Change-Point Analysis: Elision in Euripides' Orestes

This paper studies the problem of detecting multiplechanges at unknown times in the mean level of elision in thetrimeter sequences of the Orestes, a play written by theAncient Greek dramatist Euripides (485–406 B.C.). Change-detection statistics proposed by MacNeill (1978) and Jandhayala and MacNeill(1991) are adopted for this purpose. Analysis of the trimetersequences yields several points of change. A general explanation fortheir occurrence appears to be that Euripides varies his use ofelision according to the emotional content of his text, i.e., heseems to change the form to support the content and, thus, seems touse elision frequency as a dramatic instrument.     

A study of words relating to youth and old age in the plays of euripides and its special implications for Euripides'' Suppliant Women

This study focuses on the imagery of youth and old age in the plays of Euripides, especially the Suppliant Women, considering frequently used words in each play according to a formula developed by Guiraud. The study identifies a motif, the rejuvenation theme, an elaborate interaction between young and old, in the Suppliant Women and in: Alcestis, Heraclidae, Andromache, Hecabe, and Heracles. The difference between the use of neos (young, new) in the Suppliant Women and in the other plays is statistically significant. This word helps Euripides contrast two different kinds of youth: the fearful, rash, and animalistic (Theban); and that which has been properly schooled and led (Athenian). The greatest ground in the Suppliant Women for praising Athens is in her treatment of the young as a politically valuable force.Eva M. Thury is associate professor of Humanities and Communications at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pa. She is currently working with computers to produce a concordance of the Latin prose work of John Milton. She has described that process in the Winter 1987–88 issue of Academic Computing (volume 2.4, pages 6–9, 57–61). She has also recently published in Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, Arethusa and American Journal of Philology.     

Hidden messages: evaluating the efficiency of code elision in program navigation

Text elision is a user interface technique that aims to improve the efficiency of navigating through information by allowing regions of text to be ‘folded’ into and out of the display. Several researchers have argued that elision interfaces are particularly suited to source code editing because they allow programmers to focus on relevant code regions while suppressing the display of irrelevant information. Elision features are now appearing in commercial systems for software development. There is, however, a lack of empirical evidence of the technique's efficiency. This paper presents an empirical evaluation of source code elision using a Java program editor. The evaluation compared a normal ‘flat text’ editor with two versions that diminished elided text to levels that were ‘just legible’ and ‘illegible’. Performance was recorded in four tasks involving navigation through programs. Results show that programmers were able to complete their tasks more rapidly when using the elision interfaces, particularly in larger program files. Although several participants indicated a preference for the just legible elision interface, performance was best with illegible elision.     

A study of words relating to youth and old age in the plays of euripides and its special implications for Euripides' Suppliant Women

This study focuses on the imagery of youth and old age in the plays of Euripides, especially the Suppliant Women, considering frequently used words in each play according to a formula developed by Guiraud. The study identifies a motif, the rejuvenation theme, an elaborate interaction between young and old, in the Suppliant Women and in: Alcestis, Heraclidae, Andromache, Hecabe, and Heracles. The difference between the use of neos (young, new) in the Suppliant Women and in the other plays is statistically significant. This word helps Euripides contrast two different kinds of youth: the fearful, rash, and animalistic (Theban); and that which has been properly schooled and led (Athenian). The greatest ground in the Suppliant Women for praising Athens is in her treatment of the young as a politically valuable force.     

Effective display of medical laboratory report results on small screens: Evaluation of linear and hierarchical displays

Two studies evaluated linear and hierarchy+elision small‐screen display formats for clinical reasoning tasks. A controlled, quantitative study with 28 medically naive participants using a task abstracted from clinical use of laboratory results found that both display formats supported rapid and accurate decision making. Distribution of the search targets significantly affected speed, with decisions in linear format made 13% faster (4.7 sec) when all targets could be viewed on a single screen than when targets required scrolling between several screens and in hierarchical format 15% faster (5.1 sec) when all the targets were confined within one category. Performance was equivalent regardless of the relative order of the target results and data in the laboratory report. In a qualitative study, 7 physicians used the displays to perform a realistic diagnosis. Physicians were comfortable with both display formats, but preference varied with clinical experience. The 5 less experienced clinicians favored hierarchy+elision, whereas the 2 highly experienced clinicians tended to prefer the linear display.     

