UT机卡分离技术及应用

机卡分离，是我国数字电视的产业政策。在信息产业部的支持下，以清华大学为牵头单位，由数十家中国业界领导企业和机构组成的产业联盟，提出了中国自主创新、自主知识产权的通用传输接口（Universal Transfer Interface，UTI）机卡分离标准。从2002年开始，清华大学与UTI产业联盟各成员协同攻关，完成了UTI标准各项关键技术的研发和产品化工作。UTI联盟经过不懈努力，在世界范围内，率先实现了基于USB接口的数字电视CA机卡分离以及其他应用分离的完整功能。     

三足鼎立——数字电视机卡分离之小卡方案

真正的数字电视应该跟手机一样实现机卡分离，即用户像购买手机一样到商场买一台数字电视机顶盒，然后到运营商（数字电视公司或电视台）那里买一张智能卡，跟手机入网一样，机卡分离后，智能卡在任何一台数字电视机顶盒上都能用。手机的机卡分离有几种方案，如：中国电信、CDMA、小灵通。由此，数字电视机卡分离三种方案并存也就合情合理了。信息产业部早在2003年上半年即宣布推行数字电视机卡分离政策，一直到2005年6月14日的软博会，数字电视机卡分离的三种方案总算浮出水面；以上海交大为首的小卡（SCAI智能卡应用接口）联盟、以清华大学为首的USB卡（UTI）和深圳国微的PCMCIA卡。由此，形成了数字电视机卡分离“三足鼎立”的局面。     

数字电视机卡分离解决方案成为软博会亮点

在6月14日开幕的2005年第九届中国国际软件博览会上,清华大学携UTI产业联盟展出的具有完整知识产权的数字电视机卡分离解决方案UTI,受到与会者的普遍关注。业内人士分析认为,“机卡分离”是消除各地电视运营平台和用户需求差异化、实现数字电视和机顶盒批量生产与水平销售的有效方案。UTI之所以在软博会上成为焦点,除了其顺应数字化浪潮的大趋势外,更深层次的原因在于:首先,对于民族工业发展而言,     

建立科学发展观，走好机卡分离之路——数字电视机卡分离路线选择之深化分析

众所周知，我国目前开发三种机卡分离方案。可归结为大卡和小卡两种。其中大卡接口包括PCMCIA和USB（UTI）。 在ICTC2005上。深圳国微技术有限公司总裁丁中博士做了《我国数字电视整体转换的新思路——机卡分离产业导向的内容和进程》的报告。对PCMCIA方案的优势．产业化进程和对数字电视整体转换的加速作用进行了论述，引起听众较大反响。编辑部找到丁先生。商定在IBN上刊登该报告全文。 与此同时。编辑部邀请清华大学信息技术研究院数字电视技术研究中心副主任王兴军博士就UTI方案写介绍文章，王先生欣然应允，不久。王量先生和王博士合作完成《建立科学发展观。走好机卡分离之路——数字电视机卡分离路线选择之深化分析》一文。 考虑到技术争鸣是促进技术进步的重要手段。编辑部特意将两篇文章同时刊发在本期《争鸣》栏目。并欢迎两位作者和所有行业相关人员继续就此问题进行进一步探讨。请广大读者关注并参与讨论。     

产业者说机卡分离带来崭新市场模式

机卡分离是必然趋势围的水平市场,机卡分离是数字电视产业发展到一定阶段的必然趋势。目前,C A M卡支持数字电视的实现机卡分离后,数字电视接收机在不同的地方接收不同加密(C A)节目只需换C A M卡,打通了全国范三种收看方式:数字电视一体机、机卡分离机顶盒和数字电视接收卡,后者可在计算机上直接欣赏高画质的数字有线电视,是家庭数字电视副机的新选择。为什么只进行CA的分离?为什么要进行C A的分离,而不是对E P G、数据广播进行分离?这是经常被提起的一个问题。这是因为,CA是实现付费节目管理的关键系统,具有极高的安全性要求。为了…     

有线数字电视机卡分离技术及其标准研究

随着我国有线数字电视的开展，有线数字电视机顶盒的产业化工作提上议事日程。有线数字电视机顶盒与条件接收系统(CA）接口规范已成为影响产业发展的关键问题。为满足有线数字电视产业化发展的需求，信息产业部成立了“有线数字电视机顶盒机卡分离接口标准工作组”，该标准工作组在科技司的领导下开展工作。目前，工作组正在讨论机卡分离CAM卡(大卡)和Smart Card(小卡)两种方案。本文作者是该工作组主要成员，在此，请他介绍机卡分离技术和标准制定概况。     

数字电视五大现象值得关注

在政府、企业的共同努力下，数字电视产业取得了很大进展。以PCMCIA为主的机卡分离的方案已经成熟，产业化结构进展非常快，目前开发出来的CA卡可以支撑多种CA系统。整体看数字电视发展有几个现象值得关注：     

基于UTI接口的机卡分离模块设计

UTI方案是清华大学数字电视中心提出的数字电视机卡分离方案,UTI方案中主机与模块之间有两种连接方式.介绍了UTI方案的接口层次及UTI方案UCAM卡模型的结构和功能,分析了UTI方案带调谐器(TUNER)模块UCAM卡软件和硬件设计,给出了应用实例.     

关于对"机卡分离"数字电视接收设备的考虑

“机卡分离”就是要使数字电视接收设备的共性部分继续存在,得到一个满足基本要求的“机”——数字电视接收设备原型;将个性的部分分离出来,得到一个可灵活应用的“卡”,它满足于绝大多数网络运行商的要求。本文系统介绍了“机卡分离”的概念、技术实现方案和国内外数字电视接收设备应用现状,并分析了其市场前景。     

Bigband：宽带摸块式CMTS发展应用

北京数字太和科技有限责任公司是在政府、清华大学和产业界的共同支持下成立的UTI专业技术公司。致力于UTI技术的产业化和市场推广应用。公司专注于开发和生产基于自主知识产权的UTI（通用传输接口Universal Transfer Interface）机卡分离标准的全系列技术和产品，包括UTI底层和应用软件、UTI系统解决方案、UTI芯片以及各种UTI卡等。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks