SiNx:H/Al复合膜层在背点接触太阳电池中的应用

尝试将SiNx∶H/A1复合膜层应用到晶体硅太阳电池的背部结构上.首先利用PECVD在硅片背面沉积一层SiNx∶H薄膜,然后在SiNx∶H薄膜上丝网印刷Al层,构成SiNx∶H/A1复合膜层.研究了具有SiNx∶H/Al复合膜层结构的硅片的光学内背反射性能,测得其内背反射率达88.9%.并从理论上设计出基于SiNx∶H/A1复合膜层的背点接触太阳电池最优结构,并从实验上制备出这种背点接触太阳电池,初期效率达12.36%.最后,提出了背点接触太阳电池工艺的改进方案.     

衬底温度对太阳电池铝背反射电极性能的影响

采用中频脉冲磁控溅射在不同衬底温度下制备了太阳电池铝背反射电极,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了薄膜晶体结构,用X射线光电子谱仪(XPS)分析薄膜的成分,用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察薄膜表面形貌和粗糙度,用分光光度计研究薄膜的反射率。研究发现随衬底温度升高,薄膜中氧含量增加,晶体结构变为混合晶面取向,晶化率降低,表面粗糙度增大,反射率下降。将其应用到NIP非晶硅薄膜太阳电池中,在衬底温度为300℃时,得到了5.6%的电池转换效率。     

直流磁控溅射制备太阳光谱选择性吸收TiN薄膜

以直流反应磁控溅射方法作为制备手段,选择Ti为靶材,以氩气作为工作气体、氮气为反应气体,在Si(111)基底上制备太阳光谱选择性吸收薄膜TiN,使之具有较好的光谱选择吸收特性。研究发现:在其它工艺参数保持不变的情况下,溅射气压在0.35～1.50Pa范围内,都能制备出(200)择优取向的立方相TiN。而当溅射气压为0.35Pa时沉积的薄膜致密、均匀,色泽金黄,膜厚为132nm,结晶性最好,电阻率最低为33.8μΩ·cm(接近块体氮化钛电阻率)。在可见-近红外光区(波长400～1000nm)的平均吸收率α=0.83,最高红外反射率R=0.90。通过对膜层结构、膜厚、吸收率及反射率的分析,制备的TiN薄膜光谱选择性吸收特性良好,具有很高的应用价值。可用于太阳集热器的吸热表面,并可直接作为光热转换建筑材料。     

单晶硅太阳电池扩散薄层电阻和SiNx薄膜对电池短波响应的影响

分别对不同薄层电阻的扩散片制成的单晶硅太阳电池和同样薄层电阻不同频率沉积的SiN薄膜的单晶硅太阳电池的光谱响应进行了比较,从理论上分析了随着薄层电阻的增大和采用低频(40 kHz)的PECVD沉积SiNx,薄膜,短波响应得到提高的原因.光谱响应峰值随着薄层电阻的增大逐渐向短波方向移动.     

工作气氛对氮化硅薄膜结构的影响

以石英玻璃和抛光硅片做为衬底材料,采用射频磁控反应溅射法,通过改变Ar/N2流量比得到了一系列氮化硅薄膜.用分光光度计对薄膜的光学特性进行了表征;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表明薄膜中出现了Si-N的键合结构;原子力显微镜(AFM)图显示了在抛光硅片上制备出的薄膜比较平整、致密.实验结果表明:纯N2条件下制备的薄膜比使用Ar和N2混合气体条件下制备的薄膜中的SiNx含量要低;在混合气体参与的条件下,随着氮气流量的增加,薄膜中出现了微孔,缺陷态增加,并对微孔的形成机制进行了解释.     