Transient-fault recovery for chip multiprocessors

Chip-level redundant threading with recovery (CRTR) for chip multiprocessors extends previous transient-fault detection schemes to provide fault recovery. To hide interprocessor latency, CRTR uses a long slack enabled by asymmetric commit and uses the trailing thread state for recovery. CRTR increases bandwidth supply by pipelining communication paths and reduces bandwidth demand by extending the dependence-based checking elision.     

基于SIFT特征和Fisher的人脸识别方法

针对人脸识别中特征提取和特征分类问题,提出一种基于SIFT特征和Fisher鉴别的人脸识别新方法。采用具有旋转、缩放、平移、光照不变性及部分仿射不变性的SIFT特征作为初级特征,利用Fisher线性鉴别方法再次提取初级特征,从而得到样本的二次特征,通过比较二次特征之间的欧氏距离,得到识别结果。实验结果表明,新的方法具有99．65％的正确识别率,高于Fisher方法和核Fisher方法,识别速度和Fisher方法相当。     

Adaptive receiver-driven streaming from multiple senders

This paper presents the design and evaluation of an adaptive streaming mechanism from multiple senders to a single receiver in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks, called P2P Adaptive Layered Streaming, or PALS. PALS is a receiver-driven mechanism. It enables a receiver peer to orchestrate quality adaptive streaming of a single, layer-encoded video stream from multiple congestion-controlled senders, and is able to support a spectrum of noninteractive streaming applications. The primary challenge in the design of a streaming mechanism from multiple senders is that available bandwidth from individual peers is not known a priori, and could significantly change during delivery. In PALS, the receiver periodically performs quality adaptation based on the aggregate bandwidth from all senders to determine: (i) the overall quality (i.e number of layers) that can be collectively delivered by all senders, and more importantly (ii) the specific subset of packets that should be delivered by individual senders in order to gracefully cope with any sudden change in their bandwidth. Our detailed simulation-based evaluations illustrate that PALS can effectively cope with several angles of dynamics in the system including: bandwidth variations, peer participation, and partially available content at different peers. We also demonstrate the importance of coordination among senders and examine key design tradeoffs for the PALS mechanism. Nazanin Magharei is currently a PhD student in the Computer Science Department at the University of Oregon. She received her BSc degree in Electrical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Iran in 2002. Her research interests include Peer-to-Peer streaming and multimedia caching. Reza Rejaie is currently an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer and Information Science at the University of Oregon. From October 1999 to March 2002, he was a Senior Technical Staff member at AT&T Labs-Research in Menlo Park, California. He received a NSF CAREER Award for his work on P2P streaming in 2005. Reza has served on the editorial board of IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, as well as the program committee of major networking conferences including INFOCOM, ICNP, Global Internet, ACM Multimedia, IEEE Multimedia, NOSSDAV, ICDCS, and MMCN. Reza received his MS and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Southern California (USC) in 1996 and 1999, and his BS degree in Electrical Engineering from the Sharif University of Technology (Tehran, Iran) in 1991, respectively. Reza has been a member of both the ACM and IEEE since 1997.     

