反硝化除磷机理及影响因素研究

反硝化除磷技术的应用能起到减少曝气量,节约耗能、减少污泥量和节约成本;特别是能解决我国南方水体C/N、C/P偏低等问题,对现代污水处理起到了积极的作用。该文主要介绍反硝化聚磷菌的除磷理论、机理,重点分析反硝化除磷工艺对碳源、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐、温度、pH和ORP、污泥龄、水力停留时间等各种影响因素研究,并分析了该反硝化除磷技术的研究进展。     

强化吸附作用在生物除磷工艺中的应用

为了提高生物除磷的效果和稳定性，将强化吸附作用应用于生物除磷工艺，即在传统的厌氧－好氧除磷法（Ａ／Ｏ法）前加一停留时间约１５ｍｉｎ的吸附池。经对比试验，证实强化吸附法比传统Ａ／Ｏ法有更高的磷去除率。     

生活污水生物除磷研究及工艺发展进程

生活污水除磷是一项重要的水污染控制技术.综述了处理生活污水常用的传统生物除磷工艺和反硝化除磷工艺,以及各种生物除磷工艺的优缺点.针对不同的水质以及达标要求,可以选择适合的工艺,对于实际工程有指导意义.     

UNITANK系统生物——化学联合除磷工艺中试研究

以诸暨市水样进行的中试研究表明,采用生物—化学联合除磷工艺对UNITANK系统进行常规改进得不偿失。但可以考虑采用生物—化学联合除磷工艺作为UNITANK系统应对TP冲击负荷的应急处理工艺。     

多级高浓度活性污泥法脱氮除磷中试研究

多级高浓度活性污泥法在不征地、不增加处理构筑物的情况下,以提高活性污泥浓度为指导思想,对现有城市污水处理厂进行升级改造,达到脱氮除磷的目的。中试研究表明,在试验条件下,出水CODCr为33～43mg/L,去除率92%左右;NH3-N为3～5mg/L,去除率90%左右;TP为1～1.7mg/L,去除率72%左右。系统保证了良好的脱氮除磷效果。     

铁盐除磷技术机理及铁盐混凝剂的研究进展

综述了铁盐除磷技术的机理与过程,铁盐溶于水后,Fe3+通过溶解和吸水发生强烈水解, 生成Fe2(OH)24+、Fe3(OH)45+、Fe5(OH)96+、Fe5(OH)87+、Fe5(OH)78+、Fe6(OH)126+、Fe7(OH)129+等多核羟基络合物。这些含铁的羟基络合物能有效地降低或消除水体中胶体的(?)电位,使胶体凝聚,再通过沉淀分离将磷去除。合适的pH可以提高磷的去除率,对于正铁离子,最适宜的pH为4．5～5; 对于亚铁离子,则为7～8。阐述了三氯化铁、硫酸亚铁和硫酸铁、复合亚铁、聚氯化铝铁、聚硫酸氯化铝铁等铁盐混凝剂的最新研究进展和优缺点,认为铁盐混凝剂必将朝着高分子化、复合化和多功能化的方向发展。     

纳米铁除磷的影响因素及吸附模式研究

研究了纳米铁投加量、PO3-4浓度、温度、pH对纳米铁去除人工配制磷酸盐废水中PO3-4的影响,并验证了纳米铁对PO3-4的吸附模式.试验表明:磷酸盐初始浓度一定时,增加纳米铁的投加量能增大对PO3-4的吸附;纳米铁投加量一定时,纳米铁的平衡吸附量则随PO3-4初始浓度的增加而增大;25℃时纳米铁对PO3-4的吸附能力最强,升高或降低温度,吸附能力均下降;pH对纳米铁去除PO3-4的影响较大,pH=4时的吸附能力最强,增大或降低pH,吸附能力均下降;纳米铁对PO3-4的吸附符合Freundlich方程而不符合Langmuir方程.     

