、频率、视角和海面风速等参数的关系。     

海面油膜的偏振反射特性仿真实验

为了给海面溢油污染识别检测提供理论基础,根据菲涅尔反射公式的偏振反射系数,结合偏振双向反射率因子和粗糙海面的概率密度分布函数,建立了完善的pBRDF模型,仿真在不同太阳入射角度、不同探测器观测角度以及不同海面风速风向等条件下海水和油膜的偏振反射分布函数。结果表明:海水和油膜太阳天顶角为53°和56°时P偏振反射率分别为1.0×10^-5和2.5×10^-5,S偏振反射率随着太阳天顶角的增加而增加;海面风速越大偏振反射率峰值越小;海面风向只改变pBRDF的空间位置;海水和油膜线偏振度空间分布有明显差异。搭建实验平台相机以40°拍摄时,得出海水和油膜的线偏振度分别在0.2~0.4, 0.5~0.7之间,同时表明利用偏振探测获取目标场景的偏振度和偏振角图可提高图像质量。     

粗糙海面后向散射增强效应研究

针对粗糙表面散射的后向散射增强现象,采用锥形波束入射的矩量法定量计算了高斯、分形和限带粗糙海面模型的后向散射增强效应,研究了高斯和分形模型的波形参数和表面尺寸的匹配问题,分析了三种模型在不同入射角下散射增强的角宽度,比较了不同风速、不同粗糙度和不同分维数下散射增强的峰值和角宽度。     

海面掠入射散射特性及布儒斯特效应研究

海面掠入射散射特性对海洋遥感等问题有着重要应用,海面对雷达波束的镜面反射对海上超低空目标与海面的耦合场有着重要影响,利用海面的布儒斯特效应将有效削弱镜面反射。以西太平洋和东南沿海盐度场与温度场的卫星数据为基础,根据双Debye方程建立修正海水介电模型计算不同海域介电常数;基于Elfouhaily海谱模型,采用修正双尺度模型并考虑不同风速及频率下的截断波数,仿真分析了风速、频率、海水温度与盐度等因素对海面掠入射散射特性及布儒斯特效应的影响,总结归纳了海面布儒斯特效应产生机理和变化规律。分析表明:风速、频率及海水温度均会对海面布儒斯特效应产生影响。该研究为海洋环境的遥感探测及海上超低空目标的监测与跟踪提供了理论支撑。     

基于辛算法海面与目标电磁散射研究

为了克服时域有限差分（FDTD）的缺陷我们引入辛算法理论（SFDTD）,结合辛算法的稳定性分析了海面与其上方目标的复合电磁散射特性,并分析了入射角度,风速等对复合散射特性的影响,首先给出了Weiersstrass分形海面模型,数值结果表明分维度和风速的变化都会引起海面的粗糙程度很大的变化,同时目标的存在对海面散射影响很大,它使得海面的散射能量会有相应的增加,并且风速的增大使得海面粗糙度增大,这样在其他方向上散射逐渐增强,而在镜像方向上的增强越来越不明显。     

双尺度方法在粗糙海面及泡沫层复合散射中的应用

给出了双尺度方法的粗糙海面散射理论。含泡沫双尺度粗糙海面的矢量辐射传输方程,以及基于双尺度方法与粗糙海面的信息得到了复合散射系数,并对不同泡沫类型下的水平和垂直角的分布和不同入射角、风速下的后向散射系数与双站散射系数进行了研究。通过结果分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

风速对海面长波红外偏振度的影响研究

粗糙海面偏振特性对海面场景下的目标探测和识别具有较大影响。为了研究不同风速和探测角下海面长波红外偏振特性,基于双向反射分布函数和菲涅尔反射公式推导了长波红外偏振度计算模型,依据海浪谱和快速傅里叶变换法建立海面模型,并结合中国台站实测数据,计算了海水辐射和天空大气辐射,仿真分析了不同风速条件下海面在长波红外波段的偏振特性,仿真结果表明:随着风速的增加,各面元入射角的分布几乎对称的向两侧拓展,使得偏振度峰值减小,对应的探测角减小,当探测角小于63°时,偏振度随风速增加而增加,探测角大于63°时,偏振度随风速增加而减小,探测角为63°时,海面偏振度基本不受风速影响。研究结果对海面场景下的红外偏振探测有一定指导意义。     

一维动态海面的电磁散射杂波模拟和参数估计

通过计算机模拟不同风速下随时间变化的动态海面，将传统的两种用于计算静态粗糙面的方法(前后向选代法和基尔霍夫近似)结合起来，计算了动态海面电磁散射回波，从而获得了不同海况、不同极化状态和不同入射角(包括掠入射)条件下海杂波的统计描述，并通过计算几种典型杂波模型的“似然率”，对所得数据进行了最佳拟合。计算结果与文献中的数据吻合。     

Incoherent bistatic scattering from the sea surface at L-band

A bistatic electromagnetic wave scattering model for the sea surface is developed to examine its wind dependence property over a wide range of incident angles along the specular direction. This is done by combining an existing scattering model with a sea spectrum recently reported in the literature. In general, electromagnetic wave scattering from a rough surface is dependent on the Fourier transform of the nth power of its height correlation function which can be computed numerically from the surface spectrum. This transform relation indicates that scattering is sensitive not only to the surface spectrum but also to its convoluted properties. Generally, surface scattering is sensitive only to a portion of the surface correlation measured from the origin. The size of this portion is a function of three variables (the incident angle, the surface height standard deviation, and the exploring wavelength) and the rate of decay of the correlation function. The decay rate near the origin of the sea surface correlation is very small, so much so that at L-band this portion is too wide for a two-term approximation of the correlation function. This is true in spite of the fact that the sea surface has a very large rms height. Thus, a scattering model based on geometric optics is generally not applicable at L-band especially at large angles of incidence. An additional finding is that in specular scattering wind dependence is stronger at larger angles of incidence for incident angles between 0 and 70° over the wind speed range of 4 m/s-20 m/s     

Dual dihedral angles for bidirectionally scattered electromagneticwaves

A spherical coordinate system is typically used to quantify the directional characteristics of doubly hemispherical scattering of bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) entailing an incident angle or cone angle from surface normal, and a heading or azimuthal angle from the incident plane. An alternate angular coordinate system is described entailing two dihedral angles. One component is a dihedral angle from the incident plane, simply out-of-plane, and the second component is a dihedral angle from the specular beam to the detector direction projected onto the incident plane, or simply degrees off specular. The suggested system is believed easier to convey scattering characteristics, and to compute the scattering from complex surfaces such as mountains with exposed rocks, or buildings. This communication presents an example of an experimental configuration to measure a doubly hemispherical BRDF, a mathematical formulation to relate the angular coordinate systems, and a computational example     

海洋环境对雷达海杂波后向散射特性影响分析

为分析海洋环境对雷达海杂波后向散射特性的影响,建立了一种基于修正复合模型方法的雷达海杂波后向散射关系模型。雷达入射余角较大时,主要散射形式为镜面散射;入射余角较小时,主要散射形式为Bragg散射。考虑了逆顺风条件下后向散射系数的差异性,改进了原有模型Bragg散射的方向海谱部分,增加了风向因子。利用模型对不同入射角条件下海洋环境因素与后向散射系数的关系进行了仿真计算。计算结果表明,当海面作为雷达波的反射面时,雷达后向散射特性十分复杂,风速、风向、海浪、降水、海面油污等海洋环境因素都会对其产生影响。其中,风速和有效波高对海面后向散射的影响最大,风向次之,降水再次之,而海面油污的影响最小。      