Reverse Psychologism,Cognition and Content

The confusion between cognitive states and the content of cognitive states that gives rise to psychologism also gives rise to reverse psychologism. Weak reverse psychologism says that we can study cognitive states by studying content – for instance, that we can study the mind by studying linguistics or logic. This attitude is endemic in cognitive science and linguistic theory. Strong reverse psychologism says that we can generate cognitive states by giving computers representations that express the content of cognitive states and that play a role in causing appropriate behaviour. This gives us strong representational, classical AI (REPSCAI), and I argue that it cannot succeed. This is not, as Searle claims in his Chinese Room Argument, because syntactic manipulation cannot generate content. Syntactic manipulation can generate content, and this is abundantly clear in the Chinese Room scenano. REPSCAI cannot succeed because inner content is not sufficient for cognition, even when the representations that carry the content play a role in generating appropriate behaviour.     

Tool support for planning the restructuring of data abstractions inlarge systems

Restructuring software to improve its design can lower software maintenance costs. One problem encountered during restructuring is formulating the new design. A meaning-preserving program restructuring tool with a star diagram manipulable visualization can help a programmer redesign a program based on abstract data types. However, the transformational support required for meaning-preserving restructuring is costly to provide. Also, programmers encounter comprehension and recall difficulties in complex restructuring tasks. Consequently, transformations were replaced with visual and organizational aids that help a programmer to plan and carry out a complex restructuring. For example, a star diagram manipulation called trimming was added, which mimics the way that basic restructuring transformations affect the star diagram display, allowing a programmer to plan a restructuring without depending upon restructuring transformations. With the ability to annotate trimmed star diagram components, plans can be recorded and later recalled. Programmer-controlled elision was added to help remove clutter from star diagram views. We implemented a star diagram planning tool for C programs, measured its elision capabilities, and performed a programmer study. We found that elision is effective in controlling star diagram size, and the study revealed that each programming team successfully planned its restructuring in rather different, unanticipated ways. These experiments resulted in important improvements in the tool's software design and user interface     

From Cameras to Camtasia

SUMMARY

Librarians are always looking for new and innovative ways of delivering content to their users. Camtasia Studio, a screen capture program, offers a simple, low-cost alternative to live video when it comes to creating streaming audio and video content. Following up on a 2001 article in Computers in Libraries, the author compares his experiences using Camtasia Studio to his original experience using live video. He determines that Camtasia offers similar functionality with less equipment and lower cost than the traditional method.     

Guarino Guarini and his Grand Philosophy of Sapientia and Mathematics

This paper proposes that there is a wide and important wealth to the philosophy and art of Guarino Guarini, and one of the keys to these matters lies in the structure and content of his Architettura civile, his posthumously-published treatise on architecture. Guarini was an important mathematician in the development of calculus, and his fame is not just that of an architect, perhaps the most learned that Europe has ever thrown up.     

“X” means X: Semantics Fodor-style

InPsychosemantics Jerry Fodor offered a list of sufficient conditions for a symbol X to mean something X. The conditions are designed to reduce meaning to purely non-intentional natural relations. They are also designed to solve what Fodor has dubbed the disjunction problem. More recently, inA Theory of Content and Other Essays, Fodor has modified his list of sufficient conditions for naturalized meaning in light of objections to his earlier list. We look at his new set of conditions and give his motivation for them-tracing them to problems in the literature. Then we argue that Fodor's conditions still do not work. They are open to objections of two different varieties: they are too strong and too weak. We develop these objections and indicate why Fodor's new, improved list of conditions still do not work to naturalize meaning.We wish to thank Ray Elugardo, Pat Manfredi, and Donna Summerfield for comments on a draft of this paper, as well as other members of the CMU Mind Group (David Drebushenko, Gary Fuller, and Naomi Reshotko) for helpful discussion and support. A version of this paper was presented at the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology in Atlanta, March, 1991, and at the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science in Kingston, Ontario, in May, 1991.     

A changing society and problems of method: a politically committed research type

This essay examines a politically engaged research genre, which follows the biography of the author who founded two journals: one on mathematical models published in English (Quality and Quantity) and one on politically committed social and economic research published in Italian (Inchiesta). The research considered focuses on Italy in the 1950s, the research by Lazarsfeld in Vienna in the 1920s and in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s, and post-1968 politically committed research in Italy. The analysis of such politically committed types of research (all very different from one another in terms of the interpretative model of reality, the methods used and the relations with the tendering party and the people observed) allows one to understand how this kind of research can be performed with very different methods—all of which do, however, seek to modify reality on the grounds of the research results. The metaphor of the crystal and the flame presented by Italo Calvino in order to classify facts and ideas and styles and feelings can also be used to visualise the polarity (and the difficulty/impossibility of contact) that has always been present in sociology between two different tendencies: towards a discipline that offers the most abstract and objective interpretative model of reality possible with the use of mathematical models (the crystal), and, instead, towards a discipline in which an interpretative model of reality is central, one that produces a social change and in which the qualitative and quantitative methods utilised are at the service of this change (the flame). This polarity thus allows us to separate first and foremost all the politically committed research performed by others for different purposes (market research, research to verify some theoretical hypotheses, etc.) but the same polarity also lies within the politically committed research. We can, indeed, identify a type of politically committed research in an area that has, at one extreme, research tending towards the utmost objectivity and scientific quality of the results and where the co-ordinators try to have all the information on the subjects maintaining the greatest possible distance (the subjects must not know they are being observed); at the other extreme, there is a type of research in which the coordinator completely involves the subjects in the gathering of information that will serve to realise a piece of research whose political aims are explicitly shared. For the identification of a sufficiently articulated typology it has been important to consider five dimensions of politically committed research: (a) the characteristics of the research coordinator (his/her belonging to the type and the academic/non-academic professional status) and his/her interpretative model of reality (b) some general characteristics of the research (the tender and funding, the topic choice, the aims, the contributions to the sociological theory, the duration); (c) the research coordinators relations with the political actors (the intensity of the relations, the political use of the research); (d) the relations of the research co-ordinator with the research subjects; (e) the methodological choices (the basic strategies, the methods used, the use of mathematical procedures). The research that exemplifies this typology is all politically committed to the left and was realised in different times and contexts. I start by considering a kind of politically engaged research (co-research) that appeared in Italy in the 1950s; I then analyse two types of politically engaged research realised in Austria at the end of the 1920s and one in the United States in the 1950s; there then follow two kinds of research realised in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States and a further two kinds realised in Italy in the 1970s and early 1980s. In order to have other kinds of research please refer to the two Journals of which I am the editor: one is an English language journal of mathematical models (Quality and Quantity, International Journal of Methodology, founded in 1966 and published today by Kluwer of Amsterdam), and a politically engaged review (Inchiesta, founded in 1971 and still published today by Dedalo of Bari).     

Optimal geometric algorithms for digitized images on fixed-size linear arrays and scan-line arrays

Summary Linear arrays are characterized by a small communication bandwidth and a large communication diameter rendering them unsuited to the implementation of global computations. This paper presents efficient data movement and partitioning techniques to overcome several shortcomings of linear arrays. These techniques are used to derive optimal parallel algorithms for several geometric problems onn×n images using a fixed-size linear array withp processors, where 1pn.O(n ²/p) time solutions are presented for labeling connected image regions, computing the convex hull of each region, and computing nearest neighbors. Consequently, a linear array withn processors can solve several image problems inO(n) time which is the same time taken by a two dimensional mesh-connected computer withn ² processors. Limitations of linear arrays are analyzed by presenting a class of image problems which can be solved sequentially inO(n) ² ) time, but require (n ²) time on a linear array, irrespective of the number of processors used and the partitioning of the input image among the processors. An alternate communication-efficient fixed-size organization withp processors is proposed to solve such problems inO(n ²/p) time, for 1pn. Hussein M. Alnuweiri received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in 1983 and 1984, respectively, both in electrical engineering from King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, and received the Ph.D. degree also in electrical engineering in 1989 from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Currently he is an assistant professor in the electrical engineering department at University of British Columbia. His research interests include parallel architectures and algorithms, computational aspects of VLSI networks, complexity of parallel computations, and algorithmic aspects of image analysis, vision, and robot motion planning. Viktor K. Prasanna (V. K. Prasanna Kumar) received his BS in Electronics Engineering from the Bangalore University, his MS from the School of Automation, Indian Institute of Science. He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Pennsylvania State University in 1983. Currently, he is an Associate Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering-Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. His current research interests include Parallel Computation, Computer Architecture, VLSI Computations and Computational aspects of Image Processing and Vision. He is the editor of the book Parallel Architectures and Algorithms for Image understanding published by Academic Press. Professor Prasanna serves on number of international committees and panels and is a consultant for several industries. He is the program chair of the 1992 International Parallel Processing Symposium sponsored by IEEE Computer Society and is a subject area editor of Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing.This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant IRI-8710836 and in part by DARPA under contract F 33615-87-C-1436 monitored by Wright Patterson Airforce Base. A preliminary version of this paper appears in the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1988.     

Planning and the stability of intention: A comment

Michael Bratman's restricted two-tier approach to rationalizing the stability of intentions contrasts with an alternative view of planning, for which all of the following claims are made: (a) it shares with Bratman's restricted two-tier approach the virtue of reducing the magnitude of Smart's problem; (2) it, rather than the unrestricted two-tier approach, is what is argued for in McClennen (1990); (3) there does not appear to be anything in the central analysis that Bratman has provided of plans and intentions (both in his book,Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason, and in the article Planning and the Stability of Intention) that precludes his adopting this alternative approach; and (4) it is an approach that neither requires nor encourages any distinction between the standards appropriate to artificial and to human intelligence.     

Safety measures for terrain classification and safest site selection

Two safety measures for terrain classification are described: safety score and safety grade. The terrain safety score s is a multi-valued quantitative measure in the form of a crisp numeric value in the continuous unit interval [0.0, 1.0], that is, . The terrain safety grades are qualitative measures in the form of linguistic fuzzy sets defined by a human expert that cover the ranges of values of s, with adjacent grades having smooth (i.e., non-abrupt) and overlapping boundaries. The safety grade of a terrain segment is inferred from a set of linguistic rules provided by the human expert that relate the terrain qualities to the terrain safety grades. The safety score for the terrain segment is then computed simply from the safety grades in the activated rules. Safety margin of a terrain is also introduced as a quantitative measure of the degree of terrain safety. Validation and confidence in the sensory data are discussed. The terrain safety score and the sensor confidence score are combined and represented by the fused safety/confidence grid. Given the safety/confidence grid of a terrain patch, two new methods for selection of the safest site are presented: Peak-with-High-Neighbors (PHN) and Center-of-Largest-Area (CLA). These two methods are then illustrated by a numerical example. The methods presented in this paper are computationally fast, and are thus strong viable candidates for real-time implementation. Similar fuzzy rule-based terrain classifiers have previously been implemented successfully in rover navigation experiments and spacecraft landing simulations at JPL. Homayoun Seraji was born in Tehran, Iran, in 1947, completed his school education in Iran, and ranked first in the national high-school diploma examinations in 1965. He graduated with a B.Sc. (First Class Honours) in Electronics from the University of Sussex, England, in 1969, and earned his Ph.D. in Control Systems at the University of Cambridge, England, in 1972. He was elected a Research Fellow at St. John’s College, Cambridge, and conducted post-doctoral research and teaching for two years. In 1974, he joined Sharif (formerly Arya-Mehr) University of Technology, Iran, as a Professor of Electrical Engineering and was involved in teaching and research in control systems for ten years. He was selected a U.N. Distinguished Scientist in 1984 and spent one year at the University of New Mexico, USA, as a Visiting Professor. During his 13-year academic career, he has published extensively in the field of multivariable control systems, focusing on: optimal control, pole placement, multivariable PID controllers, and output regulation. Dr. Seraji joined JPL in 1985 as a Senior Member of Technical Staff and additionally taught part-time at Caltech. Since 1991, he has been a Group Supervisor leading and managing a group of about 20 engineers and researchers in the Telerobotics Research and Applications Group. During his tenure at JPL, he has conducted extensive research that has led to major contributions in the field of robot control systems, particularly in: adaptive robot control, control of dexterous robots, contact control, real-time collision avoidance, rule-based robot navigation, and safe spacecraft landing. He received the NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Award in 1992, the NASA Group Achievement Award in 2002 and 1991, and eight NASA Major Space Act Awards since 1995. In 2003, he received the JPL Edward Stone Award for Outstanding Research Publication. The outcome of his research in controls and robotics has been published in 93 peer-reviewed journal papers, 112 refereed conference publications, 5 contributed chapters, and has led to 10 patents. In 1996, Dr. Seraji was appointed a Senior Research Scientist at JPL in recognition of his significant individual research contributions in the fields of controls and robotics. He was selected a Fellow of IEEE in 1997 for his contributions to robotic control technology and its space applications. In 2003, he was recognized as the most-published author in the 20-year history of the Journal of Robotic Systems.     

