80%油菜卵磷脂应用于化妆品安全性研究

为明确油菜卵磷脂作为原料应用于化妆品中的安全性,本文对油菜卵磷脂进行了毒理试验研究。方法:按照《化妆品安全技术规范》第六章毒理学试验方法[1]中规定的方法进行,本实验主要对80%油菜卵磷脂开展皮肤变态反应试验、多次皮肤刺激试验以及急性眼刺激性试验。结果:80%油菜卵磷脂未见皮肤变态反应,且对皮肤和眼无刺激性。结论:80%油菜卵磷脂可以安全有效地应用于化妆品中。     

香榧精油的安全性研究

由香榧假种皮提取的香榧精油是近年兴起的日化护肤新品,但其毒理学安全性评价资料尚不完善,因此,有必要对其可能存在的风险进行毒理学安全性评价。用家兔急性皮肤刺激试验、急性眼刺激试验和豚鼠致敏试验检测香榧精油的皮肤刺激性、眼刺激性和致敏性,结果显示：香榧精油敷贴家兔皮肤4 h后,接触皮肤有清晰可见、易于确定的红斑和轻度水肿,于第4天恢复正常。受试眼结膜弥散性充血,呈深红色,有明显水肿,虹膜和角膜未见损伤,于第3天恢复正常。经致敏接触及激发试验后,精油试验组和阴性对照组动物染毒皮肤均未出现红斑与水肿,致敏率为0%。由此可知,香榧精油对家兔皮肤有轻度刺激性,对眼睛有微刺激性,豚鼠未见皮肤变态反应。     

冰辛软膏皮肤安全性的研究

目的考察冰辛软膏对动物皮肤的毒性作用、刺激反应及过敏性反应。方法用健康大鼠进行急性毒性试验;用家兔进行皮肤刺激性试验;用健康豚鼠进行皮肤过敏试验。结果冰辛软膏对大鼠完整皮肤和破损皮肤无急性吸收性毒性;对家兔完整皮肤无刺激性,对破损皮肤有轻度刺激性;对豚鼠完整皮肤无致敏作用。结论冰辛软膏是安全性较好的外用制剂。     

纳米银整理抗菌织物耐洗性及皮肤刺激性的评价

为考察抗菌织物的耐洗性及皮肤刺激性,以经纳米银整理的抗菌丝织物为实验对象,采用琼脂平皿扩散法和吸收法对其抗菌性能进行定性和定量实验,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定样品的金属溶出量,同时利用EPI-MODEL人体皮肤模型,对织物水萃取液的皮肤刺激性进行初步研究。结果显示:在洗涤50次后,样品对大肠杆菌8099和金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538的抗菌率依然在99%以上,具有良好的耐洗性能;织物水萃取液对皮肤无刺激性,较为安全。     

乌头总生物碱贴片皮肤安全性的研究

目的观察乌头总生物碱贴片对动物皮肤的毒性作用。方法用健康新西兰兔进行皮肤单次及多次给药刺激性实验;用健康豚鼠进行皮肤过敏性实验。结果乌头总生物碱贴片中剂量组单次给药时未见对新西兰兔完整皮肤有刺激性反应,对破损皮肤有轻度刺激性;多次给药对兔完整皮肤无刺激反应,对破损皮肤有中度刺激反应。但停药后刺激反应消失,皮肤恢复正常。乌头总生物碱贴片中剂量组对豚鼠完整皮肤无致敏作用。结论乌头总生物碱贴片皮肤局部用药有较好的安全性,为临床应用提供了安全性保证。乌头总生物碱贴片的处方合理,制备工艺可靠。     

纸制卫生用品毒理学安全评价研究

采用实验动物对纸制卫生用品的毒理学安全进行研究,分别用样品对实验动物进行皮肤刺激试验和皮肤变态反应试验及联合作用进行研究,根据实验结果评价其毒理安全性。结果表明,实验用纸制卫生用品对皮肤的最高刺激指数为0、无刺激性反应;皮肤变态反应试验的致敏率为0、致敏强度极轻。纸制卫生用品无明显刺激性和致敏性,未发现纸制卫生用品对皮肤刺激性和变态反应性具有联合作用,使用基本安全。提出制定与纸制卫生用品致敏特性相符并有特异性的毒理试验方法并建立质量安全评价体系的建议。     

乌头总生物碱贴片皮肤安全性的研究

目的观察乌头总生物碱贴片对动物皮肤的毒性作用。方法用健康新西兰兔进行皮肤单次及多次给药刺激性实验;用健康豚鼠进行皮肤过敏性实验。结果乌头总生物碱贴片中剂量组单次给药时未见对新西兰兔完整皮肤有刺激性反应,对破损皮肤有轻度刺激性;多次给药对兔完整皮肤无刺激反应,对破损皮肤有中度刺激反应。但停药后刺激反应消失,皮肤恢复正常。乌头总生物碱贴片中剂量组对豚鼠完整皮肤无致敏作用。结论乌头总生物碱贴片皮肤局部用药有较好的安全性,为临床应用提供了安全性保证。乌头总生物碱贴片的处方合理,制备工艺可靠。     

