高碳铁合金马氏体的特征

应用透射电子显微术研究了1.03％C铁合金中片状马氏体的一些特征。此合金中片状马氏体的惯习面接近{224}_f。观察了马氏体片的形貌和分布,马氏体片的聚合和弯曲,马氏体的亚结构,以及残留的过冷奥氏体的亚结构。讨论了马氏体的形核与长大机制。     

马氏体相变晶体学概述(续二)

5钢中板条马氏体的晶体学上述的表象理论已能很成功的预示计算许多马氏体转变的晶体学特征,包括钢中惯习面为(259)的片状马氏体在内,但不能很好说明钢中板条马氏体和{252}片状马氏体的晶体学特征[34,37]。对低碳低合金钢淬火至室温得到的板条马氏体而言,其相应的亚结构不是孪晶而是高密度位错。     

300M超高强度钢板条马氏体的晶体学研究

电子衍射和晶体学测量证实,300M超高强度钢板条马氏体的惯习面为{335}_A型,与奥氏体的位向关系偏离K-S关系2.5°,为G—T关系,相邻板条间绕其公共面{110}_M法线相对旋转约60°,形成板条间不同的位向关系,包括近似{112}_M孪晶关系。     

孪晶马氏体的自协作效应及不变惯习面SCIEI

本文计算了孪晶马氏体基体和孪生部份的应变张量,发现二者的切变分量大致相反,故应变能降低。马氏体片可依靠基体和孪晶间的自协作效应沿孪晶面的法问长大。根据对不同惯习面法线的位移矢量的分析,{10,3,15}f面可构成宏观的不变惯习面,而{575}f,{252}f和{111}f面则难以构成。     

马氏体相变晶体学概述(一)

阐明马氏体相变的惯习面、位向关系和亚结构等晶体学特征是马氏体相变研究的重要内容之一。金属材料马氏体相变的位向关系有K-S关系、N(或N-W)关系,G-T关系和Burgers关系等,相应的经典切变模型为K-S模型、N模型、G-T模型和Burgers模型。但这些模型均不能解释相变的表面浮凸和惯习面问题。以不变平面应变为基础的马氏体相变晶体学表象理论,即P1=RBP或P1P2=RB,能成功预测许多马氏体相变的晶体学特征。其不变线S的获得和求取是表象理论的关键,通过S的逆分解可以求解相变的惯习面和位向关系,结果与实验测定值相吻合。然而,应用上述理论求解板条马氏体和(225)f马氏体的晶体学特征的努力并不成功。近二三十年来,发展了晶体学理论的双点阵不变切变模型,F=RPS2S1。由此出发,能够说明板条马氏体和(225)f马氏体的晶体学特征。此外,简单介绍张文征等学者的一些马氏体相变晶体学方面的研究成果。     

38Si2Mn2Mo钢等温下贝氏体的精细结构和晶体学特征

应用透射电镜研究了38Si2Mn2Mo实验用钢320℃等温处理后的下贝氏作组织的晶体学和精细结构．贝氏体含有中脊线、相变单元、残余奥氏体及ε碳化物,贝氏体及奥氏体内存在大量位错．电子衍射和晶体学测量表明下贝氏体惯习面为｛11,7,15｝f型,贝氏体与奥氏体的取向关系为G—T关系．相邻贝氏体板条绕公共面法线＜110＞相对旋转54．7°或60°,形成板条间的不同取向关系,包括近似的｛112｝b孪晶关系．下贝氏体的晶体学位向关系和惯习面分别与板条马氏体的相同或相近,且与由马氏体晶体学表象理论预测的基本一致,说明下贝氏体相交具有马氏体相变的特征．     

马氏体转变(九)