城市污水处理厂化学除磷效果及运行成本研究

通过对硫酸亚铁、氯化铁、硫酸铝、聚氯化铝和聚氯化铝铁的小试研究,以及时北京城市排水集团下属三座污水处理厂在沉砂池、曝气池的生产性试验研究,详细论述了化学除磷的除磷效果与化学药剂投加量、运行成本和磷削减成本的关系,用于指导和控制城市污水处理厂除磷的直接成本,并保证城市污水处理厂高效、稳定的处理效果。试验表明,当出水总磷要求小于1 mg/L和0.5 mg/L时,药剂中金属元素与去除磷元素的物质的量之比(Me/P)、运行成本、磷削减成本分别为:2～2.5、0.1～0.13元/m~3、4.5万～5.5万元/t和3～6、0.13～0.2元/m~3、5万～15万元/t。     

多种天然矿物及其改性矿物的除藻效果研究

对多种天然矿物及其改性矿物的除藻效果进行了实验研究.结果表明,天然矿物及其改性矿物对藻类的去除率均随静置时间的延长而有不同程度的提高,在改性矿物投加量小于天然矿物投加量的情况下,前者除藻效果仍明显好于后者,且经济成本较低,具有大规模推广的可行性.     

Phosphorus removal by adsorbent based on poly-aluminum chloride sludge

Phosphorus adsorption tests were carried out using poly-aluminum chloride sludge (PACS), which was collected from a water treatment plant in Nanjing. The amount of phosphorus adsorbed by PACS increased quickly within the first hour and reached equilibrium after about 48 h. The adsorption behavior of PACS for phosphorus is consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation (R² > 0.99) and parallel first-order kinetic equation (R² > 0.98). With the increase of the PACS concentration, the adsorption capacity of PACS for phosphorus decreased, and the removal rate increased. The results of batch tests showed that the adsorption capacities of PACS for phosphorus ranged from 1.64 to 1.13 mg/g when the pH value varied from 4 to 10. However, the adsorption capacity of PACS was not evidently influenced by temperature. In comparison with the ion exchange resin, the adsorption capacity of PACS was barely inhibited by competitive ions, such as ${\text{SO}}_4^{2-}$, ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$, and Cl⁻. The PACS surface after adsorption became smooth, and the vibration peaks of Al–O and Al–OH shifted. Both HCl and NaOH have a strong desorption effect on PACS after adsorption saturation, and with higher concentrations of HCl and NaOH, the desorption effect was stronger. Results of column adsorption experiments showed that with lower phosphorus and hydraulic loads, the adsorption column took longer to reach saturation. This indicated that PACS could be used as an efficient material for removal of phosphorus from water. This study provides a new treatment method with PACS.     

石英砂负载氧化铁吸附除磷的研究

通过小试摇床试验研究了石英砂负载氧化铁(IOCS)在不同的试验条件下(pH、吸附时间、背景离子等)对磷的吸附效果.结果表明:在中性条件下,IOCS吸附除磷效果最佳;锑与磷在IOCS上产生明显的竞争吸附.准二级反应动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型可分别较好地描述磷的吸附动力学及吸附等温线试验结果;再生试验表明:采用0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液可以使得IOCS再生,且再生次数对吸附容量影响不大.     

镧改性、钠基和钙基膨润土净化污染河水中磷的效果

研究镧改性、钠基和钙基三种膨润土对河水中磷的去除效果.将1.6 g的镧改性、钠基、钙基膨润土分别投入到800 mL的清河河水中,清河水水质为劣Ⅴ类.试验结果表明镧改性膨润土的磷去除效果优于其他两种,对河水中总磷的平均去除率为77.41%,磷含量在第7天达到Ⅳ类水水质标准.同时镧改性膨润土对氮和含碳有机物也有一定的去除效果,在第7天对总氮的去除率达到最高值50.78%,在第3天对含碳有机物的去除率为18.34%.     