生防菌株洋葱伯克氏菌对草莓果实采后病害控制及安全性评价

采用自然腐烂法和伤口接种法研究生防菌株洋葱伯克氏菌Burkholderia contaminans(简称B-1),在不同发酵时间、处理方式和处理液对草莓果实采后贮藏的影响,并进行该生防菌的大鼠急性经口毒性实验、家兔皮肤及眼刺激性实验和豚鼠皮肤变态反应(致敏)实验。结果表明:与CK相比,生防菌B-1发酵培养24 h、采后果实浸泡3 min及稀释5倍的发酵液处理草莓果实,其采后腐烂率分别下降了55.04%、46.74%和39.98%,而且发酵原液、稀释5倍发酵液及菌悬液对草莓果实伤口接种灰霉病抑制率达100%。该生防菌的大鼠急性LD₅₀>5000 mg/kg,皮肤刺激强度和眼刺激积分指数(I.A.O.I)为0,眼刺激平均指数(M.I.O.I)48 h为0,皮肤变态反应(致敏)实验致敏率为0。本研究表明该细菌作为生防菌具有安全性,为该生防菌的生产性应用奠定基础。     

育发类化妆品中斑蝥素的含量测定

建立用乙酸乙酯作为萃取剂的育发类化妆品中斑蝥素的含量气相测定方法。以乙酸乙酯为萃取剂,利用漩涡振荡器振摇提取,离心分离,气相色谱测定斑蝥素含量。结果表明：斑蝥素在0.0005~0.0031mg/ml之间线性关系良好,r=0.9960,回收率为96.0%,RSD为1.3%（n=6）。该方法操作准确、简单、分离好,安全可以作为育发类化妆品中斑蝥素含量的测定。     

牛毛水解物的生物安全性研究

根据化学品的生物安全性评价程序及检验方法,通过动物试验对牛毛水解物的急性经口毒性、急性经皮毒性、急性吸入毒性和急性皮肤刺激性进行评价。结果表明:牛毛水解物对雌、雄性SD大鼠的急性经口、急性经皮的LD_(50)(半数致死剂量)值均大于5 000mg/kg,急性吸入毒性的LD50值大于5 000mg/m~3,属低毒类化学品,生物安全性较好;急性皮肤刺激试验中,牛毛水解物对家兔皮肤无刺激。     

Mascaras may cause irritant contact dermatitis

The majority of adverse effects of cosmetics have been attributed to soaps in Dutch and English studies, but to eye makeup in a recent Swedish study. The reactions may be caused by irritants or by sensitizing substances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the irritation potential of commercially available mascaras. The mascaras were exposed to the skin in aluminium chambers. The skin reaction was evaluated using both visual assessments of erythema and non-invasive measurements of the skin reaction. Seven mascaras were tested on 15 healthy individuals in a randomized and blinded fashion. Two of the seven tested mascaras induced pronounced skin inflammation, when applied to normal skin under occlusion. These two mascaras were based on volatile petroleum distillate, in contrast to the other five mascaras that were conventional emulsions with stearate as the main emulsifier. The findings suggest that solvent-based mascaras might induce contact dermatitis due to its content of irritating substances.     

Significance of hair‐dye base‐induced sensory irritation

Oxidation hair ‐ dyes, which are the principal hair ‐ dyes, sometimes induce painful sensory irritation of the scalp caused by the combination of highly reactive substances, such as hydrogen peroxide and alkali agents. Although many cases of severe facial and scalp dermatitis have been reported following the use of hair ‐ dyes, sensory irritation caused by contact of the hair ‐ dye with the skin has not been reported clearly. In this study, we used a self‐assessment questionnaire to measure the sensory irritation in various regions of the body caused by two model hair‐dye bases that contained different amounts of alkali agents without dyes. Moreover, the occipital region was found as an alternative region of the scalp to test for sensory irritation of the hair‐dye bases. We used this region to evaluate the relationship of sensitivity with skin properties, such as trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum water content, sebum amount, surface temperature, current perception threshold (CPT), catalase activities in tape‐stripped skin and sensory irritation score with the model hair‐dye bases. The hair‐dye sensitive group showed higher TEWL, a lower sebum amount, a lower surface temperature and higher catalase activity than the insensitive group, and was similar to that of damaged skin. These results suggest that sensory irritation caused by hair ‐ dye could occur easily on the damaged dry scalp, as that caused by skin cosmetics reported previously.     

