镍基合金超塑成形与扩散连接技术研究进展

本文对镍基合金超塑成形与扩散连接技术的研究概况及取得的研究成果进行了综述 ,并根据镍基合金在航空航天中的应用情况 ,对镍基合金超塑成形 /扩散连接 (SPF/DB)技术在航空航天工业中的应用进行了探讨与展望。     

Diffusion bonding of a superplastic inconel 718SPF superalloy by electroless nickel plating

Although intimate contact can be obtained for diffusion bonding of a superplastic Inconel 718SPF superalloy under a low pressure of 7 MPa, the precipitates formed at the interface retarded achievement of a sound joint. The shear strength was only 41.5 MPa for an overlap length of 12 T (T=1.3 mm, sheet thickness). The diffusion bondability of this Inconel 718SPF superalloy was enhanced by electroless nickel plating. In this situation, the bonding shear strength increased to 70.4 MPa for the same overlap length of 12 T under the same bonding condition, regardless of the roughness of the surface to be bonded. Upon decreasing the overlap length from 12 to 6 T, the bonding strength remained constant.     

纳米陶瓷超塑加工成形的研究进展

在对纳米陶瓷超塑性拉伸研究进行总结的基础上 ,综述了陶瓷超塑成形的研究进展情况。指出 :陶瓷材料由于其超塑特性 ,所以能够用各种现有的金属塑性成形方法来成形。最佳成形温度范围大约在 12 0 0℃～ 15 0 0℃之间 ,最佳晶粒平均直径为 10 0nm～ 2 0 0nm。     

Strain-rate hardening behavior of superalloy IN718

In order to produce superior feed stock for the forging of turbine disks and other components, it is necessary to better understand the effect of deformation parameters on the hot deformation behavior of IN718 during thermomechanical processing. Superalloy IN718 is a strain-rate sensitive material. In the present work, isothermal constant speed compression tests of superalloy IN718 were conducted using a computer-controlled MTS machine at temperatures of from 960 to 1040°C, with initial strain rates of from 0.001 to 1.0 s⁻¹, to engineering strains of from 0.1 to 0.7. The variation of flow stress with initial strain rate was analyzed in the paper. It was found that there was an obvious power-law relationship between flow stress and initial strain rate. From the results of these tests, a mathematical model showing the strain-rate hardening behavior of superalloy IN718 at elevated temperatures was developed. At the same time, the flow stress calculated from the model was compared with experimental results and the effect of deformation parameters on the related coefficients was analyzed.     

On the optimization of superplastic blow-forming processes

The superplastic blow-forming process of thin sheets is analyzed, and an optimal stable deformation path that reduces production time is obtained. The analysis is based on an analytical model for the superplastic forming (SPF) of a long rectangular box made of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at 900 °C use of a microstructure-based constitutive equation for the strain rate and grain growth, a stability criterion, and a variable strain rate control. It is shown that by imposing a variable strain rate control scheme derived from the stability analysis, an optimal forming time can be developed while maintaining a stable deformation path. Some other control schemes also show effectiveness in either reducing the localized thinning in the formed sheet or reducing the required forming time. Effects of friction and initial grain sizes on the forming pressure profile and the thickness distribution of the formed sheet are also investigated.     

Study on wear mechanisms in drilling of Inconel 718 superalloy

The wear mechanisms and the approach to prolong the service life of the TiAlN coated carbide tool in drilling Inconel 718 superalloy are presented. It is found that the coated layer on the cutting edge is gradually abraded-off at the first stage of drill wear due to an excessive friction force on the tool–work interface. This in turns intensifies the friction force and leads to an increase of drilling force. Built-up edge (BUE) is then formed, and chipping starting from the relatively weaker cutting edge takes place subsequently. As a result, many micro-cracks are observed to distribute over the worn area. The subsurface fatigue cracks grow as the drilling process is proceeding. Together with the abrasion of hard carbide particles of the work material, the cutting edges break eventually parallel to the direction of fatigue cracks. At this moment, longer chip forms and cutting process is disturbed to an extent that the process can no longer be effectively continued. Failure of the drill is noted in a very short period of time once the long chips are observed. Finally, drilling experiments with the use of the cutting fluid containing the nano-particle low friction surface modifier are conducted. It is found that the service life of the drill is lengthened significantly and hence the machining cost can be greatly reduced.     

Overview of superplastic forming research at ford motor company

In an effort to reduce vehicle weight, the automotive industry has switched to aluminum sheet for many closure panels. Although the application of aluminum is compatible with existing manufacturing processes and has attractive qualities such as low density, good mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance, it has less room-temperature formability than steel. The expanded forming limits that are possible with superplastic forming can significantly improve the ability to manufacture complex shapes from materials with limited formability. Aluminum closure panels produced by superplastic forming have been used by Ford Motor Company for over a decade. However, applications have been limited to low-volume, specialty vehicles due to the relatively slow cycle time and the cost penalty associated with the specially processed sheet alloys. While there has been substantial research on the superplastic characteristics of aluminum alloys, the bulk of this work has focused on the development of aerospace alloys, which are often too costly and perhaps inappropriate for automotive applications. Additionally, there has been a limited amount of work done to develop the technologies required to support the higher production volumes of the automotive industry. This work presents an automotive perspective on superplastic forming and an overview of the research being performed at Ford Motor Company to increase the production volume so superplastic forming can be cost competitive with more traditional forming technologies. This paper was presented at the International Symposium on Superplasticity and Superplastic Forming, sponsored by the Manufacturing Critical Sector at the ASM International AeroMat 2004 Conference and Exposition, June 8–9, 2004, in Seattle, WA. The symposium was organized by Daniel G. Sanders, The Boeing Company.     

纳米陶瓷的热压烧结及超塑成形(英文)

纳米陶瓷具有优良的室温和高温力学性能 ,如较高的抗弯强度、断裂韧性、耐磨性等 ,使其在切削刀具、轴承、高温发动机部件等诸多方面都有广泛的应用。利用纳米陶瓷的超塑性进行成形加工是实现复杂形状零件近净成形的重要手段。本文采用化学沉淀法制备了平均粒径 10nm ,且无硬团聚的 3Y TZP (3%摩尔氧化钇稳定的四方相氧化锆多晶体 )粉体 ,研究了不同密度素坯的热压烧结行为。 3Y TZP毛坯的超塑性拉深试验表明在 14 5 0℃压头速率为 0 2mm·min-1时可以实现半球形件的成形 ,其成形高度达到 5 7mm ;Al2 O3 ZrO2 纳米复相陶瓷的正挤压试验表明 ,这种典型的晶间 /晶内型纳米陶瓷在很高的温度下可以 0 . 5mm·min-1的压头速率进行挤压成形 ,在某种程度上可以满足工业成形的需求 ;Si3 N4 Si2 N2 O复合陶瓷通过烧结锻造可以成形陶瓷齿轮 ,其烧结温度为 16 0 0℃ ,超塑性锻造温度为 15 5 0℃。     

Structural evolution and superplastic formability of friction stir welded AA 2095 sheets

Friction stir welding was used to join superplastic AA 2095 sheets. The effect of welding rate on the grain size distribution and grain boundary misorientations in the stir zone was investigated. The superplastic behavior of the weld nugget parallel to the welding direction was also characterized at 495 °C and strain rates from 10⁻⁴s⁻¹ to 10⁻²s⁻¹. Increasing the welding rate during friction stir welding augmented the formation of a fine-equiaxed high-angle grain boundary structure within the stir zone. Increasing intensity of plastic straining during friction stir welding resulted in enhanced properties during subsequent superplastic formation. The maximum strain-to-failure was obtained for the weld made at a tool speed of 1000 rpm and a weld rate of 4.2 mm/s when tested at a superplastic forming strain rate of 10⁻³s⁻¹.     