脉冲波入射时分形粗糙海面的双频散射截面和脉冲展宽

根据粗糙面基尔霍夫小斜率近似研究了脉冲波入射时实际海谱分布的一维分形海面的电磁散射。分析了毫米波入射时不同分维、入射角和入射中心频率下双频散射截面的散射角分布。结果表明分形海面的双频散射截面在镜反射方向有最大的相关带宽，随着海面分维的减小、入射中心频率和入射角的增加，该相关带宽是增大的。对于入射功率为δ函数时的散射波功率是一个具有一定脉冲展宽的散射脉冲，且脉冲展宽与相关带宽成反比关系。     

激光跟踪中目标卫星表面BRDF对回波信号的影响

通过双向反射分布函数(BRDF)公式,模拟了空间激光主动照明跟踪中,相同材料、不同粗糙度下卫星表面的BRDF,得出了随着卫星表面材料粗糙度的增加,镜面反射分量越小,漫反射分量越大,双向反射分布散射角越宽,接收到的回波信号对方向的敏感性减小。同时模拟了入射角度对卫星表面BRDF的影响,得出了照明光束小角度入射、接收信号方向与照明光束方向一致时,镜面反射分量的增加增强了反馈信号,当大角度入射时,反馈信号急剧减小。当入射角大于34°时,通过卫星表面BRDF计算得到的最小接收功率,比之前把卫星目标看成朗伯体,通过激光雷达公式计算得到的最小接收功率小。得出了增加照明光束的发射功率为原来的5倍,或者增大接收口径为原来的2.5倍,可以消除大入射角度带来的接收功率的减小,使得系统有4倍的功率余量。     

Earth-Viewing L-Band Radiometer Sensing of Sea Surface Scattered Celestial Sky Radiation—Part I: General Characteristics

The ldquogalactic glitterrdquo phenomenon at L-band, i.e., the scattering of celestial sky radiation by the rough ocean surface, is examined here as a potential source of error for sea surface salinity (SSS) remote sensing. We begin by considering the transformations that must be applied to downwelling celestial noise in order to compute the eventual impact on the antenna temperature. Then, outside the context of any particular measurement system, we use approximate scattering models along with a model for the equilibrium wind wave spectrum to examine how the scattered signal at the surface might depend on the geophysical conditions and scattering geometry. It is found that, when the specular point lies far away from the galactic plane, where the incident celestial brightness is uniform, sea surface roughness has a negligible impact on the glitter. At such a point, variations in both the orientation of the incidence plane and the wind direction relative to the scattering azimuth have negligible impact. By contrast, when the specular point lies in the vicinity of a localized maximum of brightness, scattering by the roughened ocean surface may reduce the glitter by more than 30%, as compared to a perfectly flat surface, and the glitter amplitude may vary by up to 0.7 K with variations in wind direction and by up to 0.5 K with variations in incidence plane orientation. It is shown that accounting for the roughness impact on celestial noise contamination is of particular concern for the remote sensing of SSS.     

Tilt modulation of high resolution radar backscatter crosssections: unified full wave approach

The unified full wave approach is used to determine the tilt modulation of the like- and cross-polarized (high-resolution) radar backscatter cross sections for the rough sea surface. Real or synthetic aperture radars (SARs) with small effective footprints (resolution cells) are considered. Since the unified full-wave approach accounts for Bragg scattering as well as specular point scattering in a self-consistent manner, it is not necessary to adopt a two-scale model for the rough sea surface. The sea surface slope probability density function is assumed to be Gaussian. The backscattering cross sections are evaluated for all angles of incidence (normal to grazing). For tilts in the plane of incidence, the modulation of all the cross sections is largest at angles of incidence of 10°. The cross-section modulation due to tilts perpendicular to the plane of incidence critically depends on the incident and scattered polarizations. The effective filtering of the large-scale spectral components of the rough sea surface by the high-resolution radar is accounted for, and the dependence of the cross-section tilt modulation on the size of the effective footprint is determined