4.2晶体学表象理论[2,5,10,17,41] 美国的Wechsler,Lieberman和Read[43]于1953年以及澳大利亚的Bowles和Mackenzie[42]于1954年分别独立提出马氏体相变的表象理论.研究对象是马氏体相变后马氏体与母相之间存在的晶体学关系:晶体点阵类型、点阵参数与相变惯习面、位向关系之间的联系.根据该理论,由母相和产物相的点阵参数,晶体结构能够对转变发生的惯习面和位向关系以及形状应变进行预测.现在对之相应称为W-L-R理论和B-M理论.尽管它们都应用矩阵代数进行数学处理,却有明显不同.但理论的本质上具有一致性.1955年,Christian对这两种理论作了比较,认为它们实质上具有等同性.以后又出现Bul-lough和Bilby (1956)以及Bilby和Frank(1960)的分析方法.但Wayman提出其方法的基本原理与上述两个理论相同.     

板条马氏体的宏观点阵变形特征及其相变晶体学研究

利用原子力显微镜观察并配合透射电子显微镜研究了板条马氏体的宏观点阵变形特征及其相变晶体学。结果表明：板条马氏体的同位向束的表面浮凸即“浮凸束”,是由若干个平行排列的“切变基元”堆垛而成,“切变基元”浮凸为不规则“N”型;单变体板条马氏体即马氏体板条的表面浮凸呈不规则“篷帐”型;马氏体板条的浮凸高度远低于{31015}f孪晶马氏体。建立了板条马氏体切变基元的形成模型。     

ON THE DISLOCATION SLIP MECHANISM OF THE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION OF STEELS

根据实验证据提出:在钢的马氏体转变过程中,fcc→bcc(或bct)晶格改组时所需的原子相对位置变化是通过畸变fcc奥氏体晶格内的偏位错运动实现的,其方式有两种:一种是偏位错沿(1/m)〈112〉_f/{111}_f中的一个滑移系运动导致的主剪切原子位移;另一种是不同共轭{111}_f滑移面内偏位错同时或先后开动联合造成的M=(1/n)[〈112〉_(f1)/{111}_1+〈112〉_(f2)/{111}_2]复合原子位移。由此出发提出了钢淬火时奥氏体向马氏体转变的偏位错滑移共轭复合原子位移机制,并按此机制对马氏体与奥氏体之间的位向关系,马氏体惯析面及淬火马氏体中的一些特有现象给出了晶体几何学的解释。     

钢中马氏体转变的位错滑移机制

根据实验证据提出:在钢的马氏体转变过程中,fcc→bcc(或bct)晶格改组时所需的原子相对位置变化是通过畸变fcc奥氏体晶格内的偏位错运动实现的,其方式有两种:一种是偏位错沿(1/m)〈112〉_f/{111}_f中的一个滑移系运动导致的主剪切原子位移;另一种是不同共轭{111}_f滑移面内偏位错同时或先后开动联合造成的M=(1/n)[〈112〉_(f1)/{111}_1 〈112〉_(f2)/{111}_2]复合原子位移。由此出发提出了钢淬火时奥氏体向马氏体转变的偏位错滑移共轭复合原子位移机制,并按此机制对马氏体与奥氏体之间的位向关系,马氏体惯析面及淬火马氏体中的一些特有现象给出了晶体几何学的解释。     

SUBSTRUCTURE AND CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY OF MARTENSITE IN MEDIUM CARBON IRON ALLOYS

The morphologic,substructural and crystallographic characteristics of martensite in steels 60and 60Si2Mn have been investigated by means of optical and transmission electronmicroscopy combined with B-M phenomenological crystallographic theory.The average hab-it plane of martensite in medium carbon iron alloys is{225}_f.Experimental data on the habitplane and the orientation relationship between the austenite and martensite are in agreementwith the B-M theoretical calculation of using the Bain strain and lattice invariant shear on(100)[011]_f.     

THE LIMITATION OF MATANSITIC INVARIANT HABIT PLANE AND MARTENSITE MORPHOLOGY

ＴＨＥＬＩＭＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＭＡＴＡＮＳＩＴＩＣＩＮＶＡＲＩＡＮＴＨＡＢＩＴＰＬＡＮＥＡＮＤＭＡＲＴＥＮＳＩＴＥＭＯＲＰＨＯＬＯＧＹ￥Ｎ．Ｊ．Ｇｕ，Ｈ．Ｆ．Ｐｅｎｇ，Ｘ．ＹＳｏｎｇ，Ｆ．Ｘ．ＹｉｎａｎｄＥ．Ｘ．Ｗａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａ...     