氮化硅陶瓷超塑拉深成形规律研究

以非晶氮化硅纳米陶瓷粉体为初始材料,以纳米氧化钇和氧化铝为助剂液相烧结获得超塑性陶瓷块体材料,在1550℃的低温条件下,实现氮化硅陶瓷的超塑性成形。利用描述超塑性材料的Backofen方程,建立陶瓷超塑性成形的刚粘塑性有限元模型,并与实验研究相结合,研究氮化硅陶瓷在不同条件下超塑性拉深成形过程中,成形体径向和厚度方向的尺寸变化,得到了氮化硅陶瓷超塑性拉深成形过程厚度和径向尺寸改变的基本规律。     

超塑成形理论与实践——王仲仁教授在超塑性研究领域的贡献

回顾了王仲仁教授在超塑性研究领域的一系列重要研究成果。Sn-Pb共晶超塑性材料薄壁管复合加载实验表明,在复杂应力状态下超塑材料遵守Mises屈服准则,并与Tresca屈服准则也接近,给出了超塑材料在应变速率强化条件下的屈服轨迹;研究了超塑变形过程中晶粒和孔洞的长大规律及其对变形中流动应力的影响,导出了包含晶粒长大和孔洞长大影响的超塑性本构关系;提出了测定超塑材料摩擦系数的理论校准曲线和应变速率敏感性指数的变截面拉伸试验法;开发了带有动凸模的微机控制的1000kN超塑成形机,研制了当时国内最大的微机控制的5000kN超塑成形机;在模具型腔超塑成形研究方面,成功挤压了130型汽车连杆锻模,是迄今为止尺寸最大的超塑成形模具钢型腔。     

超塑性材料的镦粗变形力的研究

通过采用主应力法导出考虑纵向变形速度和横向加速度的镦粗变形力的计算公式,并用算例讨论了超塑性材料变形力的计算方法、变形力随时间的变化规律,以及纵向变形速度和横向加速度对变形力的影响大小。由于主应力方法适合于a/h不太小的情况,因此导出的公式也应该满足这一条件。变形力可以分成qj,qy,qd3项,其中qd在ρV2/k极小于1时,可以忽略不计;但是当ρV2/k接近于1时就不可忽略。接触面的分布压力的最大和最小值的位置和一般率无关的塑性材料镦粗时的位置一样,分别在x=0和x=±a/2处。     

A review of the numerical analysis of superplastic forming

This paper reviews the literature on the numerical simulation of superplastic forming (SPF). After introducing the phenomena of superplasticity and superplastic constitutive equations, non finite element analyses are reviewed. The finite element method of solution to SPF simulation is then examined within the context of the standard flow formulation. However non steady state SPF is not ideally suited to a standard flow formulation and an alternative, incremental flow formulation is discussed.     

Formability and cavitation behavior of superplastic AA5083 aluminum alloy under biaxial tension

The superplastic forming potential of two fine-grained 5083 aluminum alloys were studied under biaxial tension using a pneumatic bulge test. Experiments were performed at temperatures ranging from 475 to 525 ℃ with three different strain paths ranging from equi-biaxial to approaching plane strain. The shape of the forming limited diagram（FLD） is found to be significantly different from FLDs commonly used in room temperature stamping. The effects of temperature on final thickness distribution, dome height and cavitation were investigated for the case of equi-biaxial stretching. Increasing temperature in free bulge forming can improve the thickness distribution of final parts but have no significant effect on dome height. The results indicate that determination of forming limits in SPF cannot be represented with a simple FLD and additional metrics such as external thinning and internal cavitation needed to determine the SPF potential of a material.     