新型绿色溶剂1-庚基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体对小鼠急性暴露毒性研究

目的 探究烷基咪唑离子液体1-庚基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, C7[MIM]Cl)对小鼠急性暴露的毒性作用。方法 采用上下法, 研究了C7[MIM]Cl对小鼠的急性经口毒性并对死亡小鼠进行解剖病理学观察; 采用最大限量法确定小鼠急性经皮毒性的范围, 并评价其毒性等级; 采用急性眼刺激法, 考察C7[MIM]Cl对小鼠眼和黏膜原发性刺激和腐蚀作用。结果 研究表明C7[MIM]Cl经口暴露对小鼠的肝脏、肾脏表现出明显毒性损伤作用, 其半数致死量(50% lethal dose, LD50)为119.00 mg/(kg·bw), 95%可信区间为87.95~202.00 mg/(kg·bw), 属于中等毒性。同时急性经皮试验表明其LD50在200~1000 mg/(kg·bw)之间。急性眼刺激试验表明, C7[MIM]Cl对小鼠眼部有中度刺激性, 甚至可以导致小鼠死亡。结论 C7[MIM]Cl属于中等毒性化合物, 在食品领域应用的安全性亟待开展更广泛的毒理学评价。     

Axillary skin: biology and care

In skin care, the axilla is a biologically unique site requiring specialized attention and care. This area of skin is often subject to hair removal techniques, such as shaving and plucking. These procedures damage the skin leading to erythema and dryness in the short term, and in some cases, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIHP) in the long term. This study will (i) briefly review the biology and unique properties of axillary skin, and (ii) describe the characteristics of the irritation and damage induced by contemporary skin care habits and resolution of these responses by the use of efficacious skin moisturizing technology. With respect to the latter, we propose that there are five groups of compounds, defined according to their mechanism of action, which are particularly relevant to the care of damaged axillary skin.     

Sensitive skin: an overview

Sensitive skin is a condition of subjective cutaneous hyper‐reactivity to environmental factors. Subjects experiencing this condition report exaggerated reactions when their skin is in contact with cosmetics, soaps and sun screens, and they often report worsening after exposure to dry and cold climate. Although no sign of irritation is commonly detected, itching, burning, stinging and a tight sensation are constantly present. Generally substances that are not commonly considered irritants are involved in this abnormal response.Sensitive skin and subjective irritation are widespread but still far from being completely defined and understood. A correlation between sensitive skin and constitutional anomalies and/or other triggering factors such as occupational skin diseases or chronic exposure to irritants has been hypothesized. Recent findings suggest that higher sensitivity can be due to different mechanisms. Hyper‐reactors may have a thinner stratum corneum with a reduced corneocyte area causing a higher transcutaneous penetration of water‐soluble chemicals. Alterations in vanilloid receptors and changes in neuronal transmission have been described. Monitoring skin parameters such as barrier function, proclivity to irritation, corneocyte size and sensorial transmission can also be useful to identify regional differences in skin sensitivity.     

茶皂素毒性刺激性试验及抑菌作用研究

为探讨茶皂素的毒性、刺激性及抑菌作用,将不同质量浓度的茶皂素单次涂抹于家兔背部完整/破损脱毛皮肤上,观察皮肤红斑及水肿情况;取不同质量浓度的茶皂素滴于家兔眼内,观察其刺激性;取适量不同质量浓度的茶皂素涂抹于大鼠背部完整皮肤上,观察毒性反应;采用滤纸片法,测定茶皂素对常见致病菌的抑菌作用.结果表明:质量浓度为40 mg/mL的茶皂素对皮肤有轻微的刺激,16 mg/mL的茶皂素对眼有轻微刺激;茶皂素无明显毒性作用;茶皂素对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母菌有较明显的抑制作用,对白色念珠菌有一定的抑制作用,对绿脓杆菌无抑制作用.     

Anti-irritant potential of cosmetic raw materials and formulations

The investigation studied the anti-irritant potential of several substances commonly employed in cosmetic formulations as basic components of the emulsion or as active ingredients, and evaluated the effect of the emulsifier. Five different emulsions were made irritating by addition of croton oil, in sufficient quantity to provoke a clearly adverse reaction in the rabbit, i.e. primary cutaneous irritation index (PII) close to 2. The PII was determined according to the official French methods by applying to symmetrical areas of the back, the irritant base as control and the same base containing the test substance. Fifty-five ingredients were evaluated: gelling agents, plant extracts, molecules defined as healing, anti-inflammatory substances or anaesthesic compounds, etc. The test substances were added to the emulsion at concentrations close to the ones generally found in cosmetics. The qualitative and the quantitative composition of the oil phase was similar for each emulsion.
Several gelling agents, thickeners and polymers which notably reduce skin contact with an irritant, gave good results. Some of the usual healing, anti-inflammatory, local anaesthesic compounds gave the expected results. Some ingredients, though well known, were ineffective. The type of emulsifier, by modifying cutaneous penetration and bio-availability of the active ingredients, may play an important role.
Le potential anti-irritant de constituants de base et compositions cosmétiques