Reasoning about action and change

Reasoning about change is a central issue in research on human and robot planning. We study an approach to reasoning about action and change in a dynamic logic setting and provide a solution to problems which are related to the Frame problem. Unlike most work on the frame problem the logic described in this paper is monotonic. It (implicitly) allows for the occurrence of actions of multiple agents by introducing non-stationary notions of waiting and test. The need to state a large number of frame axioms is alleviated by introducing a concept of chronological preservation to dynamic logic. As a side effect, this concept permits the encoding of temporal properties in a natural way. We compare the relative merits of our approach and non-monotonic approaches as regards different aspects of the frame problem. Technically, we show that the resulting extended systems of propositional dynamic logic preserve (weak) completeness, finite model property and decidability.     

Computer enhanced assessment of case-notes in studies of psychopathology: The example of an autistic subject

Case report notes on encounters and exchanges between a clinician and a patient are a rich and irreplaceable source of information in studies of psychopathology. The analysis and exploitation of these notes may be considerably enhanced by transcribing the original notes to computer text files, and subsequently submitting these files to computerized reading. This makes it possible to take account both of qualitative and quantitative features of the behaviour and events described in the notes. Notes taken during encounters with an autistic subject were analyzed in this way. The subject's verbal and gestural repertoires were identified, together with their relative frequencies, their principal associations, and their trends over successive encounters for the items described. The method also made it possible to specify the way in which the Observer was involved in encounters, and his role in them. Major conclusions were that the autistic subject distinctly avoided triadic situations, preferentially pronounced words and phonemes similar to those of his own name, and did not distinguish between the representations he had of persons, objects, places, gestures and words. He also failed to distinguish between the representation he had of himself and of his own name.J.-M. Vidal (Docteur d'Etat, 1976) is Chargé de Recherche CNRS. He studied the behavioral process of attachment in animals before studying discontinuities of mind between animals and humans, and psychopathological processes of non-attachment in autistic subjects. He has published, Motivation et attachement, inEncyclopédie de la Pléiade, Paris: Gallimard, 1987, and Evolution des psychismes et évolution des organismes, inDarwinisme et Société, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1992. R. Quris is Ingénieur de Recherche CNRS. He specializes in the application of linear algebraic models in multivariate analysis which he originally applied to behavioral data from animals. More recently, he extended these applications, with his ANATEXT program, to the analysis of lexical data drawn from clinical dialogues. He is also the author of other multivariate analysis programs:Calmat Matrix Computation Tool, v. 1.4 (1993), Exeter Software, 100 North Country Road, Setauket, NY 11733, andGTABM, gestionnaire de tableaux multiples, v. 2.0 (1994), CNRS 74E, rue de Paris, 3069 Rennes, France.