大块非晶合金超塑性变形的研究现状与发展

文章对国内外非晶合金超塑性基本性能的研究工作进行了介绍和评述。根据材料成形工艺的要求,提出了非晶合金超塑性成形研究的内容。介绍了非晶合金超塑性拉伸实验和压缩实验的研究进展,分析了温度和成形速率对变形的影响,介绍了粘度的影响因素,对这些研究内容和热点问题进行了评述。展望了非晶合金超塑性研究的发展趋势,提出应加强非晶合金超塑性流动过程的理论研究。     

Phase transformation and liquid density redistribution during solidification of Ni-based superalloy Inconel 718

The influences of chemical segregation and phase transformation on liquid density variation during solidification of Ni-based supperalloy Inconel 718 were investigated using SEM and EDS.It was found th...     

TC4叶片超塑成形有限元模拟及其变形分析

采用二维刚粘塑性有限元模型对某钛合金叶片典型部位的变形过程进行了数值模拟,通过流线分析揭示了叶片典型部位的变形模式,通过应变和应变速率分析揭示了其变形的不均匀性。通过对比分析,指出该叶片成形过程不同部位等效应变相对差别达50％以上,应变速率的波动范围从10^-3s^-1到10^-2^s-1,提出应变差别和应变速率的差别可能对成形叶片的显微组织和力学性能存在一定的影响,并经试验进行了验证。     

Influence of sol-gel derived alumina coatings on oxide scale growth of nickel-base superalloy Inconel-718

Alumina coatings with differing phase compositions were deposited on Inconel-718 (IN-718) Ni-base superalloy substrates using sol-gel processing. Mass gain measurements served for studying the oxidation behavior of coated metal surfaces if exposed to 800 °C and 900 °C for up to 4000 h in static air. It was found, that alumina coatings significantly reduce the oxidation related mass gain of IN-718 even after heating to 900 °C for 4000 h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed diffusion of elements from the metal substrate (IN-718) into the alumina coatings and — to a much lower degree — from the coating into the substrate. These diffusion processes are greatly influenced by the phase composition of the coatings, especially by the presence of alpha-alumina.     

Damage tolerance of wrought alloy 718 Ni- Fe-base superalloy

The influence of a modified heat treatment (MHT) and the standard heat treatment (SHT) on the damage tolerance of alloy 718 turbine disk material has been studied over a range of temperatures— from room temperature to 650 °. The influence of these heat treatments on creep, low-cycle fatigue (LCF), notch sensitivity, cyclic stability, and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) properties has been studied. The microstructure developed through the MHT sequence is shown to be damage tolerant over the temperature range studied. Shot peening leads to a marked improvement in the LCF crack initiation life of the MHT material relative to the SHT material at 650 °. Serrated grain boundaries formed through controlled precipitation of grain-boundary 5 phase are beneficial to elevated- temperature FCGRs. The S-phase precipitates formed at an angle to the grain boundaries do not make the material notch sensitive.     

超细晶Inconel 718合金激光对接板的高温拉伸性能(英文)

为使Inconel 718合金的筒形多层夹芯结构顺利成形,研究该合金激光对接板的高温塑性。结果表明,拉伸方向对激光对接板的伸长率有很大影响。横向拉伸时,在温度为950°C和应变率为3.1×10-4s-1的条件下,最大伸长率为458.56%,此时m值为0.352,焊缝未变形。纵向拉伸时,在温度为965°C和应变速率为6.2×10-4s-1的条件下,最大延长率为178.96%,此时m值为0.261,焊缝随母材同时变形,焊缝的微观组织为树枝晶,晶间析出了Nb含量较高的Laves相。纵向拉伸时,由于动态再结晶的缘故,焊缝中出现了由树枝晶和等轴晶组成的混合组织。高温变形后,焊缝中的大量Laves相转化为δ相,但焊缝中仍有小部分残余的Laves相存在。多层夹芯筒结构成形的结果表明,激光对焊板的高温塑性能满足其筒形夹芯结构的要求。