EFFECT OF SELF-ACCOMMODATION FOR TWINNED MARTENSITE AND INVARIANT HABIT PLANE

The shear components of strain tensors for matrix and twin crystal of (?)winned martensite wereroughly opposite after calculation,and the strain energy would be reduced.The growth ofmartensitic plates along the normal direction of the twin plane may depend upon the effect ofself-accommodation between the matrix and twin crystals.Based upon the analysis on thedisplacement vectors of the normals for different habit planes,the{10,3,15}_f plane could formthe macroscopic invariant habit plane;but the(5(?)5)_f,(2(?)2)_f,and(1(?)1)_f planes aredifficult to become the invariant planes.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF MARTENSITE IN A HIGH CARBON FERROALLOY

Some characteristics of plate martensite in a 1.03% C ferroalloy have been studied by usingthe transmission electron microscopy.The habit plane of the plate martensite in this ferroalloywas found to be close to{224}_f.The morphology,distribution,coalescence and curving ofmartensite as well as the substructure in both martensite and austenite have been observed.The mechanism of both nucleation and growth of the martensite have been discussed.     

Fe-Ni-Mn合金中等温马氏体的生长过程

本文采用透射电子显微镜研究了Fe-21Ni-4Mn合金中等温马氏体的生长过程,着重探讨了生长过程中亚结构的发展和变化.结果表明,在马氏体生长的初期阶段,小的薄片状马氏体的亚结构完全是以(112)_b为孪晶面的孪晶,并且贯穿整个片内,相界面平直向前生长.稍后阶段,片的生长主要集中在一侧,此例相界面弯曲向前生长,出现非孪晶区域,内含大量位错,同时,片的孪晶弯曲.生长到后期,弯曲的相界面变为平直,邻近相同位向的小片相互联接在一起,形成一宏观惯习面为(252)_f的大马氏体片,而构成大片的小马氏体片的惯习面为(121)_f.     

GROWTH OF ISOTHERMAL MARTENSITE IN AN Fe-Ni-Mn ALLOY

The substructural development of martensite plates at different stage of the transformation foran Fe-21Ni-4Mn alloy has been investigated by using transmission electron microscope.Twinning was found in small thin platelets at the initial stage.Fine twins extend to the wholeplatelet.The dislocations and twins were found in the thick platelets at a later stage.Bendingof the twins was also observed frequently at this stage.Finally,several platelets coalesce witheach other to form a macroscopic(252)_f martensite“plate”.The original habit plane of theindividual platelet was measured to be close to(121)_f.     

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE LATH MARTENSITE TRANSFORMATION IN Fe-Ni-Mn ALLOY

1.IntroductionBased on the concept of an invariant plane strain (IPS), phenomenological theory of martensite transformation (PTMT) is established[1-3]. In this case, an invariant plane is obtained by self-accommoda-tion effect between different martensitic variants, and the formula which reveals this self-accommoda-tion effect can be written as …     

An assessment of the influence of complex stress states on martensite start temperature

In the present investigation a general model for predicting the influence of a complex stress state on the martensite start temperature of polycrystalline materials is proposed. An analytical equation linking the martensite start temperature and the principal stresses has been derived. It has been established that the martensite start temperature depends only on maximum and minimum principal stresses and is independent of the intermediate principal stress. Analytical relationships for the habit plane orientation of the first martensite plates to form have also been derived. The possible habit planes were found to be parallel to the direction of the intermediate principal stress. In cases where the magnitude of the stresses acting leads to relatively small changes in martensite start temperature, the general model can be simplified so that the shift in martensite start temperature can be presented as a linear function of maximum and minimum principal stresses.