多晶硅电池叠层抗反射层的设计研究

根据多晶硅电池对表面抗反射薄膜设计的需要,基于薄膜反射特征导纳矩阵理论结合电池的背底反射,建立了完善的表面反射和电池吸收计算模型,在已知薄膜复折射率的前提下可给出反射率的精确计算结果.利用该计算模型,设计了多种表面反射结构,其中硅量子点镶嵌氮化硅与二氧化硅组成的双层抗反射薄膜,在AM1.5光谱下其积分反射率最低可达到4.38％；分析了不同硅量子点体积比对于该双层抗反射膜的影响,系统给出了实际生长该双层抗反射层的具体参数,即富硅氮化硅中的Si:N=1:1时即可达到较好的表面抗反射效果.     

第12届中国光伏大会暨国际光伏展览会论文选登 多晶硅电池叠层抗反射层的设计研究

根据多晶硅电池对表面抗反射薄膜设计的需要,基于薄膜反射特征导纳矩阵理论结合电池的背底反射,建立了完善的表面反射和电池吸收计算模型,在已知薄膜复折射率的前提下可给出反射率的精确计算结果。利用该计算模型,设计了多种表面反射结构,其中硅量子点镶嵌氮化硅与二氧化硅组成的双层抗反射薄膜,在AM1.5光谱下其积分反射率最低可达到4.38%;分析了不同硅量子点体积比对于该双层抗反射膜的影响,系统给出了实际生长该双层抗反射层的具体参数,即富硅氮化硅中的Si∶N=1∶1时即可达到较好的表面抗反射效果。     

WO3—SiO2复合薄膜制备、结构和气致变色性能

采用溶胶－凝胶法在玻璃衬底上成功制备了具有良好气致变色性能的透明,均匀,附着力强的WO3－SiO2复合薄膜,讨论了络合剂的量和乙醇与水的比例对溶胶稳定性的成膜均匀性的影响,用热重－差热,X射线衍射,红外光谱分析对薄膜在热处理过程中的结构变化特征进行分析,用扫描电镜对薄膜表面微观形貌进行观察,初步研究了镀铂薄膜的气致变色性能,研究结果表明,溶胶稳定性随着H2O2的增加而增加,但溶胶成膜均匀性降低,增加乙醇与水的比例,可提高溶胶的成均均匀性和溶胶稳定性,结构分析和性能测试的结果表明,360℃热处理的复合薄膜具有高浓度相界,氢原子迁移速率高,变色响应速率快,气致变色性能优于单一组分薄膜。     

辐射制冷膜的性能分析与优化设计

根据基尔霍夫定律和光学薄膜理论,利用光学设计软件Macleod研究辐射制冷膜的材料与结构对制冷性能的影响。辐射制冷膜要求在0.3～3.0μm的太阳波段具有较高反射率,阻止物体得热;在8～13μm的红外波段具有较高发射率,降低自身温度。研究发现:由于SiO_2在8～13μm波段的反射率低,在其他波段的反射率高,是制造辐射膜的理想材料。高分子聚合物PS与SiO_2交替叠加形成的复合膜在8～13μm波段会产生声子-极化子激发的共振现象,可进一步降低反射率,因此PS是提高辐射制冷薄膜性能的有效辅助材料。经过Simplex法优化,得到辐射制冷膜以SiO_2-PS-SiO_2结构组合,各层厚度依次为0.2、0.8、70μm时,其辐射力高达136.2 W/m~2,平均发射率达到92.12%。     

SOI材料上硅薄膜电池的研究

用注氧隔离法在单晶硅衬底中形成SiO2隔离层,制备成SOI(SiliconOnInsulator)衬底,用快速化学汽相沉积(RTCVD)法在此衬底上制备硅薄膜,热扩散形成PN结,制备成薄膜太阳电池,电池表面钝化及减反膜采用的是等离子增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法制备的SiN,薄膜电池的电极全部由正面引出,制成的23μm厚薄膜电池的光电转换效率为8 12%(1×1cm2,AM1 5,23℃)。扩展电阻的测量表明电池有良好的PN结特性;量子效率测量表明SiN比常规的热氧化SiO2有更好的减反射和钝化作用;电池的暗特性表明电池具有较高的串联电阻,并分析了正面引电极对串联电阻的影响。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.