无定形氢氧化铝吸附剂的制备及其除氟性能研究

降氟措施对高氟地下水地区居民饮用水安全具有重要意义。吸附法除氟技术被广泛应用,但仍存在适宜于偏酸性环境等难点。以提高适应高氟地下水pH值的能力为目标,通过控制反应过程中pH值制备无定形氢氧化铝吸附材料,开展吸附等温线试验、吸附动力学试验、pH值适应性试验、竞争离子试验、可重复利用性能试验和吸附机理试验。试验结果表明无定形氢氧化铝对氟离子的吸附属于优惠型吸附,Langmuir最大吸附容量为166.67 mg/g。与传统Al_2O_3吸附材料相比,在pH值为7.0~9.0时,无定形氢氧化铝吸附材料可减缓除氟效果下降速率,提高了适应地下水pH值的能力。氟去除率随着溶液中HCO_3~-、CO_2-3、PO_4~(3-)等离子浓度升高而降低。在初始氟浓度为5.00 mg/L时,可重复利用5个周期。因此,改进铝型吸附材料制备过程可显著提高吸附性能和适应高氟地下水的能力,是今后研制和改进吸附材料的重要方向。     

Evaluation of copper removal efficiency using water treatment sludge

Large quantities of sludge are produced during water treatment processes. Recently, sludge has been treated as waste and disposed of in landfills,which increases the environmental burdens and the operational cost. Therefore, sludge reuse has become a significant environmental issue. In this study, adsorption of copper ions(Cu~(2+)) onto calcined sludge was investigated under various operational conditions(with varying temperature, Cu~(2+)initial concentration, pH, and sludge dosage). The prepared sludge material was characterized with transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), dynamic light scattering(DLS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) surface area. The sorption capacity of sludge was directly proportional to the initial Cu~(2+) concentration and inversely proportional to the sludge dosage. The optimum operational pH and solution temperature were 6.6 and 80℃, respectively. The experimental results followed a Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order adsorption kinetics.Thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy, change in free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated. Thermodynamic analyses indicated that the sorption of copper ions onto the calcined sludge was driven by a physical adsorption process. The prepared sludge was proven to be an excellent adsorbent material for the removal of Cu~(2+) from an aqueous solution under optimum conditions.     

异养硝化菌的脱氮研究

采用多种选择性培养基进行了异养硝化菌株的筛选,对其生长特性和培养条件进行了研究.随后,又对异养硝化菌强化活性污泥对城市生活污水的处理效果进行了中试研究.试验证明,异养硝化菌能够提高传统污水生物处理的脱氮效率,并有较好的生物絮凝效果,出水氨氮基本监测不出,总氮去除率达80%以上,大大提高了出水水质.     

Formation of mineral deposits in hydraulic ash removal systems

Selection of design schemes for the water supply (straight through, or circulating) of hydraulic ash-removal (HAR) systems for thermal electric power plants (TPP) is examined as a function of the character of mineralization of the water in a specific system. Causes are outlined for the formation of mineral deposits on equipment of the HAR system, which transports ash slurries of different types of solid fuels. The cause of the high rate of seasonal growth formation in the circulating HAR systems of TPP burning fuel with highly alkaline ash slurries is established experimentally in an example of a shale electric power plant. Measures are developed for rapid slow-down of the rate of growth formation in these systems. Measures are proposed for prevention of growth formation for other types of ash slurries. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 5, pp. 41–47, May, 2006.     

厌氧氨氧化脱氮技术的研究进展

介绍厌氧氨氧化技术机理以及与此相关的微生物生理生态学特征,综述该脱氧技术研究现状及具体应用以及不同反应器应用厌氧氨氧化技术的脱氧情况,比较不同脱氧工艺,探讨了厌氧氨氧化技术未来的研究重点。     

除藻技术的现状分析及瞻望

随着对水体中藻类性质的研究,各种除藻方法逐步被提出并得以运用.对目前常用的除藻方法做了概况介绍,认为除藻应以生物方法为主,在水源上加强除藻措施,形成生态的除藻系统,同时促进水处理系统的综合发展.