超细化低碳贝氏体钢的回火组织及力学性能

研究了弛豫—析出控制相变(RPC)技术参数(弛豫时间)对超细化低碳贝氏体钢回火后组织与性能的影响，同时与控轧后空冷(AC)以及传统的再加热淬火工艺(RQ)得到的回火组织及性能进行了比较．不同RPC技术参数得到的钢板经300—700℃回火1h后，随温度升高均呈现软化硬化再软化的变化规律，只是变化速度及硬度值有所不同．经过AC工艺得到的钢板在回火后硬度和强度变化不明显，而经过RQ处理后的钢板随回火温度升高强度和硬度单调下降．回火前RPC和RQ两种工艺得到的钢板组织均为板条状贝氏体和少量粒贝的复合组织．回火后RPC工艺钢组织变化不明显，只是弛豫不同时间的试样组织粗化速度不同，而RQ工艺钢随回火温度的升高板条很快消失最终演变成多边形铁素体．实验结果表明，利用RPC工艺得到的高强韧性钢板具有良好的热稳定性这种稳定性是由于不同工艺引起组织内位错与析出状态不同造成的。     

低碳微合金钢中超细组织的热稳定性研究

研究了经过弛豫-析出控制相变技术(RPC技术)生产的低碳微合金钢板在650 ℃回火过程中组织与性能的演变,同时与经过930 ℃保温1 h后再加热淬火(RQ)的钢板进行了对比.结果表明,回火前两种钢板的组织均为贝氏体 少量马氏体,经过RPC技术生产的钢板回火0.5 h后,金相组织没有明显变化,但硬度下降幅度较大;在1～7 h的回火过程中部分组织出现板条合并现象,此阶段硬度值变化不明显;7 h之后某些区域组织的板条特征趋于消失,出现了少量多边形铁素体,硬度又明显下降;回火20 h后,约一半的组织转化为多边形铁素体.而经过再加热淬火处理后的钢板回火前硬度虽然较低,但回火过程中软化速度极快,板条组织很快消失.最终获得全部的多边形铁素体组织.因此超细组织的热稳定性取决于其热历史.     

水电用SX780CFZ35特厚板热处理工艺研究

针对水电用SX780CFZ35特厚钢板需具备易焊接、高强度、良好的塑性和低温韧性的要求,研究了热处理工艺对其力学性能及金相组织的影响。结果表明,在相同淬火温度下,钢板屈服强度、抗拉强度随回火温度的升高而降低,但冲击功随回火温度的升高而升高,屈强比则呈先上升后下降的趋势。在相同回火温度下,随淬火温度的升高,钢板强度增加,冲击功降低。820 ℃淬火,钢板组织存在较大比例未溶铁素体,为贝氏体和细小铁素体双相组织;860 ℃以上淬火,钢板组织为贝氏体,回火后为回火索氏体组织。热处理工艺为900 ℃淬火+620 ℃ 回火时,钢板冲击功达到100 J以上,强度依然能符合技术协议要求,为最佳热处理工艺。     

35SiMnMo截齿钢正火回火热处理工艺的研究

研究了正火工艺对35SiMnMo截齿钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:900℃以下加热正火,35SiMnMo钢的强度和硬度随正火温度的升高而增大,加热温度高于900℃时,材料的强度和硬度随正火温度的升高呈下降趋势,900℃时出现最高值。加热温度超过880℃,冲击韧度有下降的趋势。900℃正火250℃以下回火,强度和硬度随回火温度的升高而增大,250℃回火强度和硬度出现峰值。300℃以下回火冲击韧度变化不大,超过300℃回火,冲击韧度下降,400℃出现了贝氏体回火脆性,超过400℃回火冲击韧度显著升高。出现回火脆性的原因与贝氏体铁素体板条之间的奥氏体发生分解有关。35SiMnMo钢900℃正火250℃回火可获得良好的强韧性。     

回火温度对贝氏体耐磨钢组织和性能的影响

对贝氏体耐磨钢进行控轧控冷+回火工艺,探究不同温度回火后贝氏体耐磨钢的组织演变和性能。结果表明,经控轧控冷工艺和200℃回火后,试验钢获得较为理想的无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,组织中包含8.7%(体积分数)的残留奥氏体。该工艺下钢板获得较好的强韧性匹配,屈服强度达到1172 MPa,抗拉强度达到1613 MPa,断后伸长率达到19.4%,-20℃冲击吸收能量为47 J,并可满足NM500级别的硬度要求。520℃回火后大量粗大碳化物析出,且残留奥氏体基本分解完毕,导致钢板强韧性下降。     

