Distributed Periodic Event-Triggered Optimal Control of DC Microgrids Based on Virtual Incremental Cost

This article presents a distributed periodic eventtriggered(PET)optimal control scheme to achieve generation cost minimization and average bus voltage regulation in DC microgrids.In order to accommodate the generation constraints of the distributed generators(DGs),a virtual incremental cost is firstly designed,based on which an optimality condition is derived to facilitate the control design.To meet the discrete-time(DT)nature of modern control systems,the optimal controller is directly developed in the DT domain.Afterward,to reduce the communication requirement among the controllers,a distributed event-triggered mechanism is introduced for the DT optimal controller.The event-triggered condition is detected periodically and therefore naturally avoids the Zeno phenomenon.The closed-loop system stability is proved by the Lyapunov synthesis for switched systems.The generation cost minimization and average bus voltage regulation are obtained at the equilibrium point.Finally,switch-level microgrid simulations validate the performance of the proposed optimal controller.     

Optimal Cooperative Secondary Control for Islanded DC Microgrids via a Fully Actuated Approach

DC-DC converter-based multi-bus DC microgrids (MGs) in series have received much attention, where the conflict between voltage recovery and current balancing has been a hot topic. The lack of models that accurately portray the electrical characteristics of actual MGs while is controller design-friendly has kept the issue active. To this end, this paper establishes a large-signal model containing the comprehensive dynamical behavior of the DC MGs based on the theory of high-order fully actuated systems, and proposes distributed optimal control based on this. The proposed secondary control method can achieve the two goals of voltage recovery and current sharing for multi-bus DC MGs. Additionally, the simple structure of the proposed approach is similar to one based on droop control, which allows this control technique to be easily implemented in a variety of modern microgrids with different configurations. In contrast to existing studies, the process of controller design in this paper is closely tied to the actual dynamics of the MGs. It is a prominent feature that enables engineers to customize the performance metrics of the system. In addition, the analysis of the stability of the closed-loop DC microgrid system, as well as the optimality and consensus of current sharing are given. Finally, a scaled-down solar and battery-based microgrid prototype with maximum power point tracking controller is developed in the laboratory to experimentally test the efficacy of the proposed control method.

     

方块脉冲函数用于连续分布时滞系统的最优控制

本文应用方块脉冲函数推出了连续分布时滞系统的分段恒定解答,给出了最优控制的综合表达式及泛函目标的最优值。     

Backstepping and Sliding‐Mode Techniques Applied to Distributed Secondary Control of Islanded Microgrids

In this paper, secondary voltage control scheme for a droop‐controlled inverter‐based islanded microgrid is addressed. Motivated by the cooperative control theory of multi‐agent systems, the proposed secondary voltage control is a distributed scheme which uses a simple communication network. Two nonlinear control algorithms are applied to restore the voltage of each distribution generation (DG) to the reference value. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed secondary voltage control for a prototype microgrid system.     

Distributed Secondary Control of AC Microgrids With External Disturbances and Directed Communication Topologies: A Full-Order Sliding-Mode Approach

This paper addresses the problem of distributed secondary control for islanded AC microgrids with external disturbances.By using a full-order sliding-mode(FOSM)approach,voltage regulation and frequency restoration are achieved in finite time.For voltage regulation,a distributed observer is proposed for each distributed generator(DG)to estimate a reference voltage level.Different from some conventional observers,the reference voltage level in this paper is accurately estimated under directed communication topologies.Based on the observer,a new nonlinear controller is designed in a backstepping manner such that an FOSM surface is reached in finite time.On the surface,the voltages of DGs are regulated to the reference level in finite time.For frequency restoration,a distributed controller is further proposed such that a constructed FOSM surface is reached in finite time,on which the frequencies of DGs are restored to a reference level in finite time under directed communication topologies.Finally,case studies on a modified IEEE 37-bus test system are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness,the robustness against load changes,and the plug-and-play capability of the proposed controllers.     

基于Taylor级数的分布参数系统最优控制

结合钢坯加热过程讨论了分布参数系统的最优控制问题.针对钢坯加热过程,建立了分布参数系统的数学模型,利用Taylor级数近似变换,并引入Taylor级教基函数的微分运算矩阵和向量积矩阵,将钢坯温度的最优控制问题转化为相应集总参数系统的最优控制问题,然后对集总参数系统进行求解,并将求得的逼近解进行逆变换,即求得分布参数系统最优控制的逼近解.并通过仿真示例验证了该算法的有型,取得了满意的结果,为分布参数系统的控制算法提出了一条解决方案.     

基于小波变换的线性定常分布参数系统最优逼近控制

借助于正交函数逼近方法研究了线性定常分布参数系统的最优控制问题,将Haar小波正交基应用于分布参数系统的最优控制,获得了性能较好的最优控制逼近算法.仿真实例说明了算法的有效性.     

二维传热分布参数系统的最优边界控制

本文讨论了二维分布参数系统的最优边界控制问题。基于连续加热炉内板型钢坯非稳态二维热传导的数学模型,以及实际问题的要求,运用Galerkin法和最优化方法,确定了满足钢坯加热要求和降低能耗为目标的稳态最优炉温分布。     

视频服务节点共享资源池的分布式最优控制

针对三网融合背景下的视频服务网,研究实时服务提供设备( RSPE)的节点共享资源池的资源配置,提出一种完全分布式的最优控制解决方案。分别将物理计算资源和RSPE节点视为计算资源的共享池和资源消费者,给出RSPE节点之间的信息传播策略和分布式优化算法,从而实现资源池的分布式最优控制。仿真结果表明,在RSPE节点变化较小的情况下,该方案可保证节点间信息传播过程的收敛性和共享资源的最优资源配置。     

Modeling and Adaptive Control and Power Sharing in Islanded AC Microgrids

This paper deals with the problem of control and power sharing for distributed generators in AC islanded microgrids. A one-layer adaptive control strategy     

微电网的电流均衡/电压恢复自适应动态规划策略研究

含多类型分布式电源的微电网已经成为了未来电力系统的重要发展方向,其中风能和光能在降低化石能源消耗和二氧化碳排放等方面有着极大优势,考虑二者之间强互补性的协同调度已被广泛研究.但风/光协同调度的微电网多关注分钟级的调度或优化问题而非风/光波动下秒级的实时电流按容量比例精准分担,简称电流均衡,而精准电流均衡有助于可再生能源的高比例消纳.因此,本文提出了基于自适应动态规划的微电网电流均衡和电压恢复控制策略.首先,构建包含风电整流型电能变换器和光电升压型电能变换器的广义风光拓扑同胚升压变换器模型,其提供了后续控制器设计的模型基础.其次,本文将电流均衡和电压恢复问题转化为最优控制问题,基于此,每个能源主体的目标函数转化为获取最优控制变量和最小电压/电流控制偏差,进而转化为求解哈密顿?雅克比?贝尔曼(Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman,HJB)方程问题.基于此,提出了基于贝尔曼准则的分布式自适应动态规划控制策略以求取HJB方程的数值解,最终实现电流均衡和电压恢复.最后仿真结果验证了所提分布式自适应动态规划控制策略的有效性.     

微电网的电流均衡/电压恢复自适应动态规划策略研究

含多类型分布式电源的微电网已经成为了未来电力系统的重要发展方向,其中风能和光能在降低化石能源消耗和二氧化碳排放等方面有着极大优势,考虑二者之间强互补性的协同调度已被广泛研究.但风/光协同调度的微电网多关注分钟级的调度或优化问题而非风/光波动下秒级的实时电流按容量比例精准分担,简称电流均衡,而精准电流均衡有助于可再生能源的高比例消纳.因此,本文提出了基于自适应动态规划的微电网电流均衡和电压恢复控制策略.首先,构建包含风电整流型电能变换器和光电升压型电能变换器的广义风光拓扑同胚升压变换器模型,其提供了后续控制器设计的模型基础.其次,本文将电流均衡和电压恢复问题转化为最优控制问题,基于此,每个能源主体的目标函数转化为获取最优控制变量和最小电压/电流控制偏差,进而转化为求解哈密顿?雅克比?贝尔曼(Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman,HJB)方程问题.基于此,提出了基于贝尔曼准则的分布式自适应动态规划控制策略以求取HJB方程的数值解,最终实现电流均衡和电压恢复.最后仿真结果验证了所提分布式自适应动态规划控制策略的有效性.     

环形直流微电网的二次控制与稳定性分析

本文阐述了一种环形直流微电网系统分布式二次控制的稳定性分析方法,实现了微网系统的电压调控和电流分配.首先,借助多智能体系统的一致性算法,设计了局部观测器来估计所有分布式能源节点的平均电压.然后,基于观测器状态和邻居节点的电流信息设计了融合误差和动态反馈控制器,并通过解耦潮流代数方程得到了关于融合误差的闭环系统.进一步基...     

最优运输管理中的分布参数控制问题

分析了汽车运输公司的最优经营管理问题,应用分布参数控制理论和方法建立了运输问题最优控制的数学模型,并用算子半群理论和方法给出了最优控制问题的解,最后给出了最优控制问题的经济学解释.     

A Novel Distributed Optimal Adaptive Control Algorithm for Nonlinear Multi-Agent Differential Graphical Games

In this paper, an online optimal distributed learning algorithm is proposed to solve leader-synchronization problem of nonlinear multi-agent differential graphical games. Each player approximates its optimal control policy using a single-network approximate dynamic programming (ADP) where only one critic neural network (NN) is employed instead of typical actorcritic structure composed of two NNs. The proposed distributed weight tuning laws for critic NNs guarantee stability in the sense of uniform ultimate boundedness (UUB) and convergence of control policies to the Nash equilibrium. In this paper, by introducing novel distributed local operators in weight tuning laws, there is no more requirement for initial stabilizing control policies. Furthermore, the overall closed-loop system stability is guaranteed by Lyapunov stability analysis. Finally, Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.      

基于微分算子小波显式表示的分布参数系统最优逼近控制

基于微分算子在紧支撑正交小波基下的精确显式表示，给出了一种分布参数系统最优控制的逼近计算方法．将微分算子投影到小波空间，利用其矩阵表示形式，将分布参数系统的最优控制转化为集中参数系统最优控制问题．该方法不需要为边界条件重新构造基函数，在将偏微分方程转化为其常微分方程近似形式的过程中，不需要考虑边界条件的影响，因此计算方便、适用范围广，同时具有很高的精度和计算效率,可以对计算误差进行预测．利用该方法进行了基于Daubechies (db1)小波的仿真计算，并对计算结果进行了验证．     

基于先进复合控制算法的同步发电机励磁分布式微机控制系统设计

设计一种新型同步发电机励磁系统,除了采用串联型PID控制算法外,还辅助以PSS、LOEC、NOEC控制算法分别用于改善电力系统小干扰稳定性、抑制各种频率的低频振荡和系统暂态稳定、静态稳定并抑制电力系统功率振荡。给出了系统硬件框图、算法和主程序流程图,并对系统运行过程进行了阐述。     

微电网系统的分布式优化下垂控制

针对微电网系统运行成本最优化问题,提出一种分布式优化下垂控制策略.首先,基于一致性理论,给出了一种分布式经济调度算法.采用矩阵摄动理论,分析了经济调度算法的收敛特性.其次,基于分布式优化调度解,设计一种新的分布式优化下垂控制器.在满足供需平衡以及各个发电单元运行约束的条件下,控制策略使得微电网系统运行成本最低.同时,提出的控制策略能够保证孤岛微电网的频率稳定在额定值.最后,通过仿真实例,验证了分布式优化下垂控制策略的有效性.     

宏观经济管理中一类系统的最优控制问题研究

把宏观经济系统抽象成由状态方程相同但各自状态不同的系统构成的组合系统，运用分布参数系统的建模方法建立了数学模型，并研究了系统的最优控制问题。最后给出了这种建模与优化方法在最优广告策略中的一个应用例子。