X90管线钢板调质处理后的组织与性能

本文对16.3 mm厚 X90管线钢板在不同调质处理工艺下的组织性能进行了研究。结果表明：930 ℃淬火温度下,随着回火温度的升高,钢板屈服强度先增加后降低,抗拉强度逐渐降低,从而导致屈强比升高;回火温度为630 ℃时,落锤剪切面中脆性区增多,落锤性能最差。在870 ℃两相区淬火,钢板组织中奥氏体晶粒大幅度细化,再经530 ℃回火,细化的马氏体或者贝氏体组织中出现亚结构的回复软化,板条边界钝化和M/A组元分解的综合作用,使该调质工艺下X90管线钢板的综合性能最佳。     

500kV多回路输电线路Q460钢铁塔服役性能研究

采用箱式电阻炉对输电铁塔用Q460钢板进行了不同工艺的正火和回火处理,采用光学显微镜对热处理试样显微组织进行了观察,并对拉伸、冲击、硬度进行了检测,研究了热处理对输电塔服役性能的影响。结果表明,钢材正火组织主要为珠光体+铁素体+贝氏体以及少量M-A组织,随正火温度升高,铁素体、珠光体含量逐渐减少,材料拉伸性能小幅提高,冲击功和硬度增加;随回火温度升高,M-A岛逐渐分解,贝氏体基体上析出较多颗粒状碳化物,钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度均降低,伸长率先小幅增加,在温度超过400℃后有所降低,硬度则几乎不变,860℃正火钢断面收缩率先降低后升高,冲击功先升高后降低,均在回火温度为300℃时达到极值,920℃正火钢断面收缩率和冲击功先升高后几乎保持不变。     

690 MPa级低碳贝氏体钢回火后的组织与性能

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)研究不同回火温度对屈服强度为690 MPa 级低碳贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响.结果表明,回火温度对试验钢的屈服强度的影响更为明显,而对抗拉强度的影响相对较小;未经回火时,试验钢的轧态组织为细小的板条贝氏体,随着回火温度的增加, 钢板-60 ℃冲击性能得到显著改善,贝氏体板条束逐渐合并在一起,试验钢板在650 ℃回火时可获得良好的综合力学性能.     

回火工艺对铌钛低碳贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、透射电镜和力学性能检验,研究了回火温度对TMCP型铌钛微合金化低碳贝氏体钢微观组织结构、第二相析出及力学性能的影响。结果表明,回火后力学性能非单调变化,归因于铌钛微合金化钢在回火过程中,贝氏体内位错亚结构回复软化与第二相析出强化及碳的脱溶机制综合作用。400～500℃回火,Nb、Ti第二相持续析出强化,随回火温度的升高,板条贝氏体回复作用逐渐加强并逐渐达到回复稳定状态。回火温度≥500℃时,M/A岛组织发生分解,贝氏体板条合并、组织粗化,析出相聚集长大,固溶元素脱溶,组织演变为贝氏体和铁素体,强度持续降低,但韧塑性得到改善。550℃回火后钢板具有最佳综合力学性能:抗拉强度为790 MPa,屈服强度为740 MPa,伸长率为16.5%,-20℃冲击吸收能量为250 J。     

回火处理对TRIP钢点焊接头组织和性能影响

研究了TRIP600钢板点焊接头的组织和性能,探讨了不同回火温度(300、450和650℃)对钢板点焊接头组织和性能的影响。结果表明:TRIP600钢板点焊接头熔合区为板条状马氏体组织,热影响区为马氏体、铁素体及贝氏体高温回火组织;熔合区和热影响区硬度比母材部分硬度高出很多。300~650℃回火温度下点焊接头显微组织仍呈板条状,而在晶界和板条内有碳化物析出并聚集呈细粒状;点焊接头的显微硬度和拉剪力随回火温度升高而降低;温度越高,显微硬度和拉剪力下